Black Ruthenia

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Black Ruthenia, Black Rus' or Black Russia are variant term used for a region around Novgorodok (Navahrudak), in the western part of contemporary Belarus on the upper reaches of the Neman River. The phrase first appeared in Western European sources circa 1360 but referring to Red Ruthenia (in modern Ukraine). The name "Black Ruthenia" is more often found in historical writings from the 18th century. Early Rus'ian sources themselves rarely use the terms "White Ruś" or "Black Ruś".^{[citation needed]} Besides Novgorodok, other important cities were Grodno (Hrodno), Slonim, Volkovysk (Vaŭkavysk), Lida, and Niasvizh.

From 1239, most of Black Ruthenia was usually controlled by the monarch of the Lithuanian principality, Mindaugas. 1239 - 1248 was the period with the highest frequency of attacks on Rus'ian territories by Mindaugas, which was taking advantage of Rus' weakened condition after the Tartar invasions. At this time Mindaugas took control of Black Ruthenia with the Castle of Novgorodok. Mindaugas may have been invited by authorities of Novgorodok to rule after he had to leave his native land, he then passed a power to his son Vaišvilkas. In 1249 Tautvilas, Erdvilas, and Vykintas fled to Daniel Romanovich, the Prince of Galich. Daniel helped them to organize a coalition against Mindaugas and attacked territory in Black Rus'. In the meantime, Vykintas managed to bribe the Yotvingians and half of the Samogitians, and come to an agreement with Livonian Brothers of the Sword. In 1254 Prince Daniel overpowered Novgorodok and passed the territory to his son Roman Danilovich, with whom it remained for several years, before being restored to Vaišvilkas, who died in 1267. He was followed by other princes of Lithuanian origin. From the end of the 13th century Black Rus', together with the original Lithuania, comprised the nucleus of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Navahrudak Castle. Reconstruction by Viktar Staščaniuk.	Navahrudak Castle. Reconstruction by Viktar Staščaniuk.	Navahrudak Castle. Reconstruction by Viktar Staščaniuk.	The ruins of Navahrudak Castle.
Navahrudak, Kostel Preobrażenija Gospodnego.	Church of Saint Francis Xavier, Hrodna.	Manor of Pusłowski family. Drawing by Napoleon Orda. (now in Slonim).	Church of the Corpus Christi and castle tower, Niasvizh.