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'Religious houses in Scotland before the reign of Alexander I of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim) were unlike those in the rest of Western Europe.[1] Monasticism in the Roman church was completely separate from the priesthood while that of Celtic Christianity embraced both the clergy and the episcopacy.[2] The Roman church was almost completely controlled by the Rule of St Benedict whereas the Celtic church was more ascetic and less stuctured.[3] The first historically attested monastic settlement in Scotland took place in 565 when St Columba and his followers established the monastery at Iona. Many more Columban settlements followed, among them were the island monastories in Tiree, Jura, Lismore, Eileach an Naoimh and Eigg and Cella Diuni on the shores of Loch Awe.[4] The Columban church converted Pictland and the Northern Isles to Christianity before expanding southwards to restore Chritianity to the kingdom of Northumbria.[5] By the middle of the eleventh century, Scotland had practically achieved political accord and was more responsive to other religious authority. This coincided with the Benedictine and then later, the Cisterician and Premonstratenian movements leading to the four main orders of friars and finally to the collegiate churches of the 15th century.[6]
[edit] Houses of the Benedictine (black) monks
[edit] Houses of the Augustinian canons
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
Abernethy |
Priory |
Perth and Kinross |
Dunblane |
1273 |
Brigid of Kildare |
A Céli Dé monastic establishment ruled by a secular abbot until in either 1272 or 1273 its priests adopted the Augustinian code. It became a collegiate church in the 14th-century.[9] |
— |
Blantyre |
Priory |
South Lanarkshire |
Glasgow |
1249 |
Holy Cross |
According to one source it was founded by Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar and his wife Euphemia, and to another, King Alexander II of Scotland]]; the foundation occurred between 1238 and 1249. Its mother house, the source of its founding monks, was Holyrood Abbey, which shares its dedication, though it came under the authority of Jedburgh Abbey. It became a secular lordship for the Stewarts of Minto, going into the hands Walter Stewart of Minto, who on July 10, 1606 was made Lord Blantyre.[10] |
— |
Canonbie |
Priory |
Dumfries and Galloway |
Glasgow |
1170 |
— |
House was an annex and dependency of Jedburgh Abbey. Its foundation lay in a grant by an local landlord, Turgis de Rosdale, to the abbey of Jedburgh, confirmed by William the Lion between 1165 and 1170. |
— |
Edinburgh |
Abbey |
Edinburgh |
St Andrews |
1128 |
Holy Cross |
NOTES |
|
Inchaffray |
Abbey |
Perth and Kinross |
Dunblane |
1221 |
John the Evangelist |
NOTES |
|
Inchcolm |
Abbey |
Fife |
Dunkeld |
1153 |
Columba |
NOTES |
|
Inchmahome |
Priory |
Stirling |
Dunblane |
1238 |
Virgin Mary
(with Colmaig) |
NOTES |
|
Jedburgh |
Abbey |
Scottish Borders |
Glasgow |
1138 |
Virgin Mary |
NOTES |
|
Loch Leven |
Priory |
Fife |
St Andrews |
1150 |
Serf |
NOTES |
— |
Monymusk |
Priory |
Aberdeenshire |
Aberdeen |
1245 |
Virgin Mary |
NOTES |
— |
Oronsay |
Priory |
Argyll and Bute |
Argyll |
1353 |
Columba |
NOTES |
— |
Pittenweem |
Priory |
Fife |
St Andrews |
1318 |
Ethernan
("Adrian") |
The Priory of May, a dependent of the Benedictine Reading Abbey, was transferred into the hands of the Augustinian Prior of St Andrews during the Wars of Scottish Independence. May had possessed lands at Pittenweem since David I had granted the monks of May land there in May, 1143, and they later relocated there.[11] |
— |
Restenneth |
Priory |
Angus |
St Andrews |
1153 |
Peter |
NOTES |
— |
St Andrews |
Priory |
Fife |
St Andrews |
1140 |
Andrew |
NOTES |
|
Scone |
Abbey |
|
St Andrews |
1120 |
Holy Trinity & Archangel Michael |
NOTES |
|
Trail |
Priory |
Dumfries and Galloway |
Galloway |
1173 |
Virgin Mary |
NOTES |
100px |
Strath Fillan |
Priory |
Stirling |
Dunkeld |
1318 |
Fillan |
NOTES |
— |
[edit] Houses of the Cistercian monks
[edit] Houses of the Carthusian monks
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
Perth |
Priory |
Perth and Kinross |
St Andrews |
1429 |
Virgin Mary & John the Baptist |
The Carthusian Order was the most ascetic monastic order in medieval Europe. The monastery at Perth was founded in 1429 by King James I of Scotland. This was the only Carthusian house ever to have been founded in Scotland. Until c. 1456 these monks were part of the Carthusian province of Picardy, between 1456 and 1460 attached to England, before in 1460 being placed under Geneva. [14] |
Building has not survived. |
[edit] Houses of the Tironensian monks
[edit] Houses of Cluniac monks
[edit] Houses of the Premonstratensian monks
[edit] Houses of the Valliscaulian monks
[edit] Houses of the Trinitarian monks
Also known as the Red Friars.
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
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NOTES |
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[edit] Houses of the Dominican (black) friars
[edit] Houses of the Franciscan (grey) friars
[edit] Friars minor conventual
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
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[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
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[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
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[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
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[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
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Friary |
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Friary |
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NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[edit] Observants
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
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1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
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1*** |
[[ | ]] |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[edit] Houses of the Carmelite (white) friars
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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Friary |
REGION |
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1*** |
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Friary |
REGION |
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[[ | ]] |
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Friary |
REGION |
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1*** |
[[ | ]] |
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[[ |100px]] |
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Friary |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[edit] Houses of the Augustinian friars
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
Berwick |
Friary |
Berwick |
Glasgow |
bef. 1299 |
Austin |
The house is unlikely to have survived to the suppression of the English friaries[25] |
Bulding has not survived |
[edit] Houses of the Friars of the Sack
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
Berwick |
Friary |
Berwick |
Glasgow |
1267 |
—
|
Also known as the Friars of the Penance of Jesus Christ. Suppressed in 1274 and desolved by 1285[26] |
Building has not survived |
[edit] Houses of Benedictine nuns
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
Lincluden |
Priory |
[[ | ]] |
[[ | ]] |
bef. 1174 |
|
May have been founded by Uchtred, son of Fergus, lord of Galloway who died in 1174, but an earlier foundation during the reign of Malcolm IV (1153 – 65) may also have been possible. Suppressed in 1389.[27] |
? |
[edit] Houses of Cistercian nuns
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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1*** |
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[edit] Houses of Dominican nuns
[edit] Houses of Franciscan nuns
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
|
Priory |
[[ | ]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
|
|
? |
[edit] Houses of Augustinian canonesses
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
|
Priory |
[[ | ]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
|
|
? |
[edit] Houses of the Knights Templar
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[edit] Houses of the Knights Hospitaller
House |
Rank |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
|
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[edit] Hospitals
Hospital |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
REGION |
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[[ | ]] |
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[[ |100px]] |
[[ | ]] |
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[[ | ]] |
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[[ | ]] |
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[[ | ]] |
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[[ | ]] |
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[edit] Cathedrals
Cathedral |
Location |
Diocese |
Latest foundation year |
Dedication |
Notes |
Image |
[[ | ]] |
REGION |
|
1*** |
[[ | ]] |
NOTES |
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[edit] Secular collegiate churches
Church |
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- ^ Barrow,Kingdom, p. 151
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. ix
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. ix
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. 1
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. 1
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. x
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61.
- ^ See Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61; Duncan, "Documents Relating to the Priory of the Isle of May", pp. 53–5.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 61, 215.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 94.
- ^ Bartlett, England, p. 431; Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 72–3.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 78, 102.
- ^ Bartlett, England, p. 433–4; Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 86–7.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 68, 70.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 70.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 65.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 83–4; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 10.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 84; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 15.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 84–5; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 178.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 116.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 116
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 116 117
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 117
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 140, 141.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 142.
- ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 143.
[edit] References
- Barrow, G. W. S. (1960), The Acts of Malcolm IV, 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 Not Included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's 'Early Scottish Charters', Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. 1, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0852241410
- Barrow, G. W. S. (1971), The Acts of William I, 1165–1214, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0852241429
- Barrow, G. W. S. (2003), The Kingdom of the Scots, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0748618023
- Bartlett, Robert (2000), England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, New Oxford History of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-925101-0
- Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E. (1976), Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man (2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman, ISBN 0-582-12069-1
- Duncan, A. A. M. (1956–7), “Documents Relating to the Priory of the Isle of May, c. 1140–1313”, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland) 90: 52–80, <http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_090/90_052_080.pdf>
- Watt, D. E. R. & Shead, N. F., eds. (2001), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries (Revised ed.), The Scottish Record Society, New Series, Volume 24, Edinburgh: The Scottish Record Society, ISBN 0-902054-18-X