Bernhard Goetz
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| 'Bernard Hugo Goetz' | |
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| Born | November 7, 1947 Kew Gardens, Queens, New York |
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| Occupation | Small business owner at the time of the incident. |
| Spouse | (Divorced, 1970s) |
| Parents | a German American father and a Jewish mother |
Bernard Hugo Goetz, known as Bernhard or Bernie (born November 7, 1947) was dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by the New York press. He became a symbol of New Yorkers' frustrations with a high crime rate when he shot four men intent on robbing him on the Seventh Avenue 2 express subway train in Manhattan in 1984.
He has a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and nuclear engineering from New York University. At the time of the shooting incident, he was self-employed, running an electronics repair business out of his Greenwich Village apartment.
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[edit] The incident
In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, four black men — Barry Allen, 19; Troy Canty, 19; James Ramseur, 18; and Darrell Cabey, 19 — boarded a downtown No. 2 express train on a stated mission to steal money from video arcade machines in Manhattan.
Goetz entered the same subway car at the 14th Street station and sat down near the four young men, who were then located at his right. According to Goetz's statement to police, approximately ten seconds later Troy Canty asked him, "How are you?" Goetz responded "I'm fine". According to Goetz, the four men gave signals to each other, and shortly thereafter Canty and Barry Allen rose from their seats and went over to the left of Goetz, blocking Goetz off from the other passengers in the car. Canty then calmly said to Goetz, "Give me five dollars." According to the young men's testimony, Canty was panhandling, although eyewitness testimony given at Goetz's criminal trial generally agreed that the four men were aggressive and threatening. Goetz told police that he thought from the smile on Canty's face that they wanted to "play with me," and he decided on a "pattern of fire" that he would use to shoot them. Goetz, pretending not to hear them, asked Canty, "What did you say?" Canty calmly repeated, "Give me five dollars." Goetz admitted to police that he "snapped" and that his intention at that point was to "murder them, to hurt them, to make them suffer as much as possible." At the criminal trial, Goetz's defense attorneys, Barry Slotnick and Mark Baker, claimed that this and other extreme statements by Goetz were the product of an overactive imagination.
After the second demand or request for money, Goetz rose from his seat, and from beneath his blue windbreaker fast-drew a .38 Special five-shot Smith & Wesson revolver and fired five shots with speed shooting. (Speed shooting is a very fast technique, primarily effective at close range, where the shooter initiates trigger pull prior to the sights being aligned on the target.) In media interviews, Goetz, who had prior firearms and target shooting experience, described how he discharged all five rounds in less than 1.6 seconds. (Some eyewitness testimony stated all shots were fired within one second.)
The first shot hit Canty in the center of the chest; the second shot struck Allen in the upper rear shoulder while he was turned about 90 degrees from Mr. Goetz. The angle of the bullet suggested that Mr. Allen was ducking[1]; the third shot hit the subway wall just in front of Cabey; the fourth shot hit Cabey in the left side, severing his spinal cord and rendering him paraplegic; the fifth shot went through Ramseur's arm and lodged itself in his left side. Goetz then immediately looked at the first two men to make sure they were "taken care of." Goetz then saw Cabey moving on the bench and confessed to approaching Cabey and saying, "You don't look too bad; here's another," and then attempted to shoot Cabey again in the stomach, with an empty gun. Cabey, who was briefly standing prior to the shooting, was sitting on the subway bench during all attempted shots. In his subsequent police statement, Goetz explained, "If I had had more [bullets], I would have shot them again, and again, and again." In a 2008 interview, Goetz denied having actually made the statement "You don't look too bad, here's another" in the subway car, but said that he did try to shoot Cabey again, after which he knew he was out of bullets[2].
All four men survived, though Cabey was permanently paralyzed and suffered brain damage as a result of the bullet that severed his spine.
Goetz claimed that at the moment of the incident he experienced severe distortion of his visual depth of field, one of many known significant physiological effects of epinephrine (adrenaline), a fight-or-flight hormone released by the adrenal medulla. He also apparently suffered a combination of loss of hearing and audio exclusion, in part from the adrenaline rush and also from the tremendous decibel level of the gun discharge reverberating inside the confined space of the subway car with its carbon steel walls and fiberglass benches. In media interviews, Goetz has described in haunting, vivid detail, the incredible high-pitched ringing in his ears as a part of his overall state of mind at the moment of the incident. Goetz claimed he suffered this hearing loss and audio exclusion after the first shot and up to the point he noticed two women who he thought were unintentionally hit by his bullets. These women in fact fainted outright in response to the trauma of the incident.
After the shooting, the only other passengers of the original 15 to 20 that remained in the subway car were the two nearby women who had fainted. After talking to the two women to determine if they were injured — they were not — Goetz was approached by the conductor who had been in the next car. Goetz refused to hand over his gun to the conductor, stating "They tried to rob me", and a few minutes later left the train which had halted because of the incident, a common practice on the New York City subway system during emergency situations.[citation needed] Due to the tremendous decibel volume of the shots inside the confined space of the subway car, there were initial witness reports after the incident that suggested the gun involved was a .44 Magnum or other large caliber handgun. Goetz alluded to these reports in a December 2004 media interview on the Opie and Anthony radio show that the volume was in part due to the fact that the shots he fired that afternoon "cleaned the barrel" of the small-frame .38 revolver he used. In other words, those shots were purportedly the first time he had ever fired that particular gun.
Goetz fled the subway system at the Chambers Street Station. He then rented a car and drove to Bennington, Vermont and buried the gun and the blue windbreaker he wore at the time of the shooting. He walked into the Concord, New Hampshire police station to turn himself in on December 31, 1984. While he was away, police had already tried to contact him at his Greenwich Village apartment.
After the incident, rumors spread that Goetz had been threatened with sharpened screwdrivers. This rumor was published as fact by some newspapers; however, neither Goetz nor the young men made any such claim. In fact, during his subsequent statement to the police Goetz expressed a belief that none of the young men were armed. Paramedics and police did find a total of four unsharpened screwdrivers on two of the men, which they explained were to be used to break into video arcade game change boxes. Goetz's confession to shooting Cabey twice, first in the left side and later in the stomach, and Goetz's use of the phrase "You don't look too bad; here's another" was made public by the DA prior to the second grand jury. This was reported as fact in the media for 18 months up to the time of the criminal trial, when Cabey's medical records were released indicating he was shot once in the left side.
[edit] Background
This incident occurred during the 1980s, a time of unprecedented crime rates in New York City. By mid-decade, the city had a reported crime rate that was over 70% higher than the rest of the U.S. In 1984, NYC police reported a rate of 2 homicides, 18 total violent crimes, and 65 property thefts per 10,000 people per year. On average, 38 crimes were reported on New York City subways each day.
After being mugged once in the mid 1970s while with friends returning to a Harlem subway station, Goetz was mugged yet again in 1981 by three men and sustained injuries from the assault. Though he had prior target shooting experience earlier in his life, it was this second violent mugging that prompted Goetz to begin carrying a gun. Goetz did apply for a permit to carry a handgun, which was denied as are most such applications in New York City. Goetz bought the gun — a five-shot, alloy J-frame Smith and Wesson "Airweight" revolver with a shrouded hammer — out of fear for his safety. Goetz had brandished the pistol on two occasions prior to the attack on the subway in order to frighten away would-be robbers. It was this firearm that Goetz used to shoot the four men who confronted him on the subway in 1984.
At the time of the incident the four young men had a total of fourteen criminal bench warrants, although only Cabey had been charged with a felony, armed robbery. All of the men were either 18 or 19, and had reached the legal age of majority.
[edit] Public reaction
The "subway vigilante", as Goetz was labeled by the New York tabloids, was front page news for months, partly due to the repressed passions it unleashed in New York and other urban areas. Some viewed the soft-spoken Goetz as a hero for standing up to his attackers and defending himself in an environment where the police were increasingly viewed as ineffective in combating crime. This camp felt that, in his cornered and threatened circumstance, Goetz's best defense was to use the element of surprise, his only strategic advantage over four younger, and more physically powerful, men, to shoot all four men quickly and decisively with overwhelming force, in order to resist the mugging, the potential great bodily injury that four young men could inflict on a single victim, and to avoid the possibility of having his gun appropriated and used against him by one of the four men.
The Guardian Angels collected thousands of dollars in donations from New York City subway riders for a legal defense fund for Goetz. The Congress of Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.), a civil rights organization, also offered to raise money for his legal defense.[citation needed] The prior criminal convictions of the four men (and the published accounts of such) prevented the muggers from gaining sympathy from many people.
Some stated the trial result would have been different if the participants' races were reversed. Benjamin Hooks, NAACP director, said "The jury verdict was inexcusable. It was proven — according to his own statements — that Goetz did the shooting and went far beyond the realm of self-defense. There was no provocation for what he did.'" Representative Floyd Flake said "I think that if a Black had shot four Whites, the cry for the death penalty would have been almost automatic." C. Vernon Mason, a candidate for district attorney, and the Rev. Al Sharpton, said Goetz's actions were racist and requested two federal civil rights investigations, both which concluded the shooting was due to an attempted robbery and not race. Goetz’s racial language about criminal activity on 14th Street, made 18 months prior to the shooting, “The only way to clean up this street is to get rid of the niggers and spics” was used as evidence of racial motivation for the shootings. In contrast, Time magazine correspondent Otto Friedrich pointed out the case of Austin Weeks, a 29 year old Black man who shot a White hoodlum, yet a New York City grand jury refused to indict Weeks for that shooting.
Others viewed Goetz's shooting of the four men as a callous overreaction to the events. On the 2004 Opie and Anthony Show radio interview, Goetz alluded to this camp and recalled how an audience telephone caller, on a radio talk show interview he previously sat for, suggested to him that at the moment of the incident, Goetz "should have been thinking of (19 year-old Darrell) Cabey's mother." Goetz said that at the moment he was cornered by what witnesses testified as four hostile men, he was first and foremost concerned for his own safety and survival and that he was not thinking of the mens' relatives.
Those in the first camp tended to believe Goetz's version of the incident, that he was aggressively accosted and cornered by the four men demanding money. Those in the second camp tended to believe the version of the incident as told by the four men, that they were merely panhandling with neither intimidation nor threats of violence. This latter view of events was later substantially discredited when one of the four men admitted that they planned to rob Goetz.
In the middle of these two polarized views were people who believed that Goetz was indeed being threatened with violence, but seriously questioned whether the drastic nature of his actions could qualify as self-defense. People in this camp thought that Goetz overreacted when he opened fire without warning on not only one, but all four of the men who confronted him.
[edit] First and second grand juries
Shortly after the incident a grand jury exonerated Goetz of all shooting charges and indicted him only for gun possession charges.
The case had high media profile and a few months later a second grand jury was convened, based on the testimony of Troy Canty and James Ramseur. The media was only informed that new witnesses on the train would testify, and the media was not informed of contradictory independent eyewitness statements. Goetz was then indicted on numerous assault and attempted murder charges.
This second indictment was later dismissed after two of the shooting victims were arrested on separate rape and robbery charges, and a third shooting victim stated in a newspaper interview that the other members of the group decided to rob Goetz because he looked like "easy bait." Independent eyewitness statements were still withheld from the media.
The New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in New York, reversed the dismissal of the second grand jury indictment of Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault and criminal possession of a weapon. The court held that Goetz's actual belief that he was in imminent danger was not dispositive because the standard is not purely subjective. Rather, the self-defense justification of deadly force requires an objectively reasonable belief that an imminent threat exists. That is, considering all the circumstances, a "reasonable person" in Goetz's place would have believed he or she was in danger.
[edit] Criminal trial
The Goetz trial was a significant news event. Goetz confessed to the shooting but argued that his actions fell within the New York self-defense statute. Under Section 35.15, "A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person...unless...He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit [one of certain enumerated predicate offenses, including robbery]."
Goetz was convicted of Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Third Degree and initially sentenced to six months in jail, one year psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a fine of $5,000. He appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the conviction and ordered a resentencing for a period of one year in jail without probation. The order of the appellate court was affirmed because the trial court did not err in instructing the jury that, if it found the People had proved each of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, it "must" find defendant guilty. This was not a directed verdict. Goetz served eight months.
[edit] Civil trial
Darrell Cabey, and his lawyer Ron Kuby filed a civil suit against Goetz in 1985. In 1996, a jury found that Goetz acted recklessly and deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Goetz admitted to using racial language and to have taken drugs. The jury awarded Cabey $43 million. Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy. He stated in 2004 that he hadn't paid "a penny" yet.[3]
At the civil trial, newspaper columnist Jimmy Breslin testified that Cabey denied his involvement in an attempted robbery, but said that Canty, Allen, and Ramseur intended to rob Goetz.
The jury apparently was confused. Goetz and the two doctors who testified at the trial said Cabey was shot once. The only two jurors who were willing to make brief statements to the media after the trial said they believed Cabey was shot twice.
[edit] Legacy
The New York State legal standard for the self defense justification use of deadly force shifted after rulings in the case. New York jurors are now told to consider a defendant's background and to consider whether a reasonable person would feel imperiled if that reasonable person was the defendant.
After reaching an all time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically throughout the rest of the 1990s. As of 2006, New York had statistically become one of the safest large cities in the U.S., with its crime rate being ranked 194th of the 210 American cities with populations over 100,000. The New York City crime rates in the first half of the 2000s decade were comparable to those of New York in the early 1960s. Goetz and others have interpreted the significance of his actions in the subway incident as a contributing factor precipitating the groundswell movement against crime in subsequent years. While that claim is impossible to verify, Goetz achieved celebrity as a popular cultural symbol of the reaction to urban crime and disorder.
The New Yorker columnist Malcolm Gladwell described the incident in chapter four of his best-selling first book, The Tipping Point (2000), within a discussion about the sharp drop in crime in New York City since the 1980s. The chapter is entitled "The Power of Context."
[edit] Activities since the incident
Soon after being released from the hospital for the treatment of his gunshot wound, James Ramseur committed another crime with an associate: he was later convicted of raping, sodomizing, beating and robbing a pregnant nineteen year old woman on a building rooftop in the Bronx, and in 1986 was sentenced to 8 ⅓ to 25 years in prison. He also staged an incident where two hit men allegedly hired by Goetz attempted to kill him. Barry Allen committed two muggings after the shooting.
As of 2005, Goetz is again living in New York City and has run for both mayor (in 2001) and public advocate (2005). Goetz has stated that while he did not expect to be elected, he did hope to bring attention to issues in the public interest. He is also an advocate for vegetarianism and the service of vegetarian lunches in the New York City public school system. Goetz is also involved in the squirrel community of New York; he installs squirrel houses; feeds squirrels and performs first aid. He occasionally gives media interviews about the 1984 subway incident that suddenly brought his private life into the public eye. He sells and services electronic test equipment via his company "Vigilante Electronics". In the 2002 film Every Move You Make, Goetz played a criminologist who teaches a female stalking victim how to use a concealed carry weapon. In 2004, twenty years after the incident, Goetz appeared on Larry King Live. He stated that his actions helped precipitate the drop in crime experienced in New York City in the early 1990s.
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DC153EF931A35755C0A961948260
- ^ Severin Mevissen: Was macht eigentlich Bernhard Goetz? stern 5/2008, p. 154.
- ^ CNN.com - Transcripts
[edit] References
- Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial (ISBN 0-945167-08-3).
- The Tipping Point (ISBN 0-316-34662-4).
- A Crime of Self-Defense : Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial (ISBN 0-226-25334-1). (book review)
- The trial of Bernhard Goetz (ASIN B0006DAN94).
- People Vs. Goetz: The Summations and the Charges to the Jury (ISBN 0-89941-657-8).
- People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1986)
- The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City, Patrick A. Langan, Matthew R. Durose, International Conference on Crime, Rome, Italy, December 3-5, 2003.
- "CALLERS SUPPORT SUBWAY GUNMAN" (early news of incident, NY Times subscription required)
- Shooter accused of vigilantism, muggers with having sharpened screwdrivers
- Text of Civil Complaint against Goetz
- Allegations of racism after the first grand jury
- "Fact Finding" by NY State Supreme Court and authorization of second grand jury
- New Evidence (Time Magazine)
- "Champagne witness" allegedly kidnapped
- Friends of Goetz allegedly threaten to poison NYC water supply
- Allegations of racism after the criminal trial
- New York Times sets the record straight
- Results of Civil Trial
- BookRags (interesting old summary of case)
