Battle of the Red Wall

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Battle of the Red Wall
Part of Macedonian front (World War I)
Date 18 May 1917 Location Red Wall Peak, Baba Mountain, present-day Republic of Macedonia Result Decisive Bulgarian victory
Belligerents
Bulgaria	France
Commanders
Unknown	Unknown
Strength
Unknown	6,000
Casualties and losses
Few	c. 5,700 killed, 261 POW

v • d • e Macedonian Front Krivolak – 1st Doiran – Lerin – Struma – River Cherna – 2nd Doiran – Red Wall – Skra-di-Legen – Dobro Pole – 3rd Doiran

The battle of the Red Wall (Bulgarian: Битката за Червената стена) took place on the Macedonian Front between Bulgaria and France on 18 May 1917. It ended with a complete Bulgarian victory with only 261 French survivours.

Contents 1 Prelude 2 Initial battles 3 The battle 4 Aftermath

[edit] Prelude

Between 1915 and 1918 the Macedonian front passed through the summit of the Baba Mountain over looking the city of Bitola. Against the Bulgarian Sixth Vidin Infantry Division stood two French and one Serbian division. In 1916 the Entente managed to seize Bitola but it was impossible for them to use the city because it was within the range of the Bulgarian artillery on the Baba Mountain. In the beginning of 1917 the French High command in Solun decided to make operation to take the Baba Mountain from the Bulgarians, to seize the valley between Bitola and Prilep and to continue the blow towards the Vardar valley.

[edit] Initial battles

On 12 March hundreds guns began to fire at the Bulgarian positions at the Red Wall and Height 1248. It continued for 24 hours and more than 200,000 shells were fired destroying the fortifications. However, warned by their intelligence, the Bulgarians hid in the concrete bunkers of the opposite sides of the peaks and did not give a single killed or wounded soldier.

On 14 March five French divisions attacked the Red Wall, Height 1248 and the western slopes of the mountain defended by the Sixth Division. After six-day fight the assault of height 1248 was repulsed with heavy casualties for the French. However, the main French blow was pointed against the Red Wall which was attacked by three divisions. The fortifications on the peak changed hands several times, attacks on bayonette alternated with heavy artillery fire. On 18 March the peak was called the "Macedonian Shipka" (referring to the famous battle of Shipka Pass) and like the defense of Shipka, when the Bulgarians ran out of munitions they began to throw stones, rocks and tree trunks over the French troops. In the end in the beginning of May the Red Wall fell and the Bulgarians retreated to the neighbouring peak.

[edit] The battle

From strategic view the French success was useless - despite their efforts the enemy could not take any other Bulgarian position and Bitola remained within the range of the Bulgarian artillery. But due to the symbolic meaning of the peak the Bulgarian commanders decided that it should not remain in the hands of the enemy.

The command of the Vidin Division concentrated its whole artillery on the Red Wall. The infantry regiments were supplied by new and destructive German weapons - flame-throwers. With great efforts and on hand the Bulgarians managed to install six gun batteries on a nearby hill from which the French positions were clearly visible.

On 18 May hurricane artillery fire poured over the two French regiments on the Red Wall (6,000 men). The new batteries were especially effective. After two hours the Bulgarian storm troops covered by the artillery fired the enemy with hand grenades and then attacked with the fire-throwers literary destroying any resistance. After that one Bulgarian regiment advanced on bayonette to the French position without hiding and running. However, they met no resistance - 259 French soldiers and 2 officers, the only survivours left on the Red Wall surrendered.

[edit] Aftermath

The symbolic peak was regained and remained in Bulgarian hands to the end of the War. The five French divisions lost between 40% and 75% of their stuff and never made any attempts to attack the Bulgarians again.

v • d • e Bulgaria in World War I
Prelude	South-western front: Serbian Campaign, Macedonian front	Romanian front • Outcome • Others	Important persons
Balkan Wars 1912–1913 First Balkan War 1913 Treaty of London Second Balkan War Treaty of Bucharest Treaty of Istanbul Neutrality 1915 Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente Bulgarian-German treaty Secret Bulgarian-German agreement Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria Bulgarian-Turkish convention Mobilization	Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov • Kliment Boyadzhiev • Georgi Todorov • Vladimir Vazov Entente: Serbia: Radomir Putnik • Živojin Mišić • Stepa Stepanović • Petar Bojović; France:Maurice Sarrail • Adolphe Guillaumat • Franchet d'Esperey; United Kingdom: George Milne; Greece: Panagiotis Danglis Battles 1915 Battle of Morava • Battle of Ovche Pole • Battle of Kosovo • Battle of Krivolak 1916 First battle of Doiran • Battle of Lerin • Battle of Struma • Battle of the River Cherna 1917 Second battle of Doiran • Battle of the Red Wall 1918 Battle of Dobro Pole • Third battle of Doiran	Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov • Panteley Kiselov • Stefan Toshev • Todor Kantardzhiev Entente: Romania: Constantin Prezan • Alexandru Averescu; Russia:Andrei Zaionchkovsky Battles 1916 Battle of Turtucaia • Battle of Dobrich • Battle of Kobadin • Advance to Bucharest Outcome 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Armistice of Focşani • Treaty of Bucharest • Protocol of Berlin Outcome Armistice of Solun Vladaya revolt Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Others Bulgarian administration in Kosovo Anti-military propaganda	Ferdinand Aleksandar Protogerov August von Mackensen Boris Draganov Vladimir Vazov Georgi Todorov (general) Ivan Kolev Kliment Boyadzhiev Konstantin Zhostov Krastyu Zlatarev Nikola Zhekov Panteley Kiselov Stefan Toshev Todor Kantardzhiev