Ascophyllum nodosum
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| Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis |
Ascophyllum nodosum is a large, common, brown alga, in the Class Phaeophyceae. It is seaweed of the northern Atlantic Ocean, also known as Norwegian Kelp, Knotted Kelp, knotted wrack or egg wrack. It is common on the north-western coast of Europe (from Svalbard to Portugal) including east Greenland [1] and the north-eastern coast of North America. [2]
Ascophyllum is very popular amongst the science community and has been claimed to be both the best known seaweed on the planet as well as the most researched by the academic community. [3]
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[edit] Description and ecology
Ascophyllum nodosum has long fronds with large egg-shaped air-bladders set in series at regular intervals in the fronds and not stalked. The fronds can reach 2 m in length and are attached by a holdfast to rocks and boulders. The fronds are olive-brown in color and somewhat compressed but without a mid-rib. [4]
This seaweed grows quite slowly and can live for several decades; it may take approximately five years before becoming fertile.
Life history is of one diploid plant and gametes. The gametes are produced in conceptacles embedded in yellowish receptacles on short branches.[2][5]
Ascophyllum nodosum is found mostly on sheltered sites on shores in the mid-littoral where it can become dominant species in the littoral. [6][7]
Polysiphonia lanosa (L.) Tandy is a small red alga, commonly found growing in dense tufts on Ascophyllum. The rhizoids penetrate the host. [8] It is considered by some as parasitic.
[edit] Varieties and forms
Several different varieties and forms of this species have been described.
- Ascophyllum nodosum var. minor has been described from Larne Lough in Northern Ireland. [9]
There are free floating ecads of this species such as Ascophyllum nodosum mackaii Cotton, which is found at very sheltered locations, such as at the heads of sea lochs in Scotland and Ireland. [10][11]
The species is found in a range of coastal habitats from sheltered estuaries to moderately exposed coasts, often it dominates the inter-tidal zone (although sub-tidal populations are known to exist in very clear waters). However it is rarely found on exposed shores, and if it is found the fronds are usually small and badly scratched.
It has been recorded as an accidental introduction to San Francisco, California, and eradicated as a potential invasive species there. [12]
[edit] Distribution
Recorded in Europe from: Faroe Islands, [13] Norway, [14] Ireland, Britain and Isle of Man [15] Netherlands [16] North America: Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Baffin Island, Hudson Strait, Labrador and Newfoundland. [2][1]
[edit] Uses
Ascophyllum nodosum is harvested for use in alginates, fertilisers and for the manufacture of seaweed meal for animal and human consumption. It has long been used as an organic and mainstream fertilizer for many varieties of crops due to its combination of both macronutrient, (eg. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (eg. Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, etc.) It also host to cytokinins, auxin-like, gibberellins, betaines, mannitol, organic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins which are all very beneficial and widely used in agriculture. [17]
Ascophyllum nodosum along with Macrocystis pyferais harvested in Ireland, Scotland and Norway from which alginates are extracted it is one of the world's principal alginate supply. [18][19]
[edit] Medical Uses
Ascophyllum nodosum may reduce, or even eliminate, not only bacterial plaque and dental caries but also arteriosclerotic plaque, atherosclerotic plaque, pleural plaque, renal calculus, biliary calculus, and prostatic calculus. [20]
Furthermore, the medicinal and dental uses have been recognized for well over a century. [21]
[edit] References
- ^ a b M. D. Guiry & Wendy Guiry (2006-11-23). Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis. AlgaeBase.
- ^ a b c W. R. Taylor (1962). Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-04904-6.
- ^ T. L. Senn (1987). Seaweed and Plant Growth, 181 pp. ISBN 0-939241-01-3.
- ^ S. Hiscock (1979). A field key to the British brown seaweeds (Heterokontophyta). Field Studies 5: 1–44.
- ^ H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Bolus Herbarium Humber 18, University of Cape Town. ISBN 0-7992-1793-X.
- ^ O. Morton (1994). Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0-900761-28-8.
- ^ J. R. Lewis (1964). The Ecology of Rocky Shores. English Universities Press, London.
- ^ C. A. Maggs (1993). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. I: Rhodophyta. Part 3A. Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-11-310045-0.
- ^ M. J. Lynn (1949). A rare alga from Larne Lough. Irish Naturalists' Journal 9: 301–304.
- ^ D. C. Gibb (1957). The free-living forms of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.. Journal of Ecology 45: 49–83. doi:.
- ^ O. Morton (2003). The marine macroalgae of County Donegal, Ireland. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 27: 3–164.
- ^ A. W. Miller, A. L. Chang, N. Cosentino-Manning & G. M. Ruiz (2004). A new record and eradication of the north Atlantic alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) from San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Journal of Phycology 40: 1028–1031. doi:.
- ^ F. Børgesen (1903). Botany of the Færöes Part II, pp. 339-532. Det nordiske Forlag Ernst Bojesen, Copenhagen.
- ^ F. E. Round (1981). The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-22583-3.
- ^ F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006). A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X.
- ^ H. Stegenga, I. Mol, W. F. Prud'homme van Reine & G. M. Lokhorst (1997). Checklist of the marine algae of the Netherlands. Gorteria supplement 4: 3–57.
- ^ J. Norrie & D. A. Hiltz (1999). Seaweed Extract Research and Applications in Agriculture. Agro food Industry hi-tech.
- ^ L. G. Lewis, N. F. Stanley & G. G. Guist (1988). "Commercial production and applications of algal hydrocolloides", in C. A. Lembi & J. R. Waaland: Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8.
- ^ M. D. Guiry & D. J. Garbary (1991). "Geographical and Taxonomic guide to European Seaweeds of Economic Importance", in M. D. Guiry & Blunden: Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley & Sons, England. ISBN 0-471-92947-6.
- ^ (WO/2002/034279) ORAL PREPARATION CONTAINING SEAWEED FOR REDUCTION OF PLAQUE AND CALCULUS
- ^ The London Encyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics 1829 - Vol. IX - F to Garter. Pages 663 - 665
[edit] External links
- J. M. Hill & N. White (2007). Knotted wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
- O. Morton. Ascophyllum nodosum — knotted wrack. Priority species in Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
