Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso
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Archibald Henry Macdonald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso KT CMG PC (October 22, 1890 – June 15, 1970), known as Sir Archibald Sinclair, 4th Baronet from 1912 until 1952, and often as Archie Sinclair, was a Scottish politician and leader of the British Liberal Party.
Sinclair was the son of a Scottish father and an American mother. Educated at Eton College and Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Life Guards in 1910. He served on the Western Front during the First World War and rose to the rank of Major in the Guards Machine Gun Regiment. He served as second-in-command to Winston Churchill when Churchill commanded the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers in the Ploegsteert Wood sector of the Western Front in 1915, Churchill having been disgraced after Gallipoli. They formed a lasting friendship that would become a significant political alliance in later decades. From 1919 to 1921 he served as Personal Military Secretary to Churchill when he returned to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War, then accompanied him to the Colonial Office as Private Secretary.
In 1922 he entered the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Caithness and Sutherland, supporting David Lloyd George and defeating the incumbent Liberal supporter of Herbert Henry Asquith. His constituency was the largest, in terms of area, in the United Kingdom. He rose through the Liberal ranks as the party shrank in Parliament, becoming Chief Whip by 1930. In 1931 the Liberal Party joined the National Government of Ramsay MacDonald and Sinclair held the post of Secretary of State for Scotland. The following year he, together with other Liberal ministers, resigned from the government in protest at the Ottawa Conference introducing a series of tariff agreements. Sinclair and the Liberal leader, Sir Herbert Samuel, were thus the last Liberal politicians to sit in the Cabinet.
In the 1935 general election, Samuel lost his seat. Sinclair became the party's leader at the head of only twenty MPs. With the party now clearly marginalised as a third party on the fringe, with few distinct domestic policies, with a parliamentary party that was primarily a collection of individuals elected as much for themselves as for their party, and with the separate Liberal Nationals offering competition amongst Liberal inclined voters, Sinclair fought to make the Liberals once more a relevant force in British politics, taking up the issues of opposition to the continental dictatorships and working worked closely with Winston Churchill who was a backbencher at that time and generally shunned by his Conservative Party. When Churchill formed an all-party coalition government in 1940, Sinclair became Secretary of State for Air. However he did not sit in the small War Cabinet, though he was invited to attend meetings discussing any political matter. As Secretary for Air, he played a leading role in planning the firebombing and destruction of Dresden. He remained a minister until May 1945 when the coalition ended. In the 1945 general election, he narrowly lost his seat. His margin of defeat is one of the tightest on record - he came third, even though the victor had only 59 votes more than him.
There was speculation that he might return to the Commons and the leadership, as the Conservative victor in his seat had promised to only serve in parliament until the end of war with Japan, a pledge he kept modifying to serving just one more year, every year. Sinclair awaited the imminent by-election, which never materialised. At the 1950 general election Sinclair again stood for his old seat and moved to second place, but in yet another close election, he was 269 votes away from victory. In 1952 he accepted elevation to the House of Lords as Viscount Thurso. He was expected to take up the leadership of the Liberal group in the House of Lords, but a series of strokes in the mid-fifties left him in a state of precarious health until his death in 1970.
Sinclair married Marigold Forbes in 1918. They had four children: Catherine (born 1919), Elizabeth (born 1921), Robin (born 1922), and Angus (born 1925). Sinclair was one of the largest landowners in the United Kingdom, owning an estate of about 100,000 acres (400 km²) in Caithness. He was handsome and charming and regarded as a daredevil, but in private life was rather shy, reserved and antisocial, with a slight speech impediment.
In the 1990s, his grandson, John Thurso, entered politics and now sits as a Liberal Democrat MP for his grandfather's seat, now called Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross. Sinclair's granddaughter, Veronica Linklater, Baroness Linklater of Butterstone, is also a Liberal Democrat politician.
[edit] References
- Violet Bonham Carter, ed. Mark Pottle, Champion Redoubtable: The Diaries of Violet Bonham Carter 1914-1945 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998)
- Gerard DeGroot, Liberal Crusader: The Life of Sir Archibald Sinclair (New York University Press, 1993)
- ed. Ian Hunter, Winston and Archie: The collected correspondence of Winston Churchill and Sir Archibald Sinclair (Politico's, 2005)
- Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries (Birlinn 2006)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Sir Archibald Sinclair (Viscount Thurso) 1890-1970 biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sir Robert Leicester Harmsworth |
Member of Parliament for Caithness and Sutherland 1922–1945 |
Succeeded by Eric Gandar Dower |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by William Adamson |
Secretary of State for Scotland 1931–1932 |
Succeeded by Sir Godfrey Collins |
| Preceded by Sir Herbert Samuel |
Leader of the Liberal Party 1935–1945 |
Succeeded by Clement Davies |
| Preceded by Sir Samuel Hoare |
Secretary of State for Air 1940–1945 |
Succeeded by Harold Macmillan |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by John Boyd Orr |
Rector of the University of Glasgow 1938—1945 |
Succeeded by Hugh Richard Lawrie Sheppard |
| Baronetage of Great Britain | ||
| Preceded by Sir John Sinclair |
Baronet (of Ulbster) 1912–1970 |
Succeeded by Robin Sinclair |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by (new creation) |
Viscount Thurso 1952–1970 |
Succeeded by Robin Sinclair |
|
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