Alternative society
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The phrase alternative society may have been in usage since the 19th century when Karl Marx and Proudhon represented two factions for alternative visions of social change.
Philosophers who suggested alternative models for society included: Charles Fourier (1772-1837), Robert Owen (1771-1858), Louis Blanc (1811-1882), Louis-Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808-1871). The background of alternative social thinking stems largely from the history of utopianism.
The phrase and variations of it appear throughout the progressive political and social writings of the 20th century. Mahatma Gandhi and his followers such as Satish Kumar advocate, as an alternative to violent revolution, the creation of alternative social services, alternative transportation systems, alternative food and clothing production, alternative housing, alternative medicine, alternative arts and alternative communications media including an alternative press. By recreating every facet of society and providing better services than the official ones the plan is that the people will flock to the alternative society and desert the establishment. Then the leaders of the establishment would follow. Thus change would be accomplished without violence.
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[edit] The underground press
The underground press of the 1960s and 70s printed articles about various alternative societies and societies of alternatives. Underground press, in this sense, is a very elastic term. It refers to everything from a nationally or internationally distributed newspaper to a small local Zine or Samizdat. Some of the publications had particular areas of special interest. Oz magazine leaned toward sex, drugs, rock'n'roll. Country Bizarre was more concerned with radical environmental philosophy and practical information for organic gardening. "Some of the earliest 1960s underground papers were the East Village Other, San Francisco Oracle, Los Angeles Free Press, Berkeley Barb, and The Paper, of East Lansing, Michigan." http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~eembardo/voices/press.htm
The underground press has continued since those days and is now enhanced by the power of the internet to enable individuals and groups to publish blogs. A current day incarnation of the underground press is Indymedia.
[edit] Environmentalism
Environmentalists discuss reshaping the relationships and bonds at the roots of society to create an alternative system of Eco-anarchism which would respect our resources, both human and elemental. Various models of sustainability have been put forward and tried. Among the most successful environmentalist restructurings of social structure are the Global Ecovillage Network and the permaculture movement.
[edit] Building alternative services
As a result of the interest, throughout the underground culture, in theories of alternative societies, movements and intentional communities began all around the world attempting to provide alternative housing by such means as organised squatting, tipi making, house sharing and a system called, in hippy jargon, Crash pad networks. This latter involves keeping a list of participants' addresses on file at an alternative information centre and then when someone is travelling and, upon arrival in a different city, wants a place to sleep (crash) they could go to the information centre and get an address. Upon arriving at the address they can get free accommodation (maybe a bed, maybe a floor - it is potluck) and, in exchange, when they are back in their own home (pad), they can offer similar accommodation to another traveller (see also Hospitality Club and Couchsurfing for an equivalent of this, boosted by the internet). Another alternative solution to housing problems is thought by some to be possible through the construction of geodesic domes, a structure which can be built quite quickly from widely available materials such as scaffolding and tarpaulins. moladi uses plastic formwork to mould a house in a day with all services cast in-situ, reducing time and skills required.
Alternative travel services are arranged by car sharing networks or simply by hitching. The emphasis is on creating social structures from the bottom up. Alternative soup kitchens are arranged, free bookshops, shops where everything is free (see also give-away shop) or for swap and free festivals sprang into existence. Since the mid-sixties the beginnings of a free society have begun to flourish. People are searching for tools and methods to take control of their own lives and reclaim power from the establishment.
Examples of Alternative Information Centres in the seventies include bit (which was named after the binary information transfer in computers) in London, England and Manchester Alternative General Information Centre (M.A.G.I.C.) in the north. Bit was founded by John Hopkins (Hoppy) who also founded International Times and distributed a contact list which put UK Underground activists in touch with each other. The style of these information centres varied according to location. The style of the ones in London reflected urban social concerns while the one in Glastonbury was mostly concerned with introducing travellers to the local legends and mysticism. Release is still in existence today and is specifically a drugs information centre.
[edit] Christiania
Christiania, a partially self-governing neighborhood in the city of Copenhagen, Denmark, which has established semi-legal status as an independent community, was founded in 1971, when a group of hippie squatters took over an area of abandoned military barracks. The proliferation of marijuana in the frontal region of the community, known as Pusher Street, has given rise over the past decade to legal conflict. In response to recent crackdowns and raids by the Danish police, supporters of Christiania have adopted the slogan "Bevar Christiania!" (Save Christiania!).
[edit] Religious and pseudo-religious groups
The alternative society is often characterised as a society of alternatives and this includes a great interest in pseudoscientific theories such as pagan religion and romantic mystical speculations. Religious and pseudo-religious groups are on the alternative society's mental map of the world and the existence of ashrams, kibbutzim, Buddhist monasteries, Rastafarians, Hare Krishna free food distributions and various churches and gurus' meeting places around the world provide an existing framework upon which the alternative society can grow. The relationship is symbiotic. The Movement for a New Society developed from Quaker roots. Some self-styled gurus were seen to jump on the bandwagon. The religions and pseudo-religious cults have gained lots of new members from the alternative society scene. Therefore, if the left wing of politics can be broadly said to empower the public sector and if the right wing can be broadly said to empower the private sector, then the alternative society could be considered as the political empowerment of the voluntary sector.
The relationship with religious groups also generates deep concerns amongst politicised travellers wary of becoming brainwashed by some cult or other.
[edit] Situationist International
There was a very active anarchist group in the Netherlands, known as the Kabouters, (translated as dwarves or trolls). The underground press in Britain attempts to keep everyone in touch with everyone else, publishing news of what other groups in different countries are doing. When the Kabouters advocated the Provos' white bicycle plan as a free community resource (painting some bicycles white and leaving them around the city where anybody could use them for free and then abandon them again until the next user would find them) the underground press in Britain passed the news on in hopes of getting a similar thing going. There is always a strong Situationist theatrical element to the alternative society.
One theatre group which had a significant role in the development of the alternative society was the Diggers in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco. They were named after the 17th century English Diggers.
In 1965 an artists group, the Droppers, built Drop City in south eastern Colorado. Their intention was to create a live-in work of Drop Art, continuing an art concept they had developed earlier at the University of Kansas. Drop Art (sometimes called "droppings") was informed by the "happenings" of Allan Kaprow and the impromptu performances, a few years earlier, of John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg and Buckminster Fuller, at Black Mountain College.
[edit] The end of an era
There are still people attempting to build new societies from the bottom up and the concept of alternative currencies, such as the LETS, is still alive. Organisations trying to make new communities are (amongst others); the Fellowship for Intentional Community, Global Ecovillage Network, Jesus Army, World Brotherhood Colonies, and Technocracy Inc..
[edit] External links
- Friends magazine
- Alternative Economics - Alternative Societies Exhibition
- The INTERNATIONAL TIMES ARCHIVE
- "Lefties" - a BBC television documentary about the alternative society
- Two Views about Socialism: Why Karl Marx Shunned an Academic Debate with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon by Johannes Hilmer (from Democracy & Nature - Volume 6)
- "Gandhian Constitutions for Free India" by Prof Shriman Narayan, published 1946
- An index of underground newspapers on microfilm at East Carolina University
- An index of underground newspapers on microfilm at the University of Oregon
- Oztrading.net - A website on English counterculture magazines Oz and IT with full issues scanned online
- Pooterland's Chronikles (see also their useful links page).
- Alternative Countdown To Xmas A live (alternative) countdown to xmas
- Danny Wallace's How to Start Your Own Country
[edit] Reading
- Takis Fotopoulos: The Multidimensional Crisis and Inclusive Democracy [1]Athens 2005.
- Lewis, B., Chisnall, A. and Hall, A. (1974) Unattached Youth. A study commissioned by the Joseph Rownstree Memorial Trust, London: Blond and Briggs. 171 pages. Bibliography.
- Green, Jonathan, Heinemann (1988), Days in the Life: Voices from the English Underground, 1961-1971, ISBN 0-434-30420-4 OCLC 21592544
- Kumar, Satish, Christian Action Publications Ltd (1969) Non-Violence or Non-Existence. ISBN 0-901500-03-8
