Alignment (political party)
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The Alignment (Hebrew: המערך, HaMa'arakh), originally called the Labour Alignment (Hebrew: מערך העבודה, Ma'arakh HaAvoda), was the dominant left-wing political party in Israel from its founding in 1965 until its transformation into the Labour Party in 1992. It was the governing party for the first 12 years of its existence, but spent 9 of its last 15 years in opposition. It is the only party ever to have held an absolute majority of seats in the Knesset.
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[edit] Background
The Alignment was not strictly a political party in itself, but more of an umbrella of left-wing parties, with each retaining a set number of slots on the party's Knesset list. It was originally formed by Mapai and Labour Unity, the latter an offshoot from Mapai, prior to the 1965 elections, and was initially called the Labour Alignment. Its formation was in response to the merger of the two major right-wing parties in Israel, Herut and the Liberal Party to form Gahal, and to try and preserve the left's hegemony in Israeli politics.
In its first elections, the Alignment won 36.7% of the vote and 45 of the 120 Knesset seats, enough to comfortably beat Gahal, which had only won 26, though not as many as Mapai had won in the 1951 and 1959 elections. The party's leader, Levi Eshkol formed a coalition government with the National Religious Party, Mapam, the Independent Liberals, Agudat Israel Workers and two Israeli Arab parties associated with the Alignment, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood.
The party's main challenge during its first term in power was the Six-Day War. As war broke out, Eshkol formed a national unity government, which included Gahal and Rafi.
After the war had finished, the alliance sought to strengthen itself further, and invited Rafi and Mapam to join. Both parties accepted the offer, though Rafi's David Ben-Gurion (a former leader of Mapai) refused to accept the move, and broke away from his party to sit as an independent MK for the remainder of the Knesset session. The party also dropped the word Labour from its title, becoming known as just Alignment. The merger with Rafi and Mapam meant that the party held 63 seats, the only time a party has ever achieved a majority in the Knesset. Within the alliance, Mapai, Labour Unity and Rafi merged to form the Labour Party in 1968, though Mapam remained a separate entity.
When Eshkol died on 26 February, 1969, he was succeeded by Golda Meir, Israel's first, and so far only, female Prime Minister, making Israel one of the first countries in the world to have a woman heading the government.
The country's success in the Six-Day War helped the party's popularity, and led to its comprehensive victory in the 1969 elections. Although it lost its majority, the 46.2% of the vote and 56 seats was (and remains) the best electoral performance in Israeli political history. Meir continued with a national unity government including Gahal, the National Religious Party, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood until 1970 when Gahal resigned after the government had decided in principle to adopt the Rogers Plan, though ultimately they decided against it.
During the Knesset session, the party gained one seat as Meir Avizohar defected from Ben-Gurion's new party, the National List.
[edit] 1970s
The seventh Knesset also covered the event that played a major part in the party's downfall. On 6 October 1973, as Israelis were observing Yom Kippur, a surprise attack was launched by Egypt and Syria, resulting in the Yom Kippur War. Although Israel later recovered the ground initially lost, the war was generally considered to be a failure, and the government faced significant criticism. The Agranat Commission was set up to examine the circumstances that led to the war.
Before the Commission could publish its results, an election was held. Anger at the government was not significantly noticeable, as the Alignment still won 39.6% of the vote and 51 seats. More significantly, the new major right-wing party, Likud, won 39 seats, and was now breathing down the Alignment's neck. Meir formed a coalition with the National Religious Party and the Independent Liberals. However, ten days after the Agranat Commission published its findings on 1 April, 1974, Meir resigned, despite the report clearing her and her Defence Minister, Moshe Dayan of all responsibility.
Yitzhak Rabin took over the party, beating Shimon Peres in a leadership contest. This battle led to a long-term falling out between the two, after Rabin described Peres as an "indefatigable intriguer" in his autobiography. Rabin formed a new government with Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers, another Israeli Arab party associated with the Alignment. The National Religious Party joined the coalition soon after, though their arrival precipitated the departure of secularist Ratz.
The party's internal divisions were also beginning to show, as Mapam broke away from the party, as did Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers, who had both come under the Alignment umbrella during Rabin's tenure. Although Mapam returned to the fold, the two Arab parties broke their ties with the party, uniting to create the United Arab List. Two other MKs, Aryeh Eliav and Mordechai Ben-Porat also left the party, the former going on to form Ya'ad – Civil Rights Movement and then the Independent Socialist Faction, whilst the latter remained an independent MK.
In 1976 the Alignment government was hit by the Yadlin affair regarding illegitimate financial transactions by senior members of the party, notably Asher Yadlin and Avraham Ofer. The following year Rabin fell victim to a double scandal, when it was revealed his wife, Leah had a foreign currency bank account, illegal in Israel at the time; the episode becoming known as the Dollar Account affair. He also took responsibility for an apparent breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base. Rabin resigned over the former incident, and Peres took over as Prime Minister just a short time before the next elections.
Peres led the party into the 1977 elections, which proved to be a historical turning point in Israeli political history: For the first time the left-wing were defeated. The Alignment won only 24.6% of the vote, a decrease of over a third, and picked up just 32 seats. In contrast, Menachem Begin's Likud won 43 seats. Begin was able to form a right-wing coalition with Shlomtzion (which quickly merged into Likud), the National Religious Party, Agudat Israel, and Dash. Even after Dash disintegrated, Begin still held a majority.
Although the disastrous Yom Kippur War was a factor in the party's heavy defeat, allegations of corruption and nepotism (highlighted by the various scandals) and anger at the party's perceived bias towards Ashkenazi Jews over Mizrahi Jews also played major roles in the election result.
Further embarrassment for the Alignment was brought about as Begin offered Moshe Dayan the position of Foreign Minister despite his party not being in the coalition. Dayan accepted the offer, and was expelled from the party. After sitting as an independent MK, he founded Telem.
However, the Alignment still had an important role to play, as it helped pass the Camp David Accords and the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in the Knesset. This was necessary as many Likud MKs had broken away to form opposition parties (One Israel, Rafi – National List, Tehiya and Yosef Tamir as an independent) and several others (including Ariel Sharon and Yitzhak Shamir) abstained from voting on it.
Despite losing Dayan, the party picked up two more seats as former Dash MKs Zeidan Atashi and David Golomb defected from Shinui.
[edit] 1980s
The party recovered well in the 1981 elections as it gained 36.6% of the vote, an improvement of 12%, and 47 seats. However, Likud took 48, allowing Begin to form the government with the help of small right-wing and religious parties. Ratz briefly merged into the Alignment, but broke away again. Nevertheless, by the end of the Knesset session the party had more seats than its rival as two Likud MKs had defected to join it. The Alignment was also boosted when the Independent Liberals merged into it in 1984.
With Peres still at the head of the party, the 1984 elections resulted in stalemate. Although the Alignment won 44 seats to Likud's 41, it could not muster enough support from suitable smaller parties to form a government (the next largest party had only five seats, and two of the small left-wing parties, Hadash and the Progressive List for Peace were not viewed as potential coalition partners due to their radical left-wing views). However, the Likud found itself in the same situation (Kach being impossible to work with). The result was a grand coalition of the Alignment, Likud, the National Religious Party, Agudat Israel, Shas, Morasha, Shinui and Ometz (which later merged into Likud). With 97 seats, it was the largest coalition in Israeli political history aside from national unity governments.
Peres and new Likud leader Yitzhak Shamir agreed to share power, with Peres Prime Minister for the first two years of the Knesset term and Shamir for the last two. When Shamir took over, Shinui left the coalition. The Alignment ended the session with six less MKs, as Mapam broke away from the party, unhappy at the power-sharing agreement with Shamir. The party also lost one MK to Ratz (Yossi Sarid), one to Shinui (Yitzhak Artzi) and one to the newly formed Arab Democratic Party (Abdulwahab Darawshe) but replaced them when the three-man Yachad merged into the Alignment.
The result of the 1988 elections was also ambiguous, with Likud winning 40 seats and the Alignment 39. Another power-sharing arrangement was made, and the coalition again had 97 members, consisting of Likud, the Alignment, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah.
However, in 1990 Peres made a bid for sole power through the creation of a narrow 61-seat coalition with the Ultra-orthodox parties Shas, Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah and the left-wing Mapam, Ratz and Shinui. Ultimately the bid failed, and the Alignment was kicked out of the coalition for the last two years of the Knesset's term. The party also lost one MK, Efraim Gur, who left and set up Unity for Peace and Immigration before joining Likud.
Prior to the 1992 elections, the Alignment ceased to exist, as all factions within the alliance merged into the pre-existing Israeli Labour Party. Yitzhak Rabin replaced Peres as leader and went on to win the elections.
[edit] References
- Party history Knesset website (English)
