Alexandrine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter. Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods. Drama in English often used alexandrines before Marlowe and Shakespeare, by whom it was supplanted by iambic pentameter (5-foot verse).
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[edit] Syllabic verse
In syllabic verse, such as that used in French literature, an alexandrine is a line of twelve syllables. Most commonly, the line is divided into two equal parts by a caesura between the sixth and seventh syllables. Alternatively, the line is divided into three four-syllable sections by two caesuras.
The dramatic works of Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine are typically composed of rhyming alexandrine couplets. (The caesura after the 6th syllable is here marked || )
- Nous partîmes cinq cents ; || mais par un prompt renfort
- Nous nous vîmes trois mille || en arrivant au port
- (Corneille, Le Cid Act IV , scene 3)
Baudelaire's Les Bijoux (The Jewels) is a typical example of the use of the alexandrine in 19th century French poetry :
- La très-chère était nue, || et, connaissant mon cœur,
- Elle n'avait gardé || que ses bijoux sonores,
- Dont le riche attirail || lui donnait l'air vainqueur
- Qu'ont dans leurs jours heureux || les esclaves des Mores.
Even a 20th century Surrealist, such as Paul Éluard used alexandrines on occasion, such as in these lines from L'Égalité des sexes (in Capitale de la douleur) (note the variation between caesuras after the 6th syllable, and after 4th and 8th):
- Ni connu la beauté || des yeux, beauté des pierres,
- Celle des gouttes d'eau, || des perles en placard,
- Des pierres nues || et sans squelette, || ô ma statue
[edit] Accentual verse
In accentual verse, it is a line of iambic hexameter - a line of six feet or measures ("iambs"), each of which has two syllables with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. It is also usual for there to be a caesura between the sixth and seventh syllables (as the examples from Pope below illustrate). Robert Bridges noted that in the lyrical sections of Samson Agonistes, Milton significantly varied the placement of the caesura.
In the poetry of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene 8 lines of pentameter are followed by an alexandrine, the 6-foot line slowing the regular rhythm of the 5-foot lines. After Spenser, alexandrine couplets were used by Michael Drayton in his Poly-Olbion.
Alexander Pope famously characterized the alexandrine's potential to slow or speed the flow of a poem, in two a rhyming couplets consisting of an iambic pentameter followed by an alexandrine:
- A needless alexandrine ends the song
- that like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.
A few lines later Pope continues:
- Not so, when swift Camilla scours the Plain,
- Flies o'er th'unbending corn and skims along the Main.
Alexandrines are sometimes introduced into predominantly pentameter verse for the sake of variety. The Spenserian stanza, for instance, is eight lines of pentameter followed by an alexandrine. Alexandrines appear rarely in Shakespeare's blank verse. In the Restoration and eighteenth century, poetry written in couplets is sometimes varied by the introduction of a triplet in which the third line is an alexandrine, as in this example from Dryden, which introduces a triplet after two couplets:
- But satire needs not those, and wit will shine
- Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line:
- A noble error, and but seldom made,
- When poets are by too much force betrayed.
- Thy generous fruits, though gathered ere their prime,
- Still showed a quickness; and maturing time
- But mellows what we write to the dull sweets of rhyme.
[edit] Origin
There is some doubt as to the origin of the name; but most probably it is derived from a collection of Alexandrine romances, collected in the 12th century, of which Alexander the Great was the hero, and in which he was represented, somewhat like the British Arthur, as the pride and crown of chivalry. Before the publication of this work most of the trouvère romances appeared in octosyllabic verse. There is also a theory that the form was invented by a poet named Alexander. The new work, which was henceforth to set the fashion to French literature, was written in lines of twelve syllables, but with a freedom of pause which was afterwards greatly curtailed. The new fashion, however, was not adopted all at once. The metre fell into disuse until the reign of Francis I, when it was revived by Jean-Antoine de Baïf, one of the seven poets known as La Pléiade.
[edit] References
- Robert Bridges, Milton's Prosody (book).
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
