Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
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Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf (Arabic: الحجاج بن يوسف, also known as Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ath-Thaqafī), born in early June 661 in aţ-Ţā’if and died 714 in Wasit, Iraq, was an important Arab administrator during the Umayyad Caliphate. His given name was Kulayb "Little Dog" but he changed it to al-Hajjaj before being appointed Governor of Iraq.
Hajjaj bin Yusuf's period saw the Arabs on their zenith and he played an important part in it. He is also credited for introducing the diacritic points to the defective Arabic script and for the first time Al-Hajjaj convinced the caliph to adopt a special currency for the Muslim world. This lead to war with the Byzantine Empire under Justinian II. The Byzantines were led by Leontios at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 692 in Asia Minor and were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of Slavs. The Islamic currency was then made the only currency exchange in the Muslim world. Also, many reforms happened in his time as regards agriculture and commerce.
The administrative language of Iraq officially changed from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) to Arabic during his governorship. The records of administrative documents (diwans) of Iraq transferred from Pahlavi to Arabic.
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[edit] Beginnings
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf served as the governor of Iraq during the reigns of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and al-Walid I of the Umayyad. "Little of the early years of his public life: he does not seem to have distinguished himself in the battles in the Harra of Medina in 63/682 (Aghani, xvi, 42) and al-Rabahda in 65/684 (Tabari, ii, 579) or as governor of Tabala in the Tihima (Ibn Kutayba,Mas’arif, 396).
The change began when al-Hajjaj in the first years of the reign of Abd al-Malik, set out from Taif to Damascus to serve in the police force (Šhurta) under Aba Zur’a Rawh b. Zinba al-Djudhami, the vizier of the caliph. He attracted the attention of Abd al-Malik because he succeeded in a short time in restoring discipline among the mutinous troops with whom the caliph was about to set out for Iraq against Mus’ab b. al-Zubayr. In the drastic means with which he discharged this task there could already be recognized the method which was later to make him famous, indeed notorious.
On the campaign against Mus'ab, al-Hajjaj seems to have led the rearguard and to have distinguished himself by some feats of valour. After the victory over Mus’ab at Maskin on the Dudjayl in 72/691, on the caliph's orders he set out from Kufa in the same month at the head of about 2000 Syrians against Abd Allah b. Ibn al-Zubayr, the anti-caliph of Mecca. He advanced unopposed as far as his native Taif, which he took without any fighting and used as a base. The caliph had charged him first to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr and to assure him of freedom from punishment if he capitulated, but, if the opposition continued, to starve him out by siege, but on no account to let the affair result in bloodshed in the Holy City. Since the negotiations failed and al-Hajjaj lost patience, he sent a courier to ask Abd al-Malik for reinforcements and also for permission to take Mecca by force. He received both, and thereupon bombarded the Holy City with stones from the mountain of Abu Qubays.
The bombardment was continued during the Pilgrimage. Claimed that he was anger at being prevented by Ibn al-Zubayr from performing the Tawaf and sa’iy al-Hajjaj did not scruple to bombard the Ka’ba, together with the pilgrims there assembled. A sudden thunderstorm, in which the uneasy soldiers detected a warning of Divine punishment, he was able to interpret to them as a promise of victory.
After the siege had lasted for seven months and 10,000 men, among them two of Ibn al-Zubayr's sons, had gone over to Al-Hajjaj, the anti-caliph with a few loyal followers, including his youngest son, was killed in the fighting around the Ka’ba (Jumadah I 73/October 692) <A. Dietrich, Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0>. Hajjaj's firm siege of Hijaz resulted in the deaths of thousands of innocent inhabitants of the region. It has been later claimed that one Ummayyad leader (probably it was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz) stated that if all the nations brought their most tyrannical and evil rulers, the Muslims would only need to bring Hajjāj ibn-Yūsuf to surpass the rest of the world's murderous rulers in evil.
While governing Hijaz, al-Hajjāj was known for his severe and extremely strict form of rule. Some time later, he was sent to govern Iraq. Even there, he continued to be as disreputable as he was, and his reputation was not helped at all by his crushing of a dangerous Kharijite rebellion under 'Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, from 699 to 701 CE. For his considerable successes, Hajjāj was also made governor of some provinces in Persia, where he was again tasked with putting down rebellions. However, his severe tactics led him to make many enemies, who would come to power after his death.
With the ascent of al-Walid I, Hajjāj's reputation grew due to his selection and deployment of numerous successful generals who expanded the Islamic empire. He was given these powers due to his high status in the Umayyad government and he exhibited a lot of control over the provinces that he governed.
Among these generals was the teenaged Muhammad ibn-Qasīm, who in 712 was sent to Sindh in Pakistan.
Qutayba ibn Muslim was sent to conquer Turkestan, which he did, even penetrating the borders of China and obtaining Jizya (tribute payment) from the Chinese emperor. Probably Hajjāj's most successful general was Mūsā ibn Nusayr, who consolidated control over North Africa and who sent Tariq ibn Ziyād to invade Spain.
The year after al-Hajjāj died, al-Walid died as well, and his brother, Sulayman came to power. Sulayman was indebted to many opponents of Hajjāj ibn-Yūsuf for their political support in getting him elected caliph, so he recalled all Hajjāj's generals and had them tortured to death in prison, pretending to have forgotten their great victories.
The relationship between Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf and Muhammad ibn Qasīm has always been one of great debate. Many classical accounts list al-Hajjāj as being his uncle or father-in-law. However, this is debatable; it seems more likely that they were distant cousins.
[edit] al-Hajjaj and Iranians
Hajjāj ibn Yusuf was not happy with the prevalence of the Persian language in the divan, and ordered the official language of the conquered lands to be replaced by Arabic, sometimes by force.[1] In Biruni's From The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries for example it is written:
"When Qutaibah bin Muslim under the command of Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef was sent to Khwarazmia with a military expedition and conquered it for the second time, he swiftly killed whomever wrote the Khwarazmian native language that knew of the Khwarazmian heritage, history, and culture. He then killed all their Zoroastrian priests and burned and wasted their books, until gradually the illiterate only remained, who knew nothing of writing, and hence their history was mostly forgotten." [2]
Iran's celebrated author Sa'di also reports:
It is written that Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef once entered a city. There was an elder cleric whose prayers were widely believed to bring blessings. He asked the cleric to recite a prayer for him. The cleric prayed: Oh Allah, take his life away! Hajjaj startled burst out: Old man, what kind of prayer is this that you recite for me?! The old man replied: It is for your own good and the benefit of the people."[3]
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Cambridge History of Iran, by Richard Nelson Frye, Abdolhosein Zarrinkoub, et al. Section on The Arab Conquest of Iran and . Vol 4, 1975. London. p.46
- ^ Biruni. الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية, p.35,36,48
- "وقتی قتبیه بن مسلم سردار حجاج، بار دوم بخوارزم رفت و آن را باز گشود هرکس را که خط خوارزمی می نوشت و از تاریخ و علوم و اخبار گذشته آگاهی داشت از دم تیغ بی دریغ درگذاشت و موبدان و هیربدان قوم را یکسر هلاک نمود و کتابهاشان همه بسوزانید و تباه کرد تا آنکه رفته رفته مردم امی ماندند و از خط و کتابت بی بهره گشتند و اخبار آنها اکثر فراموش شد و از میان رفت"
- ^ Recounted in Sa'di's Golestan
[edit] References
- E. Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, p. 16, ISBN 81-87570-19-9
- Dennett, Daniel Clement. "Conversion and the poll tax in early Islam," p. 38.
- Richard Nelson Frye, Cambridge History of Iran, p. 42, 460
