Sammy Davis, Jr.
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| Sammy Davis, Jr. | |||||||||||||||||||
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 Sammy Davis, Jr. in Honolulu, March 7, 1989 |
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| Born | Samuel George Davis, Jr. December 8, 1925 New York City, New York |
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| Died | May 16, 1990 (aged 64) Beverly Hills, California |
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| Spouse(s) | Loray White (1958-1959) May Britt (1960-1968) Altovise Davis (1970-1990) |
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Samuel George “Sammy” Davis, Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American entertainer. He was a dancer, singer, multi-instrumentalist (vibraphone, trumpet, and drums), impressionist, comedian, convert to Judaism, and Emmy and Golden Globe-winning actor. He was a member of the 1960s Rat Pack, which was led by his old friend Frank Sinatra, and included fellow performers Dean Martin, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life
Davis, Jr. was born in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York to Elvera Sanchez, a dancer, and Sammy Davis, Sr., an African-American entertainer. The couple were both dancers in vaudeville. As an infant, he was raised by his paternal grandmother. When he was three years old, his parents split up. His father, not wanting to lose custody of his son, took him on tour. During his lifetime Sammy Davis, Jr. stated that his mother was Puerto Rican and born in San Juan[1] However, in his 2003 biography In Black and White, author Wil Haygood writes that Elvera Sanchez was not born in Puerto Rico, but instead in New York City, the daughter of Cuban Americans Marco Sanchez and Luisa Aguiar. Haygood, who conducted over 250 interviews for his biography states that the reason Davis claimed he was Puerto Rican stemmed from fear that anti-Cuban backlash resulting from the Cuban Missile Crisis would hurt his record sales.[2][3]
As a child he learned how to dance from his father, Sammy Davis, Sr. and his "uncle" Will Mastin, who led the dance troupe his father worked for. Davis joined the act as a young child and they became the Will Mastin Trio. Throughout his long career, Davis included the Will Mastin Trio in his billing.
Mastin and his father had shielded him from racism. Snubs were explained as jealousy, for instance, during World War II; Davis served in the United States Army, where he was first confronted by strong racial prejudice. As he said later, "Overnight the world looked different. It wasn't one color anymore. I could see the protection I'd gotten all my life from my father and Will. I appreciated their loving hope that I'd never need to know about prejudice and hate, but they were wrong. It was as if I'd walked through a swinging door for eighteen years, a door which they had always secretly held open."
[edit] Career
While in the service, however, he joined an integrated entertainment Special Services unit, and found that the spotlight removed some of the prejudice. "My talent was the weapon, the power, the way for me to fight. It was the one way I might hope to affect a man's thinking," he said.[4]
After he was discharged, Davis rejoined the dance act which played at a wide variety of spots around Portland Oregon, and began to achieve success on his own as he was singled out for praise by critics. The next year, he released his second album. The next move in his growing career was to appear in the Broadway show Mr. Wonderful in 1956.
In 1959, he became a charter member of the Rat Pack, which was led by his old friend Frank Sinatra, and included such fellow performers as Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, Peter Lawford, and Shirley MacLaine. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering of fast-living friends "the Clan," but Sam voiced his opposition, saying that it invoked thoughts about the Ku Klux Klan. Sinatra renamed the group "the Summit"...but nevertheless, the media kept on calling it the Rat Pack all along.
Davis was a headliner at The Frontier Casino in Las Vegas for many years, yet was required to accept accommodations in a rooming house on the west side of the city, rather than reside with his peers in the hotels, as were all black performers in the 1950s. For example, no stage dressing rooms were provided for black performers, so they were required to wait outside by the swimming pool between acts.[5][not specific enough to verify]
During his early years in Vegas, he and other African-American artists like Nat King Cole and Count Basie could entertain on the stage, but often could not reside at the hotels at which they performed, and most definitely could not gamble in the casinos or go to the hotel restaurants and bars. After he achieved superstar success, Davis refused to work at venues which would practice racial segregation. His demands eventually led to the integration of Miami Beach nightclubs and Las Vegas, Nevada casinos. Davis was particularly proud of this accomplishment.
Although James Brown would claim the title of "Hardest Working Man in Show Business," the argument could be made that Sammy Davis, Jr. deserved it more. For example, in 1964 he was starring in Golden Boy at night and shooting his own New York-based afternoon talk show during the day. When he could get a day off from the theater, he would either be in the studio recording new songs, or else performing live, often at charity benefits as far away as Miami, Chicago and Las Vegas, or doing television variety specials in Los Angeles. Even at the time, Sam knew he was cheating his family of his company, but he couldn't help himself; as he later said, he was incapable of standing still.
Although still a huge draw in Las Vegas, Davis' musical career had sputtered out by the latter years of the 1960s. An attempt to update his sound and reconnect with younger people resulted in some embarrassing "hip" musical efforts with the Motown record label.[6] But then, even as his career seemed at its nadir, Sammy had an unexpected worldwide smash hit with "Candy Man". Although he didn't particularly care for the song and was chagrined that he was now best known for it, Davis made the most of his new opportunity and revitalized his career. Although he enjoyed no more Top 40 hits, he remained a successful live act beyond Vegas for the remainder of his career, and he would occasionally land television and film parts, including high profile visits to the All in the Family series playing himself .
On December 11, 1967, NBC broadcast a musical-variety special entitled Movin' With Nancy. In addition to the Emmy Award-winning musical performances, the show is famous for Nancy Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. greeting each other with a kiss, one of the first black-white kisses in U.S. television history.[7]
In Japan, Davis appeared in television commercials for coffee, and in the U.S. he joined Sinatra and Martin in a radio commercial for a Chicago car dealership.
Davis was one of the first male celebrities to admit to watching television soap operas, particularly the shows produced by the American Broadcasting Company. This admission led to him making a cameo appearance on General Hospital and playing the recurring character Chip Warren on One Life to Live for which he received a Daytime Emmy nomination in 1980.
[edit] Car accident
Davis suffered a setback on November 19, 1954, when he almost died in an automobile accident in Victorville, California on a return trip from Las Vegas to Los Angeles. Davis lost his left eye as a result, and wore a glass eye for the rest of his life. The accident occurred on a bend in U.S. Highway 66 at a railroad bridge. While in the hospital, his friend Eddie Cantor told him about the similarities between the Jewish and black cultures. During his hospital stay, Davis converted to Judaism after reading a history of the Jews. One paragraph about the ultimate endurance of the Jewish people intrigued him in particular: "The Jews would not die. Three millennia of prophetic teaching had given them an unwavering spirit of resignation and had created in them a will to live which no disaster could crush".[8]
[edit] Marriages
In the mid-1950s, Sammy was involved with Kim Novak, who was a valuable star under contract to Columbia Studios. The head of the studio, Harry Cohn, was worried about the negative effect this would have on the studio because of the prevailing taboo against miscegenation. He called his old friend, the mobster Johnny Roselli, who was asked to tell Sammy that he had to stop the affair with Novak. Roselli arranged for Davis to be kidnapped for a few hours to throw a scare into him.[9]
Davis's first wife was Loray White, whom he married in 1958 and divorced in the following year. In 1960, Davis caused controversy when he married white Swedish-born actress May Britt. Davis received hate mail while starring in the Broadway musical adaptation of Golden Boy from 1964-1966 (for which he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor). At the time Davis appeared in the play, interracial marriages were forbidden by law in 31 US states, and only in 1967 were those laws abolished by the US Supreme Court. The couple had one daughter and adopted two sons. Davis performed almost continuously and spent little time with his wife. They divorced in 1968, after Davis admitted to having had an affair with singer Lola Falana. That year, Davis started dating Altovise Gore, a dancer in Golden Boy. They were married on 11 May 1970 by Jesse Jackson. They adopted a child, and remained married until Davis' death in 1990.
[edit] Political beliefs
Although Davis had been a voting Democrat, he had felt a distinct lack of respect from the John F. Kennedy White House. He had been removed from the bill of the inaugural party hosted by Sinatra for the new President because of Davis's recent interracial marriage. Davis had married Swedish actress May Britt (pronounced "My Brit") on November 13, 1960. [10]
In the early 1970s, Davis famously supported Republican President Richard M. Nixon (and gave the startled President a warm hug on live TV). The incident was very controversial, and Davis was given a hostile reception by his peers, despite the intervention of Jesse Jackson. Previously he had won over their respect with his performance as Joe Washington Jr. in Golden Boy and his participation in the Civil Rights Movement. Unlike Frank Sinatra, Davis became a Democrat again after Nixon's resignation.
[edit] Death
Davis died in Beverly Hills, California on May 16, 1990, of complications from throat cancer. Earlier, when he was told he could be saved by surgery, Davis replied he would rather keep his voice than have a part of his throat removed. As a result this decision cost him his life.[11] However, a few weeks prior to his death his entire larynx was removed during surgery.[3] He was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California next to his father and Will Mastin.
[edit] Honors and awards
[edit] Grammy Awards
| Year | Category | Song | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Grammy Hall of Fame Award | "What Kind of Fool Am I?" | Inducted | Recorded in 1962 |
| 2001 | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award | Winner | ||
| 1972 | Pop Male Vocalist | "Candy Man" | Nominee | |
| 1962 | Record of the Year | "What Kind of Fool Am I" | Nominee | |
| 1962 | Male Solo Vocal Performance | "What Kind of Fool Am I" | Nominee |
[edit] Emmy Awards
| Year | Category | Program | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special | Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th Anniversary Celebration | Winner [12] |
| 1989 | Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series | The Cosby Show | Nominee |
| 1980 | Outstanding Cameo Appearance in a Daytime Drama Series | One Life To Live | Nominee |
| 1966 | Outstanding Variety Special | The Swinging World of Sammy Davis Jr. | Nominee |
| 1956 | Best Specialty Act - Single or Group | Sammy Davis Jr. | Nominee |
[edit] Other honors
| Year | Category | Organization | Program | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | International Civil Rights Walk of Fame |
Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site | Inducted | |
| 2006 | Las Vegas Walk of Stars[13] | front of Riviera Hotel | Inducted | |
| ? | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Star at 6254 Hollywood Blvd. | ||
| 1989 | NAACP Image Award | NAACP | Winner | |
| 1987 | Kennedy Center Honors | John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |
Honoree | |
| 1977 | Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy | Golden Globe | Sammy and Company (1975) | Nominee |
| 1974 | Special Citation Award | National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences | Winner | |
| 1968 | NAACP Spingarn Medal Award | NAACP | Winner | |
| 1964 | Best Actor - Musical | Tony Award | Golden Boy | Nominee |
[edit] Discography
[edit] Reprise Records
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[edit] Decca Records
[edit] Verve Records
[edit] Motown Records
[edit] MGM Records
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[edit] Filmography
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[edit] Stage
- Mr. Wonderful (1957), musical
- Golden Boy (1964), musical - Tony Nomination for Best Actor in a Musical
- Sammy (1974), special performance featuring Davis with the Nicholas Brothers
- Stop the World - I Want to Get Off (1978) musical revival
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Yes, I Can (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1965) ISBN 0-374-52268-5
- Why Me? (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1980) ISBN 0-446-36025-2
- Sammy (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (2000) ISBN 0-374-29355-4; consolidates the two previous books and includes additional material
- Hollywood in a Suitcase (1980) ISBN 0-425-05091-2
[edit] References
- ^ Time writers. "What Made Sammy Dance?", Time, 23 October 2003. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Wil Haygood. Interview with Larry King. Larry King Live. CNN. 18 October 2003. (Interview [transcript]). Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ a b Haygood, Wil (2003). In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr.. New York: A.A. Knopf, 516. ISBN 037540354X. Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ Sammy Davis Jr.. Oral Cancer Foundation (06 February 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Biography.com[not specific enough to verify]
- ^ Eugene Chadbourne (2008). Sammy Davis Jr. Now. All Music Guide. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Nancy Sinatra. Interview with Larry King. Larry King Live. CNN. 2000-06-17. (Interview [transcript]). Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Beth Weiss (19 March 2003). Sammy Davis, Jr.. The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Reid, Ed; Demaris, Ovid (1963). The Green Felt Jungle. Cutchogue, NY: Buccaneer Books. ISBN 089966783X.
- ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060515163.
- ^ Sue Rochman (2007). "The Cancer That Silenced Mr. Wonderful's Song". Cancer Research Magazine 2 (3).
- ^ The Envelope. "Awards Database: Sammy Davis Jr.", The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Las Vegas Walk of Stars
[edit] External links
- Sammy Davis, Jr. at Allmovie
- Sammy Davis, Jr. at Find A Grave
- Sammy Davis, Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database
- Sammy Davis, Jr. at the Internet Movie Database
- Discography of Sammy Davis, Jr.'s Recording Career
- Obituary, NY Times, May 17, 1990 Sammy Davis Jr. Dies at 64; Top Showman Broke Barriers
- Sammy Davis Jr. talks to draft dodgers in Canada, CBC Archives
- Find A Death entry
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