Apex predator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Apex predators (also alpha predators, superpredators, or top-level predators) are predators that, as adults, are not normally preyed upon in the wild in significant parts of their range. Apex predator species are often at the end of long food chains, where they have a crucial role in maintaining the health of ecosystems.
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[edit] Definition
The term has been defined in terms of trophic levels. Trophic levels are "hierarchical strata of a food web characterized by organisms which are the same number of steps removed from the primary producers."[1] Primary, secondary, tertiary, and higher level consumers occupy successive trophic levels. One study of marine food webs defined apex predators as greater than trophic level four.[2] In land environments with far shorter food chains, for example, lions preying upon zebras which eat grass illustrate that a superpredator may be an animal at the third trophic level.
[edit] Ecological role
- See also: Mesopredator release hypothesis
That apex predators affect prey species' population dynamics is clear. Research has shown, for instance, that where two competing species are in an ecologically unstable relationship, apex predators tend to create stability if they prey upon both.[3] Inter-predator relationships are also affected by apex status. Non-native fishes, for example, have been known to devastate formerly dominant predators. One lake manipulation study found that when the non-native smallmouth bass was removed, lake trout, the suppresed native apex predator, diversified its prey selection and increased its trophic level.[4]
Effects on wider ecosystem characteristics, such as plant ecology, have been debated, but there is evidence of a significant impact by apex predators: introduced arctic foxes, for example, have been shown to turn subarctic islands from grassland into tundra through predation on seabirds.[5] Such wide-ranging effects on lower levels of an ecosystem are termed trophic cascades. The removal of top-level predators—often through human agency—can radically cause (or disrupt) trophic cascades.[6][7]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Trophic level. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
- ^ Essington, Timothy E.; Beaudreau, Anne H.; Wiedenmann, John (December 2005). "Fishing through marine food webs" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (9): 3171–3175.
- ^ Tasku, Cheon; Ohta, Shigemi (August 2004). "Suppression of ecological competition by an apex predator". Physical Review 70 (2). doi:.
- ^ Lepak, Jesse M., Kraft, Clifford E., and Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid Food Web Recovery in Response to Removal of an Introduced Apex Predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (3): 569-575. ISSN: 0706-652X. Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
- ^ Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L.; et al. (March 2005). "Introduced Predators Transform Subarctic Islands from Grassland to Tundra". Science 307 (5717): 1959 - 1961. doi:.
- ^ Egan, Logan Zane; Téllez, Jesús Javier (June 2005). Effects of preferential primary consumer fishing on lower trophic level herbivores in the Line Islands (PDF). Stanford at Sea. Stanford University. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.
- ^ Pace, M. L.; Cole, J. J.; et al. (December 1999). "Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14 (12): 483-488.
