Anthroposophical view of the human being
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Part of a series on Anthroposophically-inspired work |
|
| General | |
|---|---|
|
Anthroposophy • Rudolf Steiner |
|
| Anthroposophically-inspired work | |
|
Waldorf education • Biodynamic agriculture |
|
| Philosophy | |
The anthroposophical view of the human being includes:
Contents |
[edit] Threefold and fourfold view
Rudolf Steiner often described the human being as consisting of an eternal spirit, an evolving soul and a temporal body, giving a detailed analysis of each of these three realms.[1][2][3]
Spirit: anthroposophical teachings describe the human spirit as eternal yet becoming progressively more individualized and consciously experienced. Steiner believed that the human being passes between stages of existence, incarnating into an earthly body, living a life, leaving the body behind and entering into the spiritual worlds before returning to be born again into a new life on earth. In earthly life, the individuality or ego awakens to self-consciousness through its experience of its reflection in the deeds and suffering of a physical body.
Soul: We also have a framework of consciousness that includes our set feelings, concepts and intentions. As each human soul evolves through its experiences, the earth itself and civilization as a whole also evolve; thus, new types of experience are available at each successive incarnation.
Body: Steiner uses the term body to describe the aspects of human existence that endure for a single lifetime. The physical body is the most obvious of these. Permeating our physical existence are forces of life, growth and metamorphosis that maintain and develop the physical body; as it is an aspect of a lifetime that falls away after death, Steiner called this the life or etheric body. Steiner called that which receives sensory impressions the body of consciousness or sentient body.
A fourfold articulation of the human body often applied to contexts such as medicine and education includes:[1][2][3]
- the physical body as physical-material structure, held in common with the mineral world;
- the life or etheric body, the source of life and growth, held in common with the plant world;
- the consciousness or astral body, held in common with the animal world;
- the ego or "I" of the human being, the faculty of self-awareness unique to humanity
[edit] Physical body
In the physical body, Steiner differentiated three primary functional areas, each supporting a particular psychological activity:[1]
- the nerve/sense system, primarily centered in the nervous system, supporting thinking and perception
- the rhythmic system, including the breathing and the circulatory system, supporting feeling
- the digestive system, including the organs below the diaphragm, supporting willing
In his mature work, Steiner identified twelve senses: balance, or equilibrioception; movement, or proprioception; pain/well-being, or nociception, also called life sense; touch, or tactition; taste, or gustation; smell, or olfaction; warmth, or thermoception; sight, or vision; hearing, or audition; word / speech; thought / concept; ego / self.[4]
[edit] Life or etheric body
All that lives has, in addition to a physical body, a permeating life organization. Steiner cites as proof of this the physical identity of a dead and living organism; what is lacking in the former is the element of life itself.
[edit] Organization of consciousness, or astral body
Animal life adds an element of sentience to the living world of plants. Steiner points to sleep life, when the physical body and life organization are identical with waking life, yet sentience is withdrawn, as proof that sentience is not purely a function of the physical and life bodies. Our concepts (and prejudices), emotions and will (and willfulness) reside here; these are relatively fixed, in contrast with our more fluid and active soul life.[1]
[edit] Ego
Human existence includes an element distinct from animate consciousness, the ego. This awakens to self-awareness through its experience of the physical body; Steiner points to the lack of a true biography, more particularly of autobiography in animal existence as an indication that the ego is particular to humans. The capacity for self-direction and full responsibility are connected to the ego, which anthroposophical researchers describe as only becoming independent around twenty-one years after conception.[1][3]
[edit] Sevenfold view
In Steiner's sevenfold and ninefold descriptions, the human being is composed of physical-body, life-body, astral-body, ego, spirit-self, life-spirit, and spirit-man.[1]
- the physical body, material structure
- the life body, life processes,
- the astral body, bearer of consciousness,
- the ego, self-awareness,
- the spirit-self, intuition and self,
- the life-spirit, enduring spirit-soul content,
- the spirit-man, the fully individuated spirit.
The ego experiences itself through all three of the unconscious elements (consciousness, life and physicality) in specific ways: through the astral body, bearer of sentience, in the dreamier experience of the sentient soul; through the life body as rationality in the intellectual soul; through the physical body as fully conscious, autonomous egoity in the consciousness soul. Through differentiating ego consciousness into its experience as mediated through these unconscious organs, this gives a ninefold articulation of the human being: physicality, life, consciousness; sentient, intellectual and consciousness soul; spirit self, life spirit, spirit man.[1][2]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g Carlo Willmann, Waldorfpädogogik: Theologische und religionspädagogische Befunde, Böhlau Verlag, 2001. ISBN 3-41216-700-2, pp. 25-8.
- ^ a b c Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, ISBN 0-90482-202-8, pp. 87-91. (German edition Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag ISBN 3-49950-079-5)
- ^ a b c Lía Tummer, Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy for Beginners, Writers and Readers Publishing, ISBN 0-86316-286-X, pp. 64-69, 91.
- ^ Carrie Y. Nordlund, Art Experiences in Waldorf Education, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri–Columbia, 2006: pp. 54f
