Amoco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Amoco | |
|---|---|
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| Fate | Acquired by BP |
| Founded | 1889 |
| Defunct | 2001 |
| Location | Chicago, IL |
| Industry | Oil |
The American Oil Company, or Amoco, was a global chemical and oil company, founded in Baltimore in 1910 and incorporated in 1922 by Louis Blaustein and his son Jacob, but is now part of BP. The firm's early innovations include the gasoline tanker truck and the drive-through filling station. [1]
In 1923 the Blausteins sold a half interest in Amoco to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport company in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil. Before this deal, Amoco was forced to depend on Standard Oil of New Jersey, a competitor, for its supplies. Standard Oil of Indiana acquired Pan American in 1925, beginning John Rockefeller's association with the Amoco name. [2]
Standard Oil (Indiana) was formed in 1889 by John D. Rockefeller as part of the Standard Oil trust. In 1910, with the rise in popularity of the automobile, Amoco decided to specialize in providing gasoline to everyday families and their cars. In 1911, the year it became independent from the Standard Oil trust, the company sold 88% of the gasoline and kerosene sold in the midwest. In 1912 it opened its first gas service station in Minneapolis, Minnesota
In the 1920s and 30s Amoco opened up dozens more refining and oil-drilling facilities. Combined with a new oil-refining process, Amoco created its exploration and production business, Stanolind, in 1931. In the following years, a period of intense exploration and search for oil-rich fields ensued; the company drilled over 1000 wells in 1937 alone.
While most oil companies were switching to leaded gasolines en masse during the mid-to-late 1920s, American Oil chose to continue marketing its premium-grade "Amoco-Gas" (later Amoco Super-Premium) as a lead-free gasoline by using aromatics rather than tetraethyl lead to increase octane levels - decades before the environmental movement of the early 1970s led to more stringent auto emission controls which ultimately mandated the universal phase out of leaded gasoline. The "Amoco" lead-free gasoline was sold at American's stations in the eastern and southern U.S. alongside American Regular gasoline, which was a leaded fuel. The Red Crown Regular and White Crown Premium gasolines marketed by parent company Standard Oil (Indiana) in its prime marketing area in the Midwest also contained lead.
World War II followed this period of exploration; Amoco participated in the war effort, discovering new means of refinement and even a way of producing TNT more quickly and easily. In addition, Amoco significantly contributed to the aviation and land gasoline needed for the Allied armies. Also, during the war Amoco created its chemical division, formed from the merger of the Pan American Chemicals Company and the Indoil Chemical Company.
In the late 1940s, after World War II, Amoco returned to focusing on domestic oil refinement and advancement. In 1947 Amoco was the first company to drill off-shore, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in 1948 Amoco invented Hydrafrac, a hydraulic well fracturing process that increased oil production worldwide. Initially the Hydrafrac process was licensed exclusively to Halliburton.
Soon after, Amoco began to expand. With an exploration office in Canada, Amoco was now an international gas company. Amoco created several new plants and claimed various new oil fields in this time period, as the company prospered in the post-war boom. In 1957 all the divisions of Amoco were consolidated into a single company, renamed the Amoco Corporation in 1985.
In the late 1950s and early 60s, Amoco again led the way with scientific and technological discoveries. Amoco discovered PTA, a chemical for polyester fiber production. In 1968, following that discovery, Amoco acquired the Avisun Corporation and Patchogue-Plymouth, forming the Amoco Fabrics and Fibers Company.
In the following decades, Amoco expanded globally, creating plants, oil wells, or markets in over 30 countries, including Britain, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan, Norway, Venezuela, Russia, China, Trinidad and Tobago, and Egypt. In addition, the company also acquired a division of Tenneco Oil Company and Dome Petroleum Company, becoming one of the world's largest oil companies.
In 1976 Amoco (under the "Standard" name) sponsored the Barney Oldfield Speedway attraction at Marriott's Great America theme park in Gurnee, Illinois. Although the sponsorship deal ended when Marriott sold the park to Six Flags in 1985, the Standard logo can still be seen on all of the Barney Oldfield Speedway (now Great America Raceway) cars.
On March 16, 1978, the very large crude carrier Amoco Cadiz ran ashore at Brittany, France, causing one of the largest oil spills in history. More than a decade later, Amoco was ordered to pay $120 million in damages and restitution to France.
On October 21, 1980, an explosion at an Amoco plant in New Castle, Delaware killed six people, caused $46 million in property damage, and eventually led to the loss of 300 jobs. [4]
On August 11, 1998, Amoco announced it would merge with British Petroleum (BP) in the world's largest industrial merger. Originally, the plan was for all US BP service stations to be converted to Amoco while all overseas Amoco service stations were to be converted to BP. But by 2001 BP announced that all Amoco service stations would either be closed or renamed to BP service stations. However, BP rebranded its gas as "Amoco Fuels", including "Amoco Ultimate".
Few BP stations continue operation under the name Amoco, however, most were either converted to BP, some Amoco-style stations were demolished and replaced with BP-style stations, abandoned, or switched to competitor brands.
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[edit] Logos
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These Logos were used for Amoco gas stations
 The first Amoco logo; it still bears the name of Standard Oil of Indiana. |
 The second Amoco logo. |
 Amoco's first "torch and oval" logo. |
 The final Amoco logo before BP. |
 The Amoco logo as it appeared wrapped around the top of a Gas Pump Canopy. |
 When BP acquired Amoco in 1998, some stations were re branded using the BP energy symbol, but still using the Amoco name. [1] |
 The current Amoco logo, as it is used today by BP. |
These logos are of other Amoco-owned gas stations. A universal logo was decided in 1946 which all of Standard Oil of Indiana's gas stations would use, combining Amoco's oval and Standard's torch. All gas stations would bear this logo with the exception of different text for each brand.
 The first "torch and oval" logo incorporating Standard Oil's torch and Amoco's oval. |
 This one was used by Midwestern station owners who had the option of using the Amoco name or the more well-known Standard name. |
 The final Standard logo. |
 Pan-Am Southern Corporation's logo after being acquired by Standard Oil of Indiana. Pan-Am stations became Amoco in 1956. |
 Utoco was Standard Oil of Indiana's brand in Utah, formerly known as Utah Oil Refining. Utoco stations became American gas stations in 1961 when Amoco and Utoco merged. |
 This logo was used for American gas stations, Amoco's brand used around the United States except for the mid-western states, which remained named Amoco or Standard. American formed after Amoco and Utoco brands merged. |
 A later American logo. Used until around the mid-1970s when Standard Oil of Indiana made Amoco their main brand, and converted all American gas stations to Amoco in 1974.[2] |
The first Amoco logo was unveiled in 1926 after a competition. The logo featured a circle, representing strength, stability, and dependability, with the words "Standard Oil Company (Indiana)" in red. The inner circle represents the cycle of service to customers. The word "Service" was written in the inside of the circles. In addition, the logo also had a torch with a flame, symbolizing progress.
The second logo was the first to bear the name "Amoco". It featured an ellipse divided into three sections horizontally; the top and bottom were red, and the middle had a black background with white lettering.
Another logo was developed under Standard Oil. It featured the divided ellipse; however, the colors were, from top to bottom, red, white, and black. In addition, this logo featured the torch on the original logo, and was called the "Torch and Oval (T&O)." In parts of the country where the company could not use the name "Standard", the logo read "American".
The next logo enhanced the previous one. It featured a blue bottom and a sleeker-looking torch. In addition, the word "Standard" become italicized and thicker. This was used by Midwestern station owners who had the option of using the Amoco name (more familiar in the East and South) or using the more familiar Standard name. Owners used it up until they were converted to BP or another brand.
The final Amoco logo simply changed the name on the logo to "Amoco". The logo featured the familiar torch and divided ellipse.
Currently, BP still employs the Amoco name, albeit under another logo. BP currently uses the logo under the main BP helios logo. The italicized word "Amoco" is shown after red, white, and blue horizontal stripes, taken from the divided ellipse of the former Amoco logo. This logo existed prior to the acquisition, and was used primarily on pumps and service station canopies. Since the merger, the black background has been replaced with green, to symbolize the new parent company.
One remnant of the Standard days is the company's premium services option, which is called the Torch Club.
Although a few Amoco stations still use their former logo, most have since been converted to the BP livery.
In an episode of The Simpsons, Mr. Burns said that, "At one time, Standard Oil was run by a half-eaten dinner."
[edit] External links
- The History of Amoco
- Highways and Gas Stations- Amoco and Standard of Indiana Page
- The Richness of Discovery: Amoco's First 50 Years in Canada
[edit] References
- BP Global (1999-2005). From the Midwest to Texas. Retrieved June 25, 2005.
- [5] Taking the Hazard out of Hazardous Chemicals. Delaware Department of Natural resources and Environmental Control. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
