A. J. Cronin

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A.J. Cronin
Born	Archibald Joseph Cronin 19 July 1896(1896-07-19) Cardross, Scotland
Died	6 January 1981 Montreux, Switzerland
Occupation	M.D., Writer

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896–6 January 1981) was a Scottish novelist, dramatist, and non-fiction writer who was one of the most renowned storytellers of the twentieth century. His best-known works are The Citadel and The Keys of the Kingdom, both of which were made into Oscar-nominated films. He also created the Dr. Finlay character, the hero of a series of stories that served as the basis for the long-running BBC television and radio series entitled Dr. Finlay's Casebook.

Born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire (now in Argyll and Bute) and raised in Yorkhill, Glasgow, Cronin was the only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Montgomerie Cronin, and a Catholic father, Patrick Cronin, and would later write of young men from similarly mixed backgrounds. Cronin was a precocious student at both Dumbarton Academy and St. Aloysius' College, winning many writing competitions. Due to his exceptional abilities, he was awarded a scholarship to study medicine at the University of Glasgow. It was there that he met his future wife, Agnes Mary Gibson, who was also a medical student. May was the daughter of Robert Gibson and Agnes Thomson Gibson (née Gilchrist) of Hamilton, Lanarkshire, and she and Cronin married on 31 August 1921. He graduated with highest honours from the University of Glasgow in 1919, being awarded an M.B. and a Ch.B., and went on to earn additional degrees, including a Diploma in Public Health (1923) and his MRCP (1924). In 1925, he was awarded an M.D. from the University of Glasgow for his dissertation, entitled "The History of Aneurysm."

Cronin served as a Royal Navy surgeon during World War I, like the protagonist of his novel Shannon's Way. After the war, he trained at various hospitals before taking up his first practice in Tredegar, a mining town in South Wales. In 1924, he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain. He drew on his experiences researching the occupational hazards of the mining industry for his later novels The Citadel, set in Wales, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland. He subsequently moved to London and had a thriving practice on Harley Street. While on holiday in the Scottish Highlands, Cronin wrote his lengthy first novel, Hatter's Castle, in the span of three months. It was quickly accepted by Gollancz, the only publishing house to which the manuscript had been submitted. The novel was a great success, launching his career as a prolific author, and he never returned to practicing medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers which were translated into numerous languages. His strengths included his narrative skill and his powers of acute observation and graphic description. Although noted for its deep social conscience, his work is filled with colorful characters and witty dialogue. Some of his stories draw on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance, and social criticism. In addition to stressing the need for tolerance, Cronin's works examine moral conflicts between the individual and society as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the common man. The Citadel incited the establishment of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom by exposing the inequity and incompetence of medical practice at the time. Not only were the author's pioneering ideas instrumental in the creation of the NHS, but the popularity of his novels played a substantial role in the Labour Party's landslide 1945 victory.^[1]Cronin also contributed a large number of stories and essays to various magazines.

In the late 1930s Cronin moved to the United States with his wife and three sons, living in Bel Air, California and Greenwich, Connecticut before eventually settling in New Canaan. Cronin also had homes on the French Riviera and in Bermuda, and summered in Blue Hill, Maine. From an early age, he was an avid golfer, and he loved fishing as well. Ultimately, he returned to Europe, residing in Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland for the last twenty-five years of his life and continuing to write into his eighties. He died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux, and is interred at La Tour-de-Peilz. Many of Cronin's writings, including published and unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, letters, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books, and his M.D. thesis, are held at the National Library of Scotland.^[2]

Contents 1 Bibliography 2 Selected periodical publications 3 Film adaptations 4 Selected television credits 5 Selected radio credits 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Bibliography

• Hatter's Castle (1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
• Three Loves (1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
• Kaleidoscope in "K" (short story, 1933)
• Grand Canary (1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
• Country Doctor (novella, 1935)
• The Stars Look Down (1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
• The Citadel (1937) ISBN 0-450-01041-4
• "Vigil in the Night" (serial, 1939)
• Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940) ISBN B000OHEBC2
• The Keys of the Kingdom (1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
• Adventures of a Black Bag (1943, rev. 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X
• The Green Years (1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
• Shannon's Way (1948), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
• The Spanish Gardener (1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
• The Valorous Years (1950)
• Adventures in Two Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
• Beyond This Place (1953), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
• A Thing of Beauty (1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
• The Northern Light (1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
• The Innkeeper's Wife (short story, 1958)
• The Cronin Omnibus (1958) ISBN 0-575-05836-6
• The Native Doctor; also published as An Apple in Eden (1959)
• The Judas Tree (1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
• A Song of Sixpence (1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
• Further Adventures of a Black Bag (1966) ISBN 0-563-49432-8
• A Pocketful of Rye (1969), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
• Desmonde (1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also published as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
• Lady with Carnations (1976), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
• Gracie Lindsay (1978), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
• Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (1978) ISBN 0-450-04246-4

[edit] Selected periodical publications

• "The Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met: The Doctor of Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26-30.
• "Turning Point of My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53-57.
• "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11-13.
• "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25-37.
• "How I Came to Write a Novel of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64-66.
• "Drama in Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83-86.
• "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1-3.
• "Star of Hope Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1-3.
• "Johnny Brown Stays Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9-12.
• "Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1-5.
• "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88-91.
• "Irish Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21-24.
• "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52-56.
• "Best Investment I Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25-28.
• "Quo Vadis?," Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41-44.
• "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99-101.
• "When You Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21-24.
• "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73-77.
• "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67-70.
• "Thousand and One Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8-11.
• "How to Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47-50.
• "Don't Be Sorry for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97-100.
• "Unless You Deny Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54-56.
• "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153-157.^[3]

[edit] Film adaptations

• 1934–Once to Every Woman (from short story, Kaleidoscope in "K")–directed by Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray, Walter Connolly, Mary Carlisle, and Walter Byron
• 1934–Grand Canary–directed by Irving Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and H.B. Warner
• 1938–The Citadel–directed by King Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, and Rex Harrison
• 1940–Vigil in the Night–directed by George Stevens, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, and Robert Coote
• 1940–The Stars Look Down–directed by Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Williams, Nancy Price, and Cecil Parker
• 1941–Shining Victory (from play, Jupiter Laughs)–directed by Irving Rapper, featuring James Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Crisp, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis
• 1942–Hatter's Castle–directed by Lance Comfort, featuring Robert Newton, Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, and Enid Stamp-Taylor
• 1944–The Keys of the Kingdom–directed by John M. Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, and Roddy McDowall
• 1946–The Green Years–directed by Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Hume Cronyn, Gladys Cooper, Dean Stockwell, Selena Royle, and Jessica Tandy
• 1953–Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You" - from play, Jupiter Laughs)–directed by O.W. Fischer, featuring O.W. Fischer, Anouk Aimée, Nadja Tiller, and Otto Brüggemann
• 1957–The Spanish Gardener–directed by Philip Leacock, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, and Lyndon Brook
• 1959–Web of Evidence (from novel, Beyond This Place)–directed by Jack Cardiff, featuring Van Johnson, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Bernard Lee, and Jean Kent
• 1971–Tere Mere Sapne ("Our Dreams" - from novel, The Citadel)–directed by Vijay Anand, featuring Dev Anand, Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Vijay Anand, and Prem Nath
• 1975–Mausam ("Weather" - from novel, The Judas Tree)–directed by Gulzar, featuring Sharmila Tagore, Sanjeev Kumar, Dina Pathak, and Om Shivpuri

[edit] Selected television credits

• 1962-1971–Dr. Finlay's Casebook (BBC), featuring Bill Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen
• 1983–The Citadel (BBC and PBS), featuring Ben Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Evans, and Gareth Thomas
• 1993–Doctor Finlay (ITV and PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, and Jason Flemyng

[edit] Selected radio credits

• 1970-1978–Dr. Finlay's Casebook (BBC Radio 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)
• 2001-2002–Adventures of a Black Bag (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Murphy, and Celia Imrie

[edit] Further reading

• Salwak, Dale. A.J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's English Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 080576884X

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Text of Cronin's autobiography, Adventures in Two Worlds
• Partial list of Cronin's short stories at The FictionMags Index
• A. J. Cronin at the Internet Movie Database

v • d • e Works by A. J. Cronin Novels Hatter's Castle • Three Loves • Grand Canary • The Stars Look Down • The Citadel • The Keys of the Kingdom • The Green Years • Shannon's Way • The Spanish Gardener • The Valorous Years • Beyond This Place • A Thing of Beauty/Crusader's Tomb • The Northern Light • The Native Doctor/An Apple in Eden • The Judas Tree • A Song of Sixpence • A Pocketful of Rye • The Minstrel Boy/Desmonde • Lady with Carnations • Gracie Lindsay Selected Short Stories & Story Collections "Kaleidoscope in 'K'" • Country Doctor (novella) • "Vigil in the Night" • Adventures of a Black Bag • The Innkeeper's Wife • Further Adventures of a Black Bag • Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae Play Jupiter Laughs Autobiography Adventures in Two Worlds UK/US Film & Television Adaptations Once to Every Woman • Grand Canary • The Citadel (film) • Vigil in the Night • The Stars Look Down • Shining Victory • Hatter's Castle • The Keys of the Kingdom • The Green Years • The Spanish Gardener • Web of Evidence • Dr. Finlay's Casebook • The Citadel (television)

Persondata
NAME	Cronin, A. J.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Archibald Joseph Cronin
SHORT DESCRIPTION	M.D., Writer
DATE OF BIRTH	July 19, 1896
PLACE OF BIRTH	Cardross, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH	January 6, 1981
PLACE OF DEATH	Montreux, Switzerland