Þiðrekssaga
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Þiðrekssaga (also Thidreksaga, Thidrekssaga, Niflungasaga or Vilkina saga) is a chivalric saga of the adventures of the hero Dietrich von Bern who is based on the historical Theodoric the Great, and Bern refers to the city of Verona in Northern Italy.[1][2] The saga was written down in the mid-13th century in Norway,[1] and it was to be widely read in medieval Scandinavia.[2] The name Vilkinasaga was first used in Johan Peringskiöld's Swedish translation of 1715.[2] Peringskiöld named it after Vilkinaland, which the saga says was an old name for Sweden and Götaland.[3]
The preface of the Norwegian Þiðriks saga af Bern says that it was written according to "tales of German men" and "old German poetry", possibly transmitted by Hanseatic merchants in Bergen.[1] This somewhat formless compilation which is teeming of legendary heroes from various ages constituted the basis of the Swedish Didrikssagan from the mid-15th century.[1] The Swedish reworking of the story is rather independent, many repetitions were avoided and the material is structured in a more accessible manner.[1] The Swedish version is believed to have been composed on the orders of king Karl Knutsson who was interested in literature.[1]
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[edit] Origins
In Germany, the legend of Dietrich and his heroes was merged with other traditions, i.e. the originally Ostrogothic legend of Ermanaric and the Frankish-Burgundian legend of the Völsung-Nibelungs, which for instance led to a fusion between the Saxon king Etzel and the Hunnish king Attila.[2] The Ermanaric and the Völsung-Nibelung traditions had arrived in Scandinavia before they had merged with the Dietrich tradition on the Continent, and Dietrich is mentioned on the Rök Runestone (Þjóðríkr), and in a few Eddic lays (Þjóðrekr) where he is only loosely connected with the other traditions.[2]
The oldest German trace of the Dietrich tradition is found in the 9th century Hildebrandslied, where there is a duel between Dietrich's foremost advisor and friend, Hiltibrant and Hadubrant, Hiltibrant's son.[2] In the 12th century, it was rewritten and this was probably the time when a melody was added to it, a melody which is still extant.[2] A second indication of long presence of the Dietrich tradition in Northern Germany, and which is probably of considerable age, is the ballad Koninc Ermenrîkes Dôt, which depicts a war expedition by Dietrich against the Frankish king Ermenrik.[2] There were probably many lays and ballads on Dietrich since the author of the Scandinavian Þiðrekssaga claimed in the foreword of the saga that every Saxon child knew of Dietrich and his heroes.[2]
In southern Germany, such lays and ballads were composed into larger units and notably into the Nibelunge-nôt (c. 1140), which survives in an edition from c. 1210, i.e. the Nibelungenlied and in which Siegfried, i.e. Sigurd Fafnisbane is in the centre of the story together with the destruction of his slayers the Nibelungs at the court of their brother-in-law Etzel, where Dietrich plays a central role.[2]
There are also other poems in Old High German belonging to the Dietrich cycle, such as König Ruother, Walther und Hildegund (13th century), the lays about Ortnit and Wolfdietrich, on the dwarf Laurin, Der grosse Rosengarten, Die Rabenschlacht, Dietrichs Flucht, and so on.[2]
The lays on Dietrich appear to have arrived in Scandinavia in the 12th century where, notably in Sweden and Denmark, they met faded legends on Sigurd and other Norse heroes.[2] Both these traditions generated ballads among which a few ones are preserved, such as Vidrik Verlandsson's fight against Langben Riske and Sivard Snarensvend's joust with his friend the young Humlung.[2] A Norwegian named Gustav Storm claimed that these lays are derived from the Swedish version Didrikssagan, a claim which was vividly opposed by Norwegian Sophus Bugge and Dane Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig.[2]
In the mid-13th century, a Norwegian or an Icelander combined the "stories of German men" into a compilation, where he added Scandinavian traditions on Sigurd Fafnisbane and the Nibelungs (Gjúkungar), creating the Þiðrekssaga.[2] In Germany a similar but less vivid and less complete compilation was created c. 1477 called the Heldenbuch.[2]
[edit] Legacy
The Þiðrekssaga had considerable influence on Swedish historiography as the saga identified the country of Vilkinaland with Sweden and so its line of kings was added to the Swedish line of kings.[2] In spite of the fact that the early scholar Olaus Petri was critical, these kings were considered to have been historic Swedish kings until fairly recent times.[2] The historicity of the kings of Vilkinaland was further boosted in 1634 when Johannes Bureus discovered the Norwegian parchment that had arrived in Sweden in the 15th century.[2]
Richard Wagner used it as a source for his opera Der Ring des Nibelungen.
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ a b c d e f The article Didrik av Bern in Nationalencyklopedin (1990).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s The article Didrikssagan in Nordisk familjebok (1907).
- ^ wilcina land som nw är kalladh swerige oc götaland.
[edit] References
- Edward R. Haymes transl. The Saga of Thidrek of Bern (New York: Garland, 1988) ISBN 0-8240-8489-6
- Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen transl., Die Thidrekssaga (Otto Reichl Verlag, St.-Goar, 1989) (German)
[edit] External links
- The Heroic Saga-Cycle of Dietrich of Bern, by F.E. Sandbach. David Nutt, Publisher, Sign of the Phœnix, Long Acre, London. 1906 at the Northvegr Foundation.
- The Old Swedish version in the original language
- Extended summary of the Thidrekssaga
- Ðidriks saga af Bern 1853 edition
- A presentation at Timeless myths
- Two episodes from The Saga of Thidrek of Bern
- An article in Swedish, in Nordisk familjebok.
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