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动词不定式 - Wikipedia

动词不定式

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语法中,动词不定式是动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称数量时态的形式。它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词


然而在一些语言里(例如葡萄牙語),存在著受時態、人稱和數量影響的不定式形態。 亦有些語言完全沒有不定式,例如阿拉伯語保加利亞語現代希臘語.

在外语学习的课程中,动词不定式的一般现在时被称作"词典用词",因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头

目录

[编辑] 英语

[编辑] "To"-不定式

在英語中不定式最常用於質詞"to"之後, 例如在 "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear".這種用法叫做to-infinitive莎士比亞在著作哈姆雷特的獨白時就大量採用了這類不定式動詞。

  • To be or not to be ...
  • To sleep, perchance to dream ...

經常跟在to後形成不定式的動詞包括:

例如:

  • I arranged to stay the night. ("我已安定好今晚留在這裡。")
  • We intend to go skiing this weekend. ("我們打算這個周末去滑雪。")
  • I swear to honour you. ("我發誓對你守信。")
  • He sought to notify them of this new occurrence.

這些有賓詞,然後加上有to的不定式的動詞包括 (連同以上帶有星號的動詞): advise, allow, challenge, command, compel, condemn, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, induce, inspire, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, program, remind, teach, tell, train, urge, warn.

有些動詞之後加 for + 賓詞 + to-然後不定式. 通常這些動詞包含渴望的意思,不能單單在後面加上賓詞和不定式 (though an infinitive alone may work). 這些動詞包括 apply, arrange, ask, call, clamour, long, opt, plead, press, vote, wait, wish, yearn.

例如:

  • I have arranged for the neighbour to water the plants. (“我已安排鄰居澆水。”)
  • I pleaded for him to accompany me to the theatre. (“我請求他陪我到戲院去。”)

[编辑] 不定式的时态

Infinitives in English exist in many tenses. Here is a table showing these different tenses for the verb to cook.

主動式 被動式
現在式 (to) cook (to) be cooked
現在進行式 (to) be cooking /
過去式 (to) have cooked (to) have been cooked
過去進行式 (to) have been cooking /

See also gerund.

[编辑] 日耳曼语/德语

[编辑] 羅曼語系

[编辑] 斯拉夫语

[编辑] 希伯来语

[编辑] 芬兰语


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