هېياتي

د Wikipedia لخوا

Repiblik d Ayiti
République d'Haïti

انځور:Haiti coat of arms.png بېرغ نښان
Motto: French: L'Union Fait La Force (English: "Union Makes Strength")
ملي ترانه: La Dessalinienne
پلازمېنه	Port-au-Prince 18°32′ N 72°20′ W
لوی ښار	Port-au-Prince
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	Kreyòl, French
حکومت ولسمشر لومړی وزير	Elected government Boniface Alexandre Gérard Latortue
خپلواکي (from France)	January 1, 1804 - Recognised: 1825 (Fr), 1863 (USA)
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	27,750 km² 143rd 10,714 mi²  0.7
د وګړو شمېر  • July 2005 est.  • 2003 census  • ګڼه ګونه	8,121,6221 (92nd) 7.9 million 292.7/km² (28th) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2005 estimate $12.94 billion (133rd) $1,600 (193rd)
HDI (2003)	0.475 (153rd) – low
پېسه	Gourde (HTG)
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	(UTC-5) (UTC-4)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.ht
هېوادنی کوډ
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+509
1 Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

The Republic of Haiti is a country situated on the western third of the Caribbean island Hispaniola and also includes the smaller islands of La Gonâve, La Tortue (Tortuga), Les Cayemites, Île à Vache, La Grande Caye, and Navasa. Haiti shares Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. The total area of Haiti is 10,714 square miles (27,750 km²) and its capital is Port-au-Prince on the main island of Hispaniola.

A former French colony, it became the second independent country in the Americas (after the United States) when it declared its independence in 1804. It was also the first independent black republic in the world. In spite of its longevity, it is the most impoverished nation in the Western Hemisphere. Haiti is currently in a state of transition following a coup d'état (see 2004 Haiti rebellion) which deposed President Jean-Bertrand Aristide on February 29, 2004; he had been re-elected in 2000 in an election which several opposition parties boycotted due to disputes with the vote counting of the parlimentary elections.

نيوليک 1 تاريخ 2 سياست 3 Departments 4 جغرافيه 5 اقتصاد 6 Demographics 7 فرهڼ 8 دا هم وګورۍ 9 باندنۍ تړنې

[سمادول] تاريخ

Main article: History of Haiti

The island of Hispaniola, of which Haiti occupies the western third, originally inhaibited by Taino and Arawak, was claimed for Spain by Christopher Columbus in 1492. In 1697 Spain ceded the western third of Hispanola to France. French settlers imported African slaves whose descendants became most of the population. The colony was ruled by a small minority of Europeans and mulattos. In 1796, stimulated by the ideals of the French revolution, the slaves revolted, and after prolonged fighting Haiti became the first black independent republic in 1804.

Haiti has always been one of the poorest countries in the Americas. Much of this is due to post-independence schemes of the former colonial power- France. In 1838, the French agreed to recognize Haitian independence under the condition that Haiti pay 150 million francs (worth several billion dollars today) as an indemnity for the loss suffered by French slave owners in the loss of their slaves and plantations. Unable to make payments, Haiti, in an attempt to win international acceptance, was forced to seek loans totaling some seventy million francs. Not until 1862 did the United States finally recognize Haiti as a sovereign nation, and send diplomatic representation. Through the 19th century it was ruled by a series of dictators of varying degrees of incompetence. The outside world took little notice until 1915, when the country's unpayable debt led to American occupation. The US introduced a constitution (written by Franklin D. Roosevelt) and other reforms. That said, the occupation also had many long-lasting (and oft-regarded as ill) effects on the country--most notably centralization of government and industry from the provices to the capital (which resulted in the rural exodus which continues today). Additionally the occupation resulted in the creation of an American-trained National Army which in future decades would be said to commit many atrocities against its own people. The occupation began dissolving in the late 1920's and ended with complete American troop withdrawal in 1934.

The Americans left Haiti in the hands of the mulatto minority, but in 1946 Dumarsais Estimé became the country's first black president. His efforts at reform sparked disorders and a coup in 1950, followed by renewed dictatorship. In 1957 Dr François Duvalier ("Papa Doc") came to power and established a personal dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1971, when he was succeeded by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc"). The younger Duvalier was deposed in 1986, ushering in a new period of upheaval.

The charismatic black leader Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected President in 1991, but deposed in a coup shortly after. There followed three years of brutal control by a military junta, which spawned a renewed American occupation in 1994 that ultimately returned Aristide to power. He was succeeded by René Préval in 1996, but returned to office in 2001 after elections regarded by some as rigged. In February 2004 he was again overthrown.

In the wake of Aristide's removal, Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre succeeded to the Presidency in accordance with the stipulations of the 1987 constitution. Elections were held in February 2006, and René Préval was again elected President. See Haitian elections, 2006.

[سمادول] سياست

Main article: Politics of Haiti

Haiti is a presidential republic with elected president and National Assembly. However, some claim it to be an authoritarian government in practice. On 29 February 2004, a rebellion culminated in the defacto resignation of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

The current constitution was introduced in 1987 under the administration of Leslie Manigat and is modeled on those of the United States and France. Having been either completely or partially suspended for a period of years starting in 1988, it was fully reinstated in 1994.

Under the constitution, the president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote to a term of five years. A president may be elected to a second term, but only after he has left office and a succeeding president has served a complete term.

The current interim president is Boniface Alexandre, who, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, succeeded President Aristide upon his departure, pursuant to a stipulation of the 1987 constitution.

The prime minister, the head of government, is appointed by the president and ratified by the National Assembly. Yvon Neptune was prime minister from 2002 until the 2004 coup. After his removal from office, he was replaced by an interim prime minister, Gérard Latortue.

Prime Minister Latortue was chosen through an ad-hoc process not provided for in the constitution. However, by March 2006, the terms of most members of the National Assembly had expired without new elections being held. Therefore, if interim President Alexandre had appointed a candidate of his choosing, the candidate would have had no constitutional way of assuming office.

The first elections since the coup were held on February 8, 2006. Rene Preval was declared the winner of the race for President. Legislative runoff elections for are scheduled for May.

See List of Presidents of Haiti, 2006 Haitian Elections, 2000 Haitian Elections, 1995 Haitian Elections, 1990 Haitian Elections, and the Constitution of Haiti.

[سمادول] Departments

Main article: Departments of Haiti

Haiti is divided into ten departments (provinces):

• Artibonite
• Centre
• Grand'Anse
• Nippes
• Nord
• Nord-Est
• Nord-Ouest
• Ouest
• Sud
• Sud-Est

[سمادول] جغرافيه

Main article: Geography of Haiti

Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and river valleys. The east and central part is a large elevated plateau. The highest point in Haiti is Chaine de la Selle at 8,793 feet (2,680 m). The 224 mile (360 km) border is shared with the Dominican Republic.

In 1925, Haiti was a lush island paradise, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Over the years, the population cut down 95% of its trees and in the process destroyed fertile farmland soils. Erosion has been severe in the mountainous areas. Pictures from space glaringly show the stark difference in forestation between Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic. Charcoal production accounts for the bulk of Haitian logging. There has also been dispute between the United States and Haiti about Navassa Island which both countries claim. The Haitian claim relies on documentation that Navassa became part of Haiti after a 1697 agreement between France and Spain that gave France the western third of Hispaniola plus nearby islands, including Navassa Island.

This deforestation led to soil erosion and flooding as seen on September 17, 2004. Tropical storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti leaving 3006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of Gonaïves. [1]

[سمادول] اقتصاد

Main article: Economy of Haiti

Haiti remains the least-developed country in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti now ranks 153rd of 177 countries in the UN’s Human Development Index.

About 80% of the population lives in abject poverty, making it the second poorest country in the world. Nearly 70% of all Haitians depend on the agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming and employs about two-thirds of the economically active work force. The country has experienced little job creation since President René Préval took office in February 1996, although the informal economy is growing. Failure to reach agreements with international sponsors have denied Haiti badly needed budget and development assistance.

[سمادول] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Haiti

Although Haiti averages about 700 people per square mile (270/km²), its population is concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. About 95% of Haitians are of predominant African descent with Caucasian (around 10%) and Taino admixture. The rest of the population is mostly mulatto, or mixed Caucasian-African ancestry. A few are of European or Levantine heritage. About two thirds of the population live in rural areas. The biggest city is the capital Port-au-Prince with 2 million inhabitants, followed by Cap-Haïtien with 600,000. Nearly all Haitians speak Kreyòl (Creole), the country's official language. French is the other official language, only spoken by about 10% of the population. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, which the majority professes. Some have converted to Protestantism. Protestant churches of numerical strength are Assemblées de Dieu, the Convention Baptiste d'Haïti, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Church of God (Cleveland), the Church of the Nazarene, the Église Episcopale d'Haiti and the Mission Evangelique Baptiste du Sud-Haiti.

[سمادول] فرهڼ

Main articles: Culture of Haiti, Music of Haiti

[سمادول] دا هم وګورۍ

• Little Haiti

[سمادول] باندنۍ تړنې

کينډۍ:Sisterlinks

خبرونه

• [2], news briefs in several languages.
• [3], Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
• [4], Website of Haitian Populat Movement Fanmi Lavalas
• [5], Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
• [6], ZMag analysis on current situation in Haiti
• [7], Coalition of Organizations in US for Haiti justice
• AlterPresse, news briefs in several languages.
• IFEX independent news
• Haiti News
• Haiti-news list, Haitian news
• Yahoo News Full Coverage

تاريخ

• Key Dates in Haitian History, Embassy of Haiti.
• People in Haitian History, Founders and Heroes of Haiti.
• Bob Corbett's Haitian History Page, for more in-depth information about Haitian History and Literature.
• [8], Napolean Secret Orders to General Leclerc
• 1937 Massacres, information about the 1937 Massacre of 18,000 Haitians by Dominican President, Rafael Trujillo.

نور

• Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti
• HaitiXchange.com, Haitian, People, News, and Culture.
• Haiti Innovation, blog and development projects in Haiti
• Haiti Action
• Haiti Democracy Project
• Haitian History, Maps and News
• Haiti Support Group
• National Coalition for Haitian Rights
• National Palace
• Sakapfet Online
• Haiti Progres
• Yahoo Group Directory for Regional > Countries > Haiti
• Yahoo Group Government & Politics Directory
• Yahoo Group Directory - Haitian American
• Yahoo Group Directory - Romance and Relationships
• Blog for Haitianists
• National Haitian Student Alliance
• Florida Haitian Student Association
• New Jersey Haitian Student Association
• Haitian Student Association at Montclair State University
• Second Generation Haitian-American (Interview)
• week in the life of - Haiti Cherie...A photobook project...
• Autorite Aeroportuaire Nationale d'Haiti (AAN)
• The Louverture Project - Haitian History Wiki
• Pwof Ansanm - educational iniative in Haiti
• Hastings Human Rights Project for Haiti - A student led project which lodged a complaint on behalf of former PM Yvon Neptune
• Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti - News and human rights activism for Haiti with weekly newsletter

کينډۍ:West Indies کينډۍ:Caricom کينډۍ:North America