Sonambulismo

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Las personas que presentan sonambulismo (un trastorno del sueño clasificado como parasomnia), también llamado noctambulismo, desarrollan actividades motoras automáticas que pueden ser sencillas o complejas. Un individuo sonámbulo pueden salir de la cama, caminar, orinar o incluso salir de su casa, mientras permanecen inconscientes y sin probabilidad de comunicación. Es difícil despertarlos aunque, en contra de lo que se cree comúnmente, no resulta peligroso. El sonambulismo se produce durante las fases 3 o 4 del sueño, es decir, la etapa denominada sueño lento o sueño de ondas lentas (SOL) (véase electroencefalograma o polisomnograma). Es más frecuente en niños y adolescentes. Por lo general, los episodios son aislados, aunque pueden tener un carácter recidivante en el 1 al 6 por ciento de los pacientes. Su causa es desconocida y no existe ningún tratamiento eficaz. A la persona que presenta estos síntomas se le denomina sonámbulo o sonámbula.

Se cree, erróneamente, que el sonambulismo es la conversión, en el estado de vigilia, de los movimientos físicos que efectúa el individuo en las escenas que está realizando durante su ensoñación (véase sueño). Pero la realidad es que el sonambulismo se presenta durante las horas de la noche en las que aún no se ha presentado la etapa o fase de movimientos oculares rápidos (véase MOR o REM), que es aquella en la que sí suelen presentarse las imágenes oníricas.

Tabla de contenidos 1 Datos estadísticos 2 Riesgos para los sonámbulos 3 Cómo manejar a alguien con sonambulismo 4 El sonambulismo en el arte y la cultura 5 Algunas consecuencias legales del sonambulismo 6 Véase también 7 Referencias 8 Enlaces externos

[editar] Datos estadísticos

• El 18 por ciento of the world's population is prone to sleepwalking.^[1]
• Somewhere between 1% and 16.7% of U.S. children sleepwalk, and juveniles are more prone to the activity.^{[cita requerida]}
• One study showed that the highest prevalence of sleepwalking was 16.7% for children of 11 to 12 years of age.^{[cita requerida]}
• Males are more likely to sleepwalk than females.^{[cita requerida]}

Activities such as eating, bathing, urinating, dressing, or even driving cars,^[2] whistling,^[2] and committing murder^{[3] [4] [5]} have been reported or claimed to have occurred during sleepwalking. Contrary to popular belief, most cases of sleepwalking do not consist of walking around (without the conscious knowledge of the subject). Most cases of somnambulism occur when the person is awakened (something or someone disturbs their SWS), the person may sit up, look around and immediately go back to sleep. But these kinds of incidences are rarely noticed or reported unless recorded in a sleep clinic.^{[cita requerida]}

Sleepwalkers engage in their activities with their eyes open so they can navigate their surroundings, not with their eyes closed and their arms outstretched, as often parodied in cartoons and films.^{[cita requerida]} The victims' eyes may have a glazed or empty appearance and if questioned, the subject will be slow to answer and will be unable to respond in an intelligible manner. (Referencia dudosa=marzo 2008).

[editar] Riesgos para los sonámbulos

Sleepwalkers are more likely to endanger themselves than anyone else^{[cita requerida]}. When sleepwalkers are a danger to themselves or others (for example, when climbing up or down steps or trying to use a potentially dangerous tool such as a stove or a knife), steering them away from the danger and back to bed is advisable. It has even been reported that people have died or were injured as a result of sleepwalking.^[6] .^[7] Sleepwalking should not be confused with psychosis.

Sleepwalking has in rare cases been used as a defense (sometimes successfully) against charges of murder.

[editar] Cómo manejar a alguien con sonambulismo

Often the best way to deal with a sleepwalker safely is to direct the person back to the bed. However, the person may continue getting up until he or she has accomplished the task that prompted the sleepwalking in the first place. For instance, if a sleepwalker is cleaning - a common sleepwalking activity - assisting in the cleaning may help to end the episode. Telling the person "It looks like you have cleaned it all up" can help him or her to feel as though the "necessary" task has been accomplished. As sleepwalkers do not tend to remember anything said or done while sleepwalking, there is no need to worry about embarrassment to you or the individual afterward.

Somnambulists are highly suggestible. Anything they hear or see may trigger another behavior. Often something said by a person or even on a television will cause the sleepwalker to engage in the activity mentioned, provided it is one to which he or she is accustomed to hearing about or doing. If the sleepwalker is also talking, it may be helpful to ask what he or she is trying to accomplish. Ask very simple questions that can be answered in short, simple replies. If asked a question that requires a long answer or explanation, the sleepwalker is unlikely to respond coherently. Talking during sleepwalking varies from person to person and may not always be useful in dealing with a sleepwalker. Because sleepwalkers are unaware of their present surroundings, they may divulge information that they would otherwise keep secret. They may also exhibit behaviors which would be considered embarrassing, such as urinating in inappropriate places, trying to eat invisible foods, cleaning invisible counters, or even trying to bathe or engage in sexual intercourse.

[editar] El sonambulismo en el arte y la cultura

The 19th Century German chemist and metaphysician Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach made extensive studies of sleepwalkers, and used his discoveries to formulate his theory of the Odic force.

Sleepwalking has been found as a theme in many dramatic works. It is a major plot element in the classic silent German Expressionist film Das Kabinett des Dr. Kaligari (English title: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) 1920. In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks because of her overwhelming guilt and insanity. Italian composer Vincenzo Bellini's opera La Sonnambula is named after its heroine, a sleepwalker. In Dario Argento's Phenomena (1985), the protagonist, Jennifer Corvino (Jennifer Connelly), witnesses a murder while sleepwalking. In the film adaptation of Silent Hill, the protagonist's daughter suffers from sleepwalking. In the House episode Role Model, a woman has sex with her ex-husband while sleepwalking and gets pregnant.

[editar] Algunas consecuencias legales del sonambulismo

In 1846, Albert Tirrell was found not guilty of murder and arson, arguing that if he did do it, he was sleepwalking at the time, the first successful acquittal using a sleepwalking defense in American legal history.^[8]

Kenneth Parks, a 23-year-old, drove his car 15 miles to his in-laws house in May 1987. There, he attacked his father-in-law leaving him unconscious and stabbed his mother-in-law, killing her. He then went to the police station saying, “I think I have killed some people”. He was bloody and his hand was badly injured. Parks was unable to recount anything about the murder, and he had no motives for committing them. He was unemployed, and stressed. He went to sleep that night thinking about how he was going to visit his in-laws the next day with his wife to tell them about his financial and gambling problems. After a year, he was found not guilty of murder or attempted murder. There was an appeal, but his acquittal was upheld. He was not even sentenced to time in a mental ward since “noninsane automatism”, (ie. Sleepwalking) is not legally viewed as a mental disorder. ^[9]

[editar] Véase también

• Clasificación internacional de los trastornos del sueño
  • apnea del sueño
  • insomnio
  • parálisis del sueño
  • pesadilla
  • somniloquía
  • somnolencia
  • terrores nocturnos
• dormir
• sueño

[editar] Referencias

Plantilla:SleepSeries2

[editar] Enlaces externos

• BBC Ciencia: ¿Sexo sonámbulo? - Artículo sobre el fenómeno denominado "sexo dormido"
• Un sonámbulo sobrevive a una caída desde un tercer piso en Valladolid - Noticia
• A Sleep Disorder Theory
• Sleepwalking Woman Had Sex With Strangers -- 15 October 2004
• 'Sleepwalker' accused of murder — BBC news article dated 10 March 2005
• Teen 'sleepwalks to top of crane' — BBC news article dated 6 July 2005
• Man Records Himself Talking and Walking in His Sleep at Nate At Night
• Safety of waking sleepwalkers - Straight Dope Staff Report
• Spiegel Online - German Sleepwalker Steps Out of 4th-Floor Window - "A German teenager accidentally climbed out of a fourth-floor window and fell 10 meters to the ground where he kept on sleeping, albeit with a broken arm and leg."

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