Splitting of the moon

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The splitting of the moon (Arabic: شق القمر), is a "miracle" that have been performed by Muhammad in Islamic tradition.^[2] The incident is mentioned in many early Muslim traditions as the context of revelation (asbāb an-nuzūl) for the Qur'anic verse 54:1-2 and virtually all Muslim commentators accept the historicity of the miracle. These early traditions are transmitted on the authority of companions of Muhammad such as Ibn Abbas, Anas bin Malik, Abdullah bin Masud and others.^[3][4] According to the Indian Muslim scholar Yusuf Ali, the moon might split again when the day of judgment approaches. He says that the verse may also have an allegorical meaning, i.e. the matter has become clear as the moon.^[5] Some dissenting commentators such as Hasan al-Basri reject the historicity of the narrative and hold that the Qura'nic verse only refers to the splitting of the moon at the day of judgment.^[6]

The Qur'anic verse 54:1-2 was part of the debate between medieval Muslim theologians and Muslim philosophers over the issue of the inviolability of heavenly bodies. Philosophers held that the heavenly bodies could not be pierced because unlike the terrestrial matter, they were not composed of the four fundamental elements of earth, air, fire, and water.^[7] Some other rationalistic Muslim thinkers had difficulties accepting any preternatural event, and sometimes argued that only an appearance of the split of the moon had happened.^[8]

Western historians such as A.J. Wensinck and Denis Gril, reject the historicity of the miracle arguing that the Qur'an itself denies miracles, in their traditional sense, in connection with Muhammad.^[9][10] Others historians such as Daniel Martin Varisco hold that something that "seemed like moon splitting in two parts" happened.^[11]

The narrative was used by some later Muslims to convince others of the prophethood of Muhammad.^[8] It has also inspired many Muslim poets, especially in India.^[9]

Contents 1 The Qur'an and Islamic tradition 2 Western academic view 3 In later Islam 4 Debate over the inviolability of heavenly bodies 5 Literature 6 See also 7 References

[edit] The Qur'an and Islamic tradition

Verse 54:1-2 of the Qur'an reads:

The hour drew nigh and the moon did rend asunder. And if they see a miracle they turn aside and say: Transient magic.

There are many early traditions and stories that explain the above verse as a miracle performed by Muhammad in order to convince Quraysh of his prophethood.^[12][13] Virtually all Muslim commentators accept the authenticity of those traditions. The following verse 54:2, "But if they see a Sign, they turn away, and say, 'This is (but) transient magic'" is taken in the support of this view.^[13] The classical commentator Ibn Kathir provides a list of the early traditions mentioning the incident: A tradition transmitted on the authority of Anas bin Malik states that Muhammad split the moon after the pagan Meccans asked for a miracle. Another tradition from Malik transmitted through other chains of narrations, mentions that the mount Hira was visible between the two parts of the moon (Mount Hira is located in Hijaz. Muslims believe that Muhammad received his first revelations from God in a cave on this mountain). A tradition narrated on the authority of Jubayr ibn Mut'im with a single chain of transmission says that the two parts of the moon stood on two mountains. This tradition further states that the Meccan responded by saying "Muhammad has taken us by his magic...If he was able to take us by magic, he will not be able to do so with all people." Traditions transmitted on the authority of Ibn Abbas briefly mention the incident and do not provide much details.^[3] Traditions transmitted on the authority of Abdullah bin Masud describe the incident as follows:^[3][14]

We were along with Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) at Mina, that moon was split up into two. One of its parts was behind the mountain and the other one was on this side of the mountain. Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to us: Bear witness to this 039:6725

Al-Zamakhshari, a famous commentator of the Qur'an, acknowledged the splitting of the moon as one of Muhammad's miracles. But he also suggested that the splitting might take place only on the day of judgment.^[7] The Muslim scholar Yusuf Ali provides three different interpretations of the verse. He holds that perhaps all three are applicable to the verse: Moon once appeared cleft asunder at the time of Muhammad in order to convince the unbelievers. It will split again when the day of judgment approaches (here the prophetic past tense is taken to indicate the future). Yusuf Ali connects this incident with the disruption of the solar system mentioned in 75:8-9. Lastly, he says that the verses can be metaphorical, meaning that the matter has become clear as the moon.^[5]

The dissent commentators who do not accept the miracle narration such as Hasan al-Basri (d. 110 H.) and 'Ata al-Khurasani (d.135 H.) believe that the verse only refers to the split of moon at the day of judgment.^[13][15][8] Some rationalistic Muslim thinkers had difficulties accepting this event and other preternatural events and sometimes tried to, according to Annemarie Schimmel, "de-mythologize" it.^[8][7] For example, Shah Waliullah of Delhi (d. 1762) said that the event "may have been a kind of hallucination, or perhaps caused by a smoke, by the swooping down of a star, a cloud, or an eclipse of the sun or the moon which might be given the impression that the moon was actually split in two."^[8]

[edit] Western academic view

According to Denis Gril, Muhammad prophesied but was not granted to perform miracles in their traditional sense "as they were not, ipso facto, sufficient to convince unbelievers."^[10] According to A.J. Wensinck, the Qur'an itself denies miracles in connection with Muhammad and instead emphasizes on his "signs"(āyāt) which were later understood to mean the very verses of the Qur'an. Wensinck says that the miracles attributed to Muhammad could be found in the traditions and not in the Qur'an.^[9] According to Marshall Hodgson, later Muslims constructed the miracle based on the above Qur'anic verse.^[16] According to Daniel Martin Varisco however, something that seemed like moon splitting in two parts happened when the Meccans began to persecute the Muslims: the naming of chapter (sura) 54 as the Moon is a reference to this event.^[17]

According to Hodgson, the narration has provided a dubious explanation for the later symbol of the Ottoman empire, i.e. a crescent moon with a star between its points.^[16]

[edit] In later Islam

The narrative was used by some later Muslims to convince others of the prophethood of Muhammad. Annemarie Schimmel for example quotes the following from Muslim scholar Qadi Iyad who lived in Ceuta in Spain:^[8]

It has not been said of any people on the earth that the moon was observed that night such that it could be stated that it was not split. Even if this had been reported from many different places, so that one would have to exclude the possibility that all agreed upon a lie, yet, we would not accept this as proof to the contrary, for the moon is not seen in the same way by different people.... An eclipse is visible in one country but not in the other one; in one place it is total, in the other one only partial.

Living in Spain, Qadi Iyad was not aware of the traditions of other side of the world in India, Schimmel states. It is told that Shakrawati Farmad (or Chakrawati Farmas), king of Malabar in southern India had watched this split at that very night.^[8][18] The king is said to have later converted to Islam upon learning what had happened in Mecca through reliable sources.^[8] According to Muhammad Hamidullah:^[19]

There is a very old tradition in Malabar, South-West Coast of India, that Chakrawati Farmas, one of their kings, had observed the splitting of the moon, the celebrated miracle of the Holy Prophet at Mecca, and learning on inquiry that there was a prediction of the coming of a Messenger of God from Arabia (Detail given bellow), he appointed his son as regent and set out to meet him. He embraced Islam at the hand of the Prophet, and when returning home, at the direction of the Prophet, died at the port of Zafar, Yemen, where the tomb of the "Indian king" was piously visited for many centuries.

[edit] Debate over the inviolability of heavenly bodies

The Qur'anic verse 54:1-2 was part of the debate between medieval Muslim theologians and Muslims philosophers over the issue of the inviolability of heavenly bodies. The philosophers held that the nature was composed of four fundamental elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Philosophers however held that the composition of heavenly bodies were different. This belief was based on the observation that that motion of heavenly bodies, unlike that of terrestrial bodies, was circular and without any beginnings or ends. This appearance of eternity in the heavenly bodies, led the philosophers to conclude that the heavens were inviolable. Theologians on the other hand proposed their own conception of the terrestrial matter: the nature was composed of uniform atoms that were re-created at every instant by God (the latter idea was added to defend God's omnipotence against the encroachment of the independent secondary causes). According to this conception, the heavenly bodies were essentially the same as the terrestrial bodies, and thus could be pierced.^[7]

In order to deal with implication of the traditional understanding of the Qur'anic verse 54:1-2, philosophers argued that the verse should be interpreted metaphorically (e.g. the verse could have referred to a partial lunar eclipse in which the sun obscured part of the moon).^[7]

[edit] Literature

This tradition has inspired many Muslim poets, especially in India.^[9] In poetical language Muhammad is sometimes equated with the sun or the morning light. As such, part of a poem from Sana'i, a renowned early twelfth century Persian Sufi poet, reads: "the sun should split the moon in two".^[8] Jalal ad-Din Rumi, a renowned Persian-writing poet and mystic, in one of his poems conveys the idea that to be split by the Muhammad's finger is the greatest bliss the lowly moon can hope for and a devoted believers splits the moon with Muhammad's finger.^[8] Elaborating on this idea, Abd ar-Rahman Jami, one of the classical poets and mystics of Persia, plays with the shapes and numerical values of Arabic letters in a complicated way: The full moon, Jami says, resembles the Arabic letter for a circular m with the numerical value 40. When Muhammad split the moon, it became like two crescent-shaped n's (the Arabic letter for "n") whose numerical value is 50 each. This would mean that, thanks for the miracle, the value of moon had increased.^[8]

In another place Rumi, according to Schimmel, alludes to two miracles attributed to Muhammad in tradition, i.e. the splitting of the moon (which shows the futility of man's scientific approach to nature), and the other that Muhammad being an illiterate:^[8]

The astronomer who believes in this miracle ( اي منجم اگرت شق قمر باور شد )
should laugh at his own profession as well as at sun and moon ( بايدت بر خود و بر شمس و قمر خنديدن ),
As everyone who has attended the school of Ahmad the ummi ( ور دمی مدرسه احمد امی ديدی )
may ridicule knowledge and art ( رو حلالستت بر فضل و هنر خنديدن ).

[edit] See also

• Islamic view of miracles
• Islamic view of Moses, for the miracle of splitting the Sea, retold in the Qur'an
• Muhammad before Medina

[edit] References