Sawing a woman in half
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Sawing a woman in half is a generic name for a number of different stage magic tricks in which a person (traditionally a female assistant) is apparently sawn in half or divided into two.
[edit] History
There remains a debate about the origin of sawing illusions, with some sources saying a magician named Torrini may have performed the first version in front of Pope Pius VII in 1809. It was also suggested during a court case that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt. However these claims have not been substantiated.[1][2]
It is generally accepted that the first modern performance of a sawing illusion was achieved by British magician P.T. Selbit in 1921. His trick, which he billed as "Sawing Through A Woman", was significantly different from what a modern audience would expect. Selbit's assistant was locked inside a closed wooden crate and could not be seen, although ropes tied to her hands, feet, and neck were held throughout the illusion by spectators from the audience.[2] The question of who was the first woman to be sawed in half has received much less publicity than the question of which magician first presented the illusion. According to noted magic inventor and historian Jim Steinmeyer: "Jan Glenrose was the lady in rehearsal, Betty Barker was the magician's primary assistant".[3]
Later the same year, Horace Goldin, a magician working in the United States, presented the first version which might look familiar to modern audiences. Goldin's assistant lay in a box from which her feet, head and hands protruded. Goldin sawed through the middle of the box, inserting metal sheets to cover the cut ends, and then pushed the two halves a little way apart. This process was then reversed, and the assistant released unharmed. Goldin later developed a sawing illusion that dispensed with boxes and used a large buzzsaw.[2]
[edit] Effects and variations
There are many different sawing tricks with significant differences in their basic effect. In some, the illusion is merely of a blade passing through an assistant's body, while in others it appears that the assistant is severed into two pieces that are moved apart. Some so-called "sawing" illusions do not actually involve a saw but instead use plain blades or blunt dividing panels.
One major group of tricks involves an assistant in a box, which conceals his or her body from view while any cutting takes place. This group includes the "Selbit", "Wakeling" and "Thin Model" tricks as well as several versions designed by Horace Goldin. Most "box" sawings give the illusion of the two halves of the assistant being moved apart, although there are versions where the effect is simply that a blade must have passed through the assistant's body. In some versions the box completely covers the assistant while in others the assistant's head, hands and feet remain in view during the trick.
[edit] The Selbit sawing
Several volunteers are recruited from the audience. One or more of these people are invited to tie ropes around the assistant's wrists, ankles and neck. The assistant then steps into a wooden crate or box, which is similar in proportion to but slightly larger than a coffin. The ropes are threaded through holes in the box and the ends are given to volunteers, who are instructed to pull them tight and keep hold of them (the neck rope has an added knot to prevent the assistant being strangled). The assistant is thus secured in a standing "spreadeagle" position in the box. The box is then closed and lifted into a horizontal position on a set of trestles. The magician then slides glass plates through the crate (and apparently through his assistant). The magician then saws right through the centre of the box, dividing it into two. The sections are pulled slightly apart and the assistant's torso is visible. The impression is that the saw blade must have passed through the assistant's midriff. The assistant is then released from the box and is revealed to be unharmed.
[edit] Goldin's box sawings
The magician presents a box which is similar in size and proportion to that used in the Selbit sawing but which is already in horizontal position. An assistant climbs into the box and lies down. In the process her head and hands are seen to emerge from holes in one end of the box and her feet from the other. The box is closed and then sawn through across the middle. Dividers are placed into the box either side of the cut and it is then pulled apart so the sections can be seen clearly separated. The assistant's head and hands are seen sticking out of one section and her feet out of the other. The box is then pushed together again and opened and the assistant emerges unharmed.
[edit] Wakeling
The magician presents a rectangular table just big enough to accommodate a person lying upon it. An assistant is introduced and several assistants are recruited from the audience. The magician presents a set of restraints consisting of a sturdy collar and a pair of ankle straps, each attached to a length of chain or rope. The assistant sits on the table with her legs stretched out and volunteers are invited to fasten the restraints around her neck and ankles. The ropes or chains are threaded through holes in the table and the ends given to volunteers, who are instructed to pull them tight and hold them that way throughout the illusion. The assistant is thus pulled down onto her back and secured in that position. Two halves of a large box are presented and fixed in place over the assistant, covering her completely. Side panels are opened to show the assistant is still in place lying flat on her back. The assistant is then divided into two. Sometimes the division is accomplished merely by pushing two metal dividing panels into slots near where the two halves meet. Sometimes the cutting of the assistant is emphasised by sawing between the two halves of the box before sliding the dividers into place. Catches are released to allow the table to be separated into two halves along with the box. The halves are parted and the assistant thus appears to have been cut into two completely disconnected pieces. The box and table are then pushed together, the restraints are released and the box is opened to allow the assistant to emerge unharmed.
This version of the trick is generally associated with magician and inventor Alan Wakeling. Whilst Wakeling performed this illusion and perfected aspects of it, the general configuration and method have been attributed to an earlier magician, Virgil Harris Mulkey (1900-1989), aka. "The Great Virgil", who first performed it in 1942 and later passed on the idea to Wakeling.[4]
[edit] The "thin model"
The "thin model" sawing is one of the most common variants performed by contemporary magicians. The basic arrangement and sequence of events is similar to that described for the Goldin box sawings (see above). However the box appears very shallow in comparison to Goldin's, which was large by modern standards. The ends of the box are initially open when the assistant climbs in. Once the assistant is lying down she is secured in place by having stocks placed over her neck and ankles. The stocks form the ends of the box. The shallow box adds to the impression that the assistant could not possibly find room to evade the saw blade even if she could release herself from the stocks and try to curl up in one half of the box.
[edit] Transparent boxes
The Pendragons perform a variation called "Clearly Impossible", in which the box used appears to be both particularly slim and also largely transparent. The concept of "Clearly Impossible" has been credited to Jonathon Pendragon, however magician Les Arnold has also been credited with devising a clear box sawing as far back as the late 1970s.
[edit] Double sawing
The "double sawing illusion" is a way of adding an extra effect to box-type sawings. It is generally associated with the "thin-model" sawing apparatus. The magician saws two people in half using two sets of apparatus. The people are usually chosen or dressed so as to be clearly distinguishable. For example, they might be in different colored costumes, of different skin colors, or of different genders. After the box halves are separated they are jumbled up and then re-assembled so that the bottom half of one box is matched to the top of the other and vice versa. When the victims emerge, each appears to have been given the other's lower half.
The creation of this version has been credited to magician Alan Wakeling, who devised it for fellow magician Channing Pollock to perform.[5]
[edit] Jig saw
An assistant lies down on a table. A frame is placed over her middle. The magician then presents an electric jig saw and proceeds to align the blade into a slot in the frame. The magician switches on the saw and apparently uses it to slice through the assistant's waist, which remains obscured by the frame. The saw emerges from the opposite side of the frame. Once the sawing is finished the frame is removed and the assistant is revealed to be in one piece.
[edit] Bow saw
This variant begins in a similar way to the jig sawing,with the assistant lying on a table and having a frame fixed over her midriff. The magician then presents a bow saw and proceeds to saw through the assistant, with the blade guided within the frame. Once the blade has apparently passed all the way through the assistant the frame is released and removed. It is then revealed that the assistant is encircled by the handle and blade of the bowsaw.
[edit] Buzzsaw
A large apparatus is presented, consisting of a sturdy frame supporting a large buzzsaw or circular saw and a table sufficiently large to carry a person lying flat. It is shown that the table travels beneath the saw, leaving little or no gap, so that anything placed upon it in the path of the saw would be sliced through. The table is moved either by an electric mechanism or by some form of manual crank. The buzzsaw is generally driven by an electric motor. To demonstrate the saw is completely genuine a piece of wood is placed on the table and sliced in two in full view. An assistant is introduced and placed in a horizontal position on the table. Sometimes the magician might give the impression of hypnotizing the assistant into a rigid trance before having her lifted onto the table. She is secured in place with two metal "straps" that close over her waist and which align close to the plane of the saw. She might also be further secured with straps or manacles at her wrists and ankles. A strip of wood is pushed beneath her waist in line with the saw. The saw is then started and the table set in motion. The saw visibly passes through the assistant and generally sounds like it is sawing through something. Once the table reaches the end of its travel and the saw is switched off the assistant is released and shown to be in one piece and uninjured. The strip of wood that had been placed beneath her is shown to have been sawn into two strips, thus reinforcing that the saw really did cut in the manner it appeared to. Harry Blackstone, Sr. was performing this effect in the United States in the 1930's.
[edit] The Death Saw
The Death Saw is presented as an escape gone wrong. It's best known performer is David Copperfield. The performer is secured to a table beneath a large buzzsaw or blade, which is set to descend upon them under the control of a timing mechanism. After being secured with various manacles the performer is enclosed in a box. The saw is then set going. After a while the sides of the box fall away to reveal the performer struggling to escape the manacles. Finally the saw drops before the performer has time to escape. The blade slices right through the performer's body. The two halves of the table are rolled apart so that the performer is clearly separated into two sections. The performer then appears to command the whole process to reverse: The body halves go back together, the saw rises, the box closes. Finally the performer emerges unharmed from the box.
Copperfield has claimed exclusive rights to this illusion, however others, including Tennessee-based illusion builder Jeff Davis, have asserted that the method and effect were previously published in two magazine articles during the 1960s. The March 1965 edition of The Linking Ring contains text and diagrams from an Indian author called B. Rakshit giving the basic sawing method. And an article in the September 1969 Genii Magazine outlines the routine including the idea of the saw descending a tower.[6][7]
[edit] Modern Art
Although not generally classified as a "sawing" illusion, Modern Art is sometimes billed as an "upright dividing the lady in two". The prop is a vertical cabinet which stands alongside a table-like structure that is half its height. The assistant enters the cabinet through a door in the side away from the table structure. The assistant's face can be seen peering from an opening at the top of the cabinet and a panel at the bottom of the front of the cabinet is opened to show the assistant's legs. A sword or blade is then placed into a slot at the point where the top of the half-height table meets the cabinet. The top of the cabinet then slides across onto the table, giving the impression that the top half of the assistant has been moved sideways and in the process been severed from the legs by the blade. Panels in the front of the cabinet are opened to show the top and bottom halves of the assistant apparently separate. The top of the cabinet is then slid back into its original position and the assistant emerges unharmed. The effect and method are credited to designer Jim Steinmeyer.[8]
[edit] Criss Angel's pulling a woman apart
Criss Angel performed a trick in which he appeared to pull a woman in half with his hands during an outdoor performance and half of her crawled away.[9][10] Magician and historian Ricky Jay has written that a version of this trick was previously performed by another magician.[11]
[edit] Methods and exposure
As suggested by the different effects, detailed above, there are numerous different methods for accomplishing sawing illusions. Over the years a number of these have been exposed and several have been published and are easily obtainable.
Publishing of magic methods has proved a controversial subject at times. It has involved battles between those determined to expose methods and magicians, who have sometimes resorted to legal action to try to preserve secrecy. The sawing illusion has had a prominent role in the history of such battles and has thus contributed to case law.
In September 1921, motivated by concerns about preventing competition from other magicians who might copy him, Horace Goldin forwent secrecy and applied for a patent for Sawing a woman in half. He was awarded U.S. patent number 1,458,575 on 12 June 1923.[12][13] In an unforeseen side effect, the content of Goldin's patent documents was later used to expose his methods. The following is an outline summary of some of that material.
One variant presents the front of the box to the audience (A). Expecting the box is the size of an ordinary chest, they may assume that the "victim" is arranged (B), crossing the path of the saw. In reality, the box may be deeper (which the audience cannot see from their perspective), and the "victim" curled up to clear the blade (C).
Another variant has a false table on which the box rests. This allows the carved out table to be used as a place for the woman to crawl up in and avoid the saw. Her feet are replaced with fakes that are moved with electric motors.
A third variant hides another person in the carved out table space and has her insert her feet. The magician then saws through empty space.[2][12][13]
Penn and Teller use the third variant of this trick on a regular basis in Las Vegas. They have also performed this trick on television at least twice: on Home Improvement and during the 2007 NBA All-Star Weekend. They always reveal how it's done.
[edit] Famous performances
A number of performances of sawing illusions have achieved particular fame or notoriety. These include:
- P.T. Selbit's original performance in London in 1921 was special because the effect was new and shocking to audiences of the time. Such was the impact of Selbit's creation that for decades afterwards other magicians would continue trying to emulate and improve on what he had done, thus affecting the course of stage magic history.
- In 1956, Indian illusionist P. C. Sorcar used a buzzsaw to cut his wife in two during a televised performance. Just when he had divided her the host quickly signed off and the show ended. This caused horrified viewers to believe she had accidentally been killed. In reality, it was a live broadcast and time had run out.[14]
- Live performances by Peruvian magician Richiardi Jr are often cited as the most horrific presentations of a sawing illusion. Richiardi used a buzzsaw prop similar to that employed by Sorcar but he greatly added to the shock value by incorporating fake blood and entrails, which were sprayed over the stage (and sometimes beyond it) as the saw went to work.
[edit] Critical responses and twists
Along with other "box-and-blade" type illusions involving a female assistant, Sawing a woman... has been criticised by feminists as misogynist. Modern magicians, including female performers, have responded by placing a male performer in the role originally filled by the woman. For example, Australian magician Sue-Anne Webster performs a variation on the "thin model" sawing in which she saws husband Tim Ellis in two with a chainsaw.[15]
[edit] References
- ^ Goldin v. Clarion Photoplays, New York (Dec 1922) Yale Law Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, p.201
- ^ a b c d Brown, Gary R. Sawing a Woman in Half. AmericanHeritage.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
- ^ Steinmeyer, Jim; Neil Gaiman (2006). Art and Artifice: And Other Essays of Illusion. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0786718061.
- ^ Charvet, David and Julie (1991), The Great Virgil, Charvet Studios, p. 78-79, <http://www.themagiccafe.com/forums/search_post.php?topic=153378&forum=7&post=5066417>
- ^ Lawton, Joan (January 2005), “Web Extra: Alan Wakeling”, Magic magazine, <http://www.magicmagazine.com/january05/january05extra.html>. Retrieved on 14 June 2007
- ^ Rakshit, B. (March 1965), “Rakshit's version of sawing through woman”, The Linking Ring (International Brotherhood of Magicians): pp.78-79
- ^ “The Magic of Japan”, Genii Magazine (The Genii Corporation), September 1969
- ^ Illusion Hotline: Who Owns The Rights. magicauction.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
- ^ Criss Angel and Half a Woman Video. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
- ^ Pulled Apart. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
- ^ Jay, Ricky (October 1998). Learned Pigs & Fireproof Women. Noonday Press.
- ^ a b Illusion Device. Google. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ a b US Patent 1,458,575. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
- ^ Dawes, A. E., et al. Making Magic. London: Multimedia Books, Ltd, 1993.
- ^ The topic of assistants portrayed as victims in violent illusions was featured in "Violent magic" the final episode of the six-part BBC television documentary series Magic in 2004, see UK Magic News. Magicweek.co.uk (20 November 2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
[edit] Further reading
- Jim Steinmeyer, Art and Artifice: And other essays of illusion, Carroll & Graf, (September 2006), ISBN 0786718064 (includes essays on Selbit and Goldin and their sawing illusions)
[edit] See also
- Hemicorporectomy — when a person is actually cut in half.
- Magician's assistant
