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Respiratory failure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Respiratory failure

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Respiratory failure
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 J96.
ICD-9 518.81
DiseasesDB 6623
eMedicine med/2011 
MeSH D012131

Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood oxygen level (hypoxemia) and/or a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) which can be written as (PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaCO2 > 45 mmHg). Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa

Contents

[edit] Types

[edit] Type 1

Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, indeed the CO2 level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.

This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:

  • Parenchymal disease(V/Q mismatch)
  • Diseases of vasculature and shunts.

[edit] Type 2

Type 2 respiratory failure is defined as the build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes include:

  • Reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient)
  • Increased resistance to breathing (such as in asthma)
  • A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in emphysema).

[edit] Causes

[edit] Treatment

Emergency treatment follows the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. Mechanical ventilation may be required.

[edit] External links


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