Polo Grounds

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Polo Grounds
Location	West 155th Street and Eighth Avenue New York, New York (now demolished)
Broke ground	1890
Opened	April 22, 1891
Renovated	June 28, 1911
Expanded	1923
Closed	September 18, 1963
Demolished	April 10, 1964
Owner	New York Giants
Surface	Grass
Architect	Henry B. Herts
Former names	Brush Stadium (1911-1919)
Tenants	New York Giants (NL) (1891–1957) New York Yankees (AL) (1913–1922) New York Mets (NL) (1962–1963) New York Giants (NFL) (1925–1955) New York Titans/Jets (AFL) (1960–1963) New York Bulldogs (NFL) (1949) New York Giants (NFL) (1921) Gotham Bowl (NCAA) (1961)
Capacity	34,000 (1911); 55,000 (1923)
Field dimensions	Left Field – 279 ft (85 m) Left-Center – 450 ft (137.1 m) Center Field – 483 ft (147.2 m) Right-Center – 449 ft (136.8 m) Right Field – 258 ft (78.6 m)

The Polo Grounds was the name given to four different stadiums in Manhattan, New York City used by baseball's New York Giants from 1883 until 1957, New York Metropolitans from 1880 until 1885, the New York Yankees from 1912 until 1922, and by the New York Mets in their first two seasons of 1962 and 1963. It also hosted the 1934 and 1942 Major League Baseball All-Star Games.

The original Polo Grounds was built in 1876 for the sport of polo, thus accounting for its name. It was the only one of the four structures that was actually used for polo. The field was originally referred to in newspapers simply as "the polo grounds", and over time this generic designation became a proper name. It was converted to a baseball stadium when leased by the New York Metropolitans in 1880. The stadium was used jointly by the Giants and Metropolitans from 1883 until 1885, and the name stuck for each subsequent stadium of the Giants.

The fourth and final Polo Grounds, which the Giants used until they moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season, and which the Mets used until Shea Stadium was completed in 1964, was the most famous, and is the one most people mean when they refer to the Polo Grounds. The name "Polo Grounds" did not actually appear prominently on any of the stadiums, until the Mets posted it with a large sign in 1962.

The park (meaning nos. II through IV) was noted for its distinctive bathtub shape, with very short distances to the left and right field walls, but an unusually deep center field.

Left field also had an upper deck ("the short porch") which extended out over the field (after its 1923 extension), reducing the distance from 279 feet (85 meters) to about 250 feet (76 meters). That meant it was technically rather difficult to hit a home run into the lower deck of the left field stands, unless it was a line drive such as Bobby Thomson's famous home run in 1951.

No player ever hit a fly ball that reached the 483-foot (147-meter) distant center-field wall, which fronted a part of the clubhouse which overhung the field. Given that overhang, it was not inherently clear what the actual "home run line" would have been in straightaway center. Some sources listed the center field distance as 505, which suggests that was where the true home run line would have been, at the back of the clubhouse overhang. But if there were any ground rules governing such a situation, they never had to be applied.

[edit] Chronology

The first Polo Grounds

[edit] Polo Grounds I

The original Polo Grounds stood at 110th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth (now Lenox) Avenue, directly across 110th Street from the northeast corner of Central Park. The Metropolitans, an independent team of roughly major-league caliber, were the first professional baseball team to play there, beginning in September 1880, and remained the sole professional occupant through the 1882 season. At that time the Metropolitans' ownership had the opportunity to bring them into the National League, but elected instead to organize a new team, the New York Gothams (who soon came to be known as the Giants), mainly using players from the Metropolitans and the newly defunct Troy Trojans, and entered it in the National League, while bringing what remained of the Metropolitan club into the competing American Association. For this purpose the ownership built a second diamond and grandstand at the park, dividing it into eastern and western fields for use by the Giants and Metropolitans respectively. The dual-fields arrangement proved unworkable because of faulty surfacing of the western field, and after various other arrangements were tried, the Metropolitans and Giants alternated play on the eastern field in later years until the Metropolitans moved to the St. George Cricket Grounds in Staten Island in 1886.

An early highlight of Giants' play at the Polo Grounds was Roger Connor's home run over the right-field wall and into 112th Street; visitors to the site today can judge for themselves that this was an impressively long home run for its time or any time. Connor eventually held the record for career home runs that Babe Ruth would break in 1920. The original Polo Grounds ceased to exist in 1889 when New York City, in the process of turning the theoretical street grid that had existed on maps for years into a reality in its uptown reaches, extended 111th Street through the grounds of the park. City workers are said to have shown up suddenly one day and begun cutting through the fence at the appropriate point for the new street. There was significant sentiment in the city against this move (the Giants had won the National League pennant the year before and had a very enthusiastic following), and a bill was even passed by the state legislature to give the Giants a variance on the grid extension and allow the park to stand; but the sitting governor, David B. Hill who had campaigned for office on a "home rule" pledge, vetoed the bill on the grounds that whatever he might think of the forced destruction of the park, the will of the city government was to be respected. The loss of their park forced the Giants to look quickly for alternative grounds. After a brief interim playing at the St. George Cricket Grounds (where the Metropolitans had continued to play until their demise in 1887), the Giants moved uptown to the far terminus of the then Ninth Avenue Elevated at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue, site of all three later Polo Grounds. (For the Ninth Avenue Elevated and its terminus at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue see "abandoned subway stations (nysubway.org)" at www.scribd.com/doc/220588/abandoned-subway-stations-nysubway-org; see also IRT Ninth Avenue Line.) Despite this vagabond existence, the Giants managed to win the pennant and the World Series for the second consecutive year.

Earliest known picture of Polo Grounds I

The original Polo Grounds was used not only for polo and professional baseball, but often for college baseball and football as well, sometimes by non - New York teams. In fact the earliest known surviving image of the field is an engraving of a baseball game between Yale and Princeton on Decoration Day (May 30), 1882. (Harper's Young People, v. III (1882), p. 524.): Yale and Harvard also played their traditional Thanksgiving Day game there on November 29, 1883 and November 24, 1887. (Bergin, The Game, p. 308.) (See "American football" below.)

[edit] Polo Grounds II

Manhattan Field ca. 1901 with Polo Grounds outfield in background

All the later Polo Grounds were located at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue (now Frederick Douglass Boulevard) at the northwest corner. The site, on which a public housing project now stands, is overlooked to the north and west by a steep promontory known as Coogan's Bluff. The ballpark itself was thus in the bottomland, or Coogan's Hollow. The land remained in the Coogan estate, and the Giants were renters for their entire duration at the ballpark.

The grandstand of the second Polo Grounds had a conventional curve around the infield, but the shape of the property left the center field area actually closer than left center or right center. This was not much of an issue in the "dead ball era" of baseball. After one season alone at that site, the new Players' League team built their "Brotherhood Park" directly to the north, bordering the second Polo Grounds and otherwise bounded by rail yards and the bluff. As with the first Polo Grounds, if the teams played on the same day, fans in the upper decks could watch each others' games, and home run balls hit in one park might land on the other team's playing field. This amusing situation lasted for just one season, the Players' League being a one-year wonder, and the Giants moved into the more spacious neighboring field, taking the "Polo Grounds" name with them. The original ballpark was then referred to as Manhattan Field, and was converted for other sports such as football and track-and-field. It still existed as a structure for nearly 20 more years. Babe Ruth's first home run as a Yankee, on May 1, 1920, was characterized by the New York Times reporter as a "sockdolager" (i.e. a decisive blow), and was described as traveling "over the right field grand stand into Manhattan Field".[1] Bill Jenkinson's modern research indicates the ball traveled about 500 feet in total, after clearing the Polo Grounds double decked right field stand. Manhattan Field was a playground or vacant lot by then. Some years later, the vacant lot was paved over, to serve as a parking lot for the Polo Grounds.

Polo Grounds (3) (left) and Manhattan Field (aka Polo Grounds 2) (right) ca. 1900

[edit] Polo Grounds III & IV

The "third" and "fourth" Polo Grounds were actually the same ballfield. The 1890 structure initially had a totally open outfield bounded by just the outer fence, but bleachers were gradually added. By the early 1900s, some bleacher sections encroached on the field from the foul lines about halfway along left and right field. Additionally, there was a pair of "cigar box" bleachers on either side of the "batter's eye" in center field. The expansive outfield was cut down somewhat by a rope fence behind which carriages (and early automobiles) were allowed to park. By 1910, bleachers enclosed the outfield, and the carriage ropes were gone. The hodge-podge approach to the bleacher construction formed a multi-faceted outfield area. There were a couple of gaps between some of the sections, and that would prove significant in 1911.

On Friday, April 14, 1911, a fire of unknown origin swept through the horseshoe of the grandstand portion, consuming the wood and leaving only the steel uprights in place. The gaps between some sections of the stands saved a good portion of the outfield seating, as well as the clubhouse, from destruction. The Giants temporarily rented Hilltop Park from the Yankees while they began to rebuild the Polo Grounds double-decked grandstand with concrete and steel.

The stadium's reconstruction was sufficiently far along to allow the Polo Grounds to re-open on June 28, 1911, the date from which later baseball guides dated the structure, now sometimes retronamed as "Polo Grounds IV". The new structure was the sixth concrete-and-steel stadium in the majors (and the second in the National League, behind Forbes Field). The new seating areas were rebuilt during the season while the games went on. The new structure stretched in roughly the same semi-circle as before from the left field corner around home plate to the right field corner, and was also extended into deep right-center field. The surviving bleachers were retained pretty much as they were, with gaps remaining between the bleachers and the new fireproof construction.

The Giants rose from the ashes along with their ballpark, winning the National League pennant in 1911 (as they also would in 1912 and 1913). As evidenced from the World Series programs, the team tried to rename the new structure Brush Stadium in honor of their then-owner John T. Brush, but the name did not stick, and it died with him. The remaining old bleachers were demolished during the 1923 season when the permanent double-deck was extended around most of the rest of the field and new bleachers and clubhouse were constructed across center field.

Polo Grounds ca.1922

Polo Grounds ca.1923

This version of the ballpark had its share of quirks. The "unofficial" distances (never marked on the wall) down the left and right field lines were 279 and 258 feet respectively, but there was a 21 foot overhang in left field, which often intercepted fly balls which would otherwise have been catchable and turned them into home runs. Contrasting with the short distances down the lines were the 450-some foot distances in the gaps, with straightaway center field 483 feet distant from home plate; the corners of the bleachers on either side of the clubhouse runway were about 425 feet. the catch that Willie Mays made in the 1954 World Series against Vic Wertz of the Cleveland Indians would have been a home run in many other ballparks of the time. The bullpens were actually in play, in the left and right center field gaps. The outfield sloped downward from the infield, and people in the dugouts often could only see the top half of the outfielders.

Polo Grounds ca. 1905

The New York Yankees sublet the Polo Grounds from the Giants during 1913-1922 after their lease on Hilltop Park expired. After the 1922 season, the Yankees built Yankee Stadium directly across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds, a situation which spurred the Giants to expand their park to reach a seating capacity comparable to the Stadium, to stay competitive. However, since nearly all the new seating was in the outfield, the Stadium still had a lot more "good" seats than did the Polo Grounds, at least for baseball. At that point, the Polo Grounds most notably became better suited for football than it had been previously.

The Giants' first night game at the stadium was played on May 24, 1940.

[edit] American football

While somewhat awkwardly laid out for baseball, the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds were well-suited for football, and hundreds of football games were played there over the years.

Yale played football in the original 110th Street Polo Grounds in the 19th century, for some games which were expected to draw large crowds, including the Thanksgiving contests in 1883 and 1887. (Bergin, The Game, p. 308.) (see also List of Harvard-Yale football games).

In the 20th century, both the New York Giants of the National Football League and the New York Titans/Jets of the American Football League used the Polo Grounds as their home field before moving on to other sites.

The grounds were also used for many games by New York-area college football teams such as Fordham and Army. An upset victory by the visiting University of Notre Dame over Army in 1924 led to Grantland Rice's famous article about the Irish backfield, which he called "The Four Horsemen". The field was also the site of several Army-Navy Games in the 1910s and 1920s.

The football Giants hosted the 1934, 1938, 1944, and 1946 NFL championship games at the Polo Grounds. In addition the Boston Redskins moved the 1936 game from Boston to the Polo Grounds, as part of their transition in relocating to Washington.

The Polo Grounds was the site of many famous boxing matches as well, most notably the legendary 1923 heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Luis Firpo.

[edit] Soccer

The Polo Grounds has held its fair share of international soccer matches as well over the years. In 1926, Hakoah, an all-Jewish side from Vienna, Austria, "drew the largest crowds ever to watch soccer in America up to that time: three successive games drew 25,000, 30,000, and 36,000 spectators. The highlight of the tour was a May 1, 1926 exhibition game between Hakoah and an American Soccer League all-New York team which drew 46,000 fans to the Polo Grounds in New York." The ASL team won 3 - 0.

The first soccer played at the Polo Grounds was as far back as 1894 when the owners of the various major Baseball clubs thought it would be a great way to fill their stadiums in the off season. Six famous baseball franchises of the era formed Association Football sections and fans were told that many would be fielding their baseball stars on the Football field in the opening season. The New York Giants soccer team took the field in an all white kit with black socks and played six games before the threat of a rival baseball league being formed diverted the owner's attention away from their new venture and caused it to be suspended mid season. The Giants lay third in the league after six games with two victories, having played their matches in midweek in front of attendances in the high hundreds paying 25 cents a game. Although the owners remained positive about the venture and wanted to run it again the following season this never happened and the Giants' soccer team were no more. Ref

Here is photographic proof that soccer was played at the Polo Grounds

On May 19 1935, the Scotland national football team toured the United States, and in their first game played against an ASL All-Star squad which was unofficially representing the United States. Scotland won 5 - 1 in front of 25, 000 people at the Polo Grounds. In 1939, the Scots returned to America for another tour, and played at the Polo Grounds twice. In their first game at the Polo Grounds on May 21, 1939, Scotland tied the Eastern USA All-Stars 1 - 1 in front of 25,072 fans. In their second game at the Polo Grounds on June 18, 1939, Scotland beat the American League Stars 4 - 2.

Following World War II, on September 26 1948, the USA beat the Israel 3 - 1 in their first ever game since independence before 25,000 fans at the Polo Grounds. On June 9 1950, a crowd of 21, 000 fans came to the Polo Grounds to watch a 'International Dream Double Header'. Beşiktaş J.K. of Turkey defeated the American Soccer League All-Stars 3-1, and then Manchester United defeated Jönköping (the top amateur team in Sweden) 4-0. On May 17, 1960, Birmingham City of England played Third Lanark of Scotland and lost 4 - 1 at the Polo Grounds in New York City. On August 6 of the same year, 25, 440 patrons showed up at the Polo Grounds to watch the inaugural International Soccer League Final which saw Bangu of Brazil edge out Kilmarnock FC of Scotland 2 - 0. The following year 1961 may have been the last year documented that soccer was played at the Polo Grounds. The second edition of the International Soccer League held most of its game at the Polo Grounds, with a few games held in Montreal. On July 16, 1961 Shamrock Rovers beat Red Star Belgrade 5-1, on August 9, Dukla Prague beat Everton 7 - 0, and 4 days later on August 13, Dukla Prague beat Everton again 2 - 0, thus winning the Dwight D. Eisenhower Trophy. The combined attendance for both games at the Polo Grounds was 31, 627. In domestic league soccer, the Polo Grounds was the home to the New York Nationals of the American Soccer League in 1928.

[edit] Gaelic football

On September 14, 1947, the Polo Grounds hosted the final of the All-Ireland Senior Gaelic Football championship between Cavan and Kerry. It was decided that New York would host this match as a commemoration of the 1847 Irish famine which forced a large number of Irish people to emigrate to America. This novel location for the game was chosen for the benefit of New York's large Irish immigrant population. It was the first, and only, time that the final has been played outside of Ireland.

[edit] Center field

Willie Mays, The Catch and the 483 sign in 1954.

In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series, Giants outfielder Willie Mays made a sensational catch of a fly ball hit by the Cleveland Indians' Vic Wertz into deep center field, a catch which in the words of radio announcer Jack Brickhouse, "Must have looked like an optical illusion to a lot of people", and which turned the tide of that Series in the Giants' favor.

Babe Ruth hit many of his early signature blasts at the Polo Grounds, reaching the center field seats on several occasions. His longest blast at the grounds, over the right-center upper deck in 1921, was estimated at over 550 feet. Had Ruth played regularly in the remodeled Polo Grounds, he would have been capable of hitting the clubhouse if conditions were right. Neither he nor anyone else ever did, but a few came close.

After the 1923 remodeling, only four players ever hit a home run into the center field stands:

• Luke Easter in a Negro League game in 1948
• Joe Adcock in 1953
• Hank Aaron and Lou Brock on consecutive days in 1962.

Brock is the surprising name on that list, as he was noted mostly for hits and stolen bases (especially after being traded to the Cardinals in 1964), but he displayed power-hitting capability from time to time.

[edit] The final years

Although the Polo Grounds had once been as celebrated as Yankee Stadium now is, the end of the Polo Grounds' existence was anticlimactic. Part of the problem was that the stadium was not well maintained from the late 1940s onward; while the Giants owned the stadium, they did not own the parcel where it stood. Also, the neighborhood around it had already gone to seed. All of this combined to severely hold down ticket sales, even when the Giants played well. In 1954, for instance, the baseball Giants only drew 1.1 million fans (compared to over 2 million for the Milwaukee Braves) even as they won the World Series.

The football Giants left for Yankee Stadium following the 1955 NFL season, and the baseball Giants' disastrous 1956 season (most of which they spent in last place before a late-season surge moved them up to 6th) caused a further drag on ticket sales. The Giants' 1956 attendance was less than half of the figure for the Giants' World Series-winning 1954 season. That meant little to no money for stadium upkeep.

Frustrated with the subsequent obsolescence and dilapidated condition of the Polo Grounds and the inability to secure a more modern stadium in the New York area, the Giants announced on August 19, 1957 that they would move following that season, after nearly three-quarters of a century, to the West Coast. The ballpark then sat largely vacant for the next three years, until the newly-formed Titans and then the newly-formed Mets moved in, using the Polo Grounds as an interim home while Shea Stadium was being built. (As a 1962 baseball magazine noted, "The Mets will have to play in the Polo Grounds, hardly the last word in 20th Century stadia.")

In the 1992 book The Gospel According to Casey, by Ira Berkow and Jim Kaplan, it is reported that in 1963, the Mets manager Casey Stengel, who had bittersweet memories of his playing days at the grounds, had this to say during a rough outing to pitcher Tracy Stallard, whose greatest claim to fame had been giving up Roger Maris' 61st homer in 1961: "At the end of this season, they're gonna tear this joint down. The way you're pitching, the right field section will be gone already!"

The final incarnation of the stadium was indeed demolished in 1964, and a public housing project was erected on the site. Demolition of the Polo Grounds began in April of that year with the same wrecking ball (painted to look like a baseball) that had been used four years earlier on Ebbets Field. The wrecking crew wore Giants jerseys and tipped their hard hats to the historic stadium as they began the dismantling. It took a crew of 60 workers more than four months to level the structure.

[edit] Timeline and teams

• Polo Grounds I
  • Gothams/Giants (National League), 1883-1888
  • Mets (American Association), 1883-1885
• Polo Grounds II (otherwise known as Manhattan Field)
  • Giants (NL), 1889-1890
• Polo Grounds III (originally called Brotherhood Park)
  • Giants (Players' League), 1890
  • Giants (NL), 1891-1911
• Polo Grounds IV (also known as Brush Stadium from 1911 to 1919)
  • Giants (NL), 1911-1957
  • Yankees (American League), 1913-1922
  • Giants (NFL), 1925-1955
  • Bulldogs (NFL) 1949
  • Titans/Jets (AFL), 1960-1963
  • Mets (NL), 1962-1963

[edit] Dimensions

Diagram of the Polo Grounds drawn in 1951

Compiled from various photos, baseball annuals, The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball (Turkin & Thompson, 1951) and Green Cathedrals by Phil Lowry.

1890

• Left Field Line - 335 ft. (not posted)
• Center Field - 500 ft. (not posted)
• Right Field Line - 335 ft. (not posted)

1911-1922

• Left Field Line - 277 ft. (not posted)
• Center Field - 433 ft. (not posted)
• Right Field Line - 258 ft. (not posted)

1923-1957

• Left Field Line - 279 ft. (not posted - sometimes listed as 280)
• Left Field Upper Deck Overhang - about 250 ft.
• Shallow Left Center - 315 ft.
• Left Center 1 - 360 ft.
• Left Center 2 - 414 ft.
• Deep Left Center - 447 ft. left of bullpen curve
• Deep Left Center - 455 ft. right of bullpen curve
• Center Field - approx. 425 ft. (unposted) corners of runways
• Center Field - 483 ft. posted on front of clubhouse balcony, sometimes 475 ft.
• Center Field - 505 ft. (unposted) sometimes given as total C.F. distance
• Deep Right Center - 455 ft. left of bullpen curve
• Deep Right Center - 449 ft. right of bullpen curve
• Right Center 2 - 395 ft.
• Right Center 1 - 338 ft.
• Shallow Right Center - 294 ft.
• Right Field Line - 257 ft. 3 3/8 in. (not posted - sometimes listed as 258)
• Backstop - 65 ft. sometimes also given as 74 ft.

[edit] Seating capacity

1911-1922

• 34,000

1923-1957

• 56,000

[edit] See also

• Polo Grounds Shuttle, an elevated railway shuttle to the grounds

[edit] Sources

• Green Cathedrals, by Philip J. Lowry
• Ballparks of North America, by Michael Benson
• Land of the Giants: New York's Polo Grounds, by Stew Thornley
• Summer in the City, text by Vic Ziegel, N.Y. Daily News photos edited by Claus Guglberger (pp.8,71,126,184 provide good documentation of the distance-markers on the walls)
• The Game: The Harvard-Yale Football Rivalry, 1875-1983, by Thomas G. Bergin. Yale Press, 1984.
• "A Game of Base-Ball at the Polo Grounds, New York City, on Decoration Day — Yale vs. Princeton." Harper's Young People, v. III (1882), p. 524.

[edit] External links

• Polo Grounds dynamic diagram at Clem's Baseball
• Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds I
• Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds II (covers second through fourth Polo Grounds)
• San Francisco Giants : History : Ballparks
• The 1947 All-Ireland final
• American Soccer History Archives
• National Soccer Hall of Fame

Coordinates: 40°49′51.01″N, 73°56′15.33″W