Ocarina
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The ocarina (IPA: /ɒkəˈriːnə/) is an ancient flute-like wind instrument.[1] While several variations exist, an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a mouth tube projecting out from the body. It is often ceramic, but many other materials, such as plastic, wood, glass, and metal, may also be used.
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[edit] History
[edit] Ancient history
The ocarina is a very old family of instruments, believed to date back some 12,000 years.[2] Ocarina-type instruments have been of particular importance in Chinese and Mesoamerican cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their long history of song and dance. The ocarina has similar features to the Xun, another important Chinese instrument. [3] Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by Cortés, resulted in the introduction of the ocarina to the courts of Europe. Both the Mayans and Aztecs had produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina to Europe. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument.[4][5]
[edit] Budrio, Italy
Its common use in Western countries dates back to the 19th century in Budrio, a town near Bologna, Italy, where Giuseppe Donati transformed the ocarina from a toy, which only played a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument (known as the first "classical" ocarinas). The word ocarina is derived from Italian meaning "little goose." The earlier form was known in Europe as a gemshorn; which was made from animal horns.
Budrio continues its tradition in the form of the Fabio Menaglio ocarina workshops, which produce a full range of professional instruments. Also, Budrio is home of a well-known classical ocarina group, "Gruppo Ocarinistico Budriese" (since 1865).
[edit] Recent history
In 1900 Sears, Roebuck and Company began selling ocarinas through their mail-order catalog. It soon developed its American name, the "Sweet Potato", because of its round shape and sweet sound. During World War II, American soldiers were issued plastic ocarinas by the U.S. Army as a morale booster.[4]
In 1998, Nintendo released the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, a successful and critically acclaimed game in which an ocarina plays a prevalent and important role.[6] The ocarina in this game has a range of B to F.
Today the ocarina is most developed and popular in Korea, Japan and Taiwan, as well as in Italy where an annual ocarina festival is held. Professional musicians who play the ocarina include: Nancy Rumbel, Kenji Ogawa, Osawa Satoshi, Nomura Sojiro and Paolo Gavelli.
[edit] Musical performance
[edit] Tone production/acoustics
How an ocarina works:
- Air enters through the windway
- Air strikes the labium, producing sound
- Air vibrates throughout the inside of the ocarina
- Covering and uncovering holes lowers and raises the pitch
The ocarina, unlike other vessel flutes, has the unusual quality of not relying on the pipe length to produce a particular tone. Instead the tone is dependent on the ratio of the total surface area of opened holes to the total cubic volume enclosed by the instrument. This means that, unlike a flute or recorder, sound is created by resonance of the entire cavity and the placement of the holes on an ocarina is largely irrelevant — their size is the most important factor. However, instruments that have toneholes close to the voicing/embouchure should be avoided, because this weakens tonal production. Since an ocarina is a Helmholtz resonator, the frequency of the tone played is:
Where v is the speed of sound, A is the total uncovered area and V is the enclosed volume.
The resonator in the ocarina can create overtones, but because of the common "egg" shape, these overtones are many octaves above the keynote scale.[7] In similar Helmholtz resonator instruments with a narrow cone shape, like the Gemshorn or Tonette, some partial overtones are available. The technique of overblowing to get a range of higher pitched notes is not possible with the ocarina because of its vessel shape, so the range of pitches available is limited to a 12th. Some Ocarina makers increase the range by designing double- or triple-chambered ocarinas tuned 1 octave apart.
Different notes are produced by covering the holes, and by opening and closing more or less of the total hole area. The tone is then produced through the sound hole/embouchure. The tone can also be varied by changing the strength with which one blows through the instrument (pitch bending).
[edit] Musical notation/tabulature
There are three main ways that music is written for the ocarina.
The most apparent, and recommended form of notation is the use of sheet music. There are archives of sheet music, which are either specifically written for ocarinas, or have been adapted from piano sheet music and transposed or arranged to fit within the ocarina's range. Since the ocarina is a fully chromatic instrument that can be played at the professional level in many musical backgrounds, including classical and folk, sheet music is the ideal notation to use for ocarinas.
Secondly is the use of numerical tablature, which expresses the musical notes as numbers. Some makers have developed their own system of numerical tablature for their ocarinas, while others follow a more universal system where numbers correspond to different notes on the scale. This method is often used by beginners who have not learned to read sheet music.
Thirdly, some beginners makes use of a pictorial tablature similar to the ocarina's finger hole pattern with blackened holes representing which holes should be covered. The tablature represents the holes on the top of the ocarina, and, where necessary, the holes on the underside. This enables easy playing, particularly for beginners. The most popular tabulature systems are 1) The John Taylor 4 hole system (Invented in 1964 by British mathematician John Taylor) and 2) The 10 hole sweet potato system (credited to inventor Giuseppe Donati of Budrio Italy). Depending on the artist, some may write a number or figure over the picture to depict how many beats to hold the note.[8]
[edit] Types of ocarina
There are many different styles of ocarinas varying in shape and the number of holes.
- Transverse (Sweet potato) - This is the most well known style of ocarina. It has a rounded shape and is held with two hands horizontally. Depending on the number of holes, one just needs to open one more hole than the previous in order to ascend in pitch. The two most common Transverse ocarinas are the 10-holes (originated by Giuseppe Donati in Italy) and the 12-holes.
- Pendant - These are usually very small and very portable. Two kinds exist. One being the "English" Pendant, which uses an English fingering system (4-6 holes). The other being the "Peruvian" Pendant, which uses a Peruvian fingering system (8-10 holes). English Pendants are more common, while Peruvian Pendants are sometimes considered a collectors ocarina.
- Inline - These are often called a "fusion" of the Pendant and the Transverse. This style is known for being very small and compact, yet there are more holes than the pendant. This allows one to ascend in pitch with the linear finger pattern rather than finger combinations
- Multi chambered ocarinas - Better known as "Double" and "Triple" ocarinas, this type exists within the three broad categories of ocarina. These ocarinas overcome the disadvantage of ocarinas of having a limited range of notes. A Transverse Double ocarina typically plays 2 octaves + 2 notes, and a Transverse Triple ocarina plays with a range about 2 octaves + 7 notes. Double ocarinas for Pendant and Inline ocarinas also exist. Double Inline ocarinas are specially designed to be able to play chords, for harmonic playing.
Ocarinas with keys have been produced by several makers, mostly experimentally, beginning in the late 19th century. Keys and slides may be added with the intention of either expanding the instrument's range, or to enable the fingers to reach holes that are widely spaced.
[edit] Gallery
 A modern Double Transverse ocarina from Korea. Gives the ocarina extended range and enables to play chords. |
 A modern "inline" style ocarina from America. Made of polycarbonate plastic. |
 Blue and white pattern transverse ocarina, early 20th Century. |
 Front and back view of transverse ocarinas. The double holes on front indicate a fingering system developed in 20th Century Japan. |
 The English pendant ocarina, invented in the 1960s by John Taylor, produces an entire octave using just four finger holes. |
 Ocarinas owned by an amateur ocarinist. |
 Ocarinas owned by a professional ocarinist. |
[edit] Similar instruments
Other vessel flutes include the Chinese xun and African globe flutes. The xun (simplified Chinese: 埙; traditional: 塤; pinyin: xūn) is a Chinese vessel flute made of clay or ceramic. It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments. Shaped like an egg, it differs from the ocarina in being side-blown, like the Western concert flute, rather than having a recorder-like mouthpiece (a fipple or beak). Similar instruments exist in Korea (the hun) and Japan (the tsuchibue).
A related family of instruments is the closed-pipe family, which includes the panpipes and other instruments which produce their tone by vibrating a column of air within a stopped cylinder.
The old fashioned jugband jug also has similar properties.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ History of the Ocarina. STL Ocarina. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
- ^ a b History of the Ocarina. Song Bird Ocarina. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
- ^ A Brief History. Terry Riley Vessel Flutes. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
- ^ Zelda Breaks All Records. IGN (1999-01-07). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
- ^ Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. Arthur H. Benade pp.473–476
- ^ Ocarina Fingering Charts. www.hindocarina.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
[edit] External links
- The Ocarina Network - A lively and welcoming ocarina community with resources for new players, continuous fresh music for experienced players, and great forum for all.
- The Chuckerbutty Ocarina Quartet – British ocarina quartet, with sound samples.
- Ocarina Room – Information on making and playing, and mp3.
- Free Ocarina Sample Library
- Ocarina Festivals – Mp3 of several groups.
- Design & Technology - Guild to making a paper Ocarina with instructions.
- A maker of ocarinas - Performs on his own ocarina.
- Osawa Satoshi performs Csardas - A professional live Ocarina performance.
- Ocarina Review
