Newton da Costa
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Newton Carneiro Affonso da Costa (born on 16 September in 1929 in Curitiba, Brazil), Professor Emeritus, is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher of international reputation. He studied engineering and mathematics at the Federal University of Paraná in Curitiba and the title of his 1961 Ph.D. Dissertation was Topological spaces and continuous functions.
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[edit] Work
[edit] Paraconsistency
Da Costa's international recognition came especially through his work on paraconsistent logic and its application to various fields such as philosophy, law, computing, and artificial intelligence. He is one of the founders of this non-classical logic. In addition, he constructed the theory of quasi-truth that constitutes a generalization of Alfred Tarski's theory of truth, and applied it to the foundations of science.
[edit] Other fields; foundations of physics
The scope of his research also includes model theory, generalized Galois theory, axiomatic foundations of quantum theory and relativity, complexity theory, and abstract logics. Da Costa has significantly contributed to the philosophy of logic, paraconsistent modal logics, ontology, and philosophy of science. He served as the President of the Brazilian Association of Logic and the Director of the Institute of Mathematics at the University of Sao Paulo. He received many awards and held numerous visiting scholarships at universities and centers of research in all continents.
Da Costa and physicist F. A. Doria axiomatized large portions of classical physics with the help of Suppes predicates. They used that technique to show that for the axiomatized version of dynamical systems theory, chaotic properties of those systems are undecidable and Gödel-incomplete, that is, a sentence like X is chaotic is undecidable within that axiomatics. They later exhibited similar results for systems in other areas, such as mathematical economics.
Da Costa believes that the significant progress in the field of logic will give rise to new fundamental developments in computing and technology, especially in connection with non-classical logics and their applications.
[edit] P = NP
Together with Francisco Antonio Doria, Da Costa has published two papers with conditional relative proofs of the consistency of P = NP with the usual set-theoretic axioms ZFC. The results they obtain are similar to the results of DeMillo and Lipton (consistency of P = NP with fragments of arithmetic) and those of Sazonov and Maté (conditional proofs of the consistency of P = NP with strong systems).
Basically da Costa and Doria define a formal sentence [P = NP]' which is the same as P = NP in the standard model for arithmetic; however, because [P = NP]' by its very definition includes a disjunct that is not refutable in ZFC, [P = NP]' is not refutable in ZFC, so ZFC + [P = NP]' is consistent (assuming that ZFC is). The paper then continues by an informal proof of the implication
- If ZFC + [P = NP]' is consistent, then so is ZFC + [P = NP].
However, a review by Ralf Schindler[1] points out that this last step is too short and contains a gap. A recently published (2006) clarification by the authors shows that their intent was to exhibit a conditional result that was dependent on a naïvely plausible condition. The 2003 conditional result can be reformulated, according to da Costa and Doria 2006 (in press), as
- If ZFC + [P = NP]' is omega-consistent, then ZFC + [P = NP] is consistent.
So far no formal argument has been constructed to show that ZFC + [P = NP]' is omega-consistent.
[edit] Selected publications
[edit] Articles and lectures
- N.C.A. da Costa, Sistemas Formais Inconsistentes. Curitiba, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 1963.
- N.C.A. da Costa, On the theory of inconsistent formal systems. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 1974 ; 15: 497-510.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with L. Dubikajtis), On Jaskowski's Discussive Logic. Non-Classical Logics, Model Theory and Computability, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp.37-56, 1977.
- N.C.A. da Costa, Pragmatic probability. Erkenntnis 1986; 25: 141-162.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with V.S. Subrahmanian), Paraconsistent logic as a formalism for reasoning about inconsistent knowledge bases. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1989; 1: 167-174.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with F.A. Doria), Undecidability and incompleteness in classical mechanics, International J. Theoretical Physics, vol. 30 (1991), 1041-1073.
- N.C.A. da Costa, Paraconsistent logic. In Stanisław Jaškowski Memorial Symposium, pp. 29-35. Department of Logic, Nicholas Copernicus University of Toruń. 1998.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with O. Bueno and S. French), Is there a Zande Logic? History and Philosophy of Logic 1998; 19: 41-54.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with O. Bueno and A.G. Volkov), Outline of a paraconsistent category theory. In P Weingartner (ed.), Alternative Logics: Do Sciences Need them? Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004, pp. 95-114.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with F. A. Doria), Consequences of an exotic definition for P = NP. Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 145 (2003), 655-665, and Addendum to `Consequences...' . Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 172 (2006), 1364-1367.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with F. A. Doria), Computing the future, in Computability, Complexity and Constructivity in Economic Analysis, ed. K. V. Velupillai, Blackwell, 2005.
- N.C.A. da Costa (with F. A. Doria), Some thoughts on hypercomputation, Applied Mathematics and Computation, in press (2006).
[edit] Books
- N.C.A. da Costa, Lógica Indutiva e Probabilidade. Hucitec-EdUSP, 2a. ed., São Paulo, 1993.
- N.C.A. da Costa, Logique Classique et Non-Classique. Paris, Masson, 1997.
- N.C.A. da Costa, O conhecimento científico. São Paulo, Discurso Editorial, 2a. Ed., 1999.
- N.C.A. da Costa, J.M. Abe, J.I. da Silva Filho, A.C. Murolo and C.F.S. Leite Lógica Paraconsistente Aplicada. São Paulo, Atlas, 1999.
- N.C.A. da Costa and S. French, Science and Partial Truth: A Unitary Approach to Models and Scientific Reasoning. (Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Science), Oxford University Press, 2003.
[edit] Essays on N. C. A. da Costa
Nicola Grana, Sulla teoria delle valutazioni di N.C.A. da Costa. Naples: Liguri Editore, 1990. Pp. 75.
[edit] References
- ^ Schindler's review of the P = NP paper (Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, v. 10 no. 1, March 2004, p. 118f)
