Near-close near-back vowel

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IPA – number	321
IPA – text	ʊ
IPA – image
Entity	ʊ
X-SAMPA	U
Kirshenbaum	U
Sound sample (help·info)

The near-close near-back vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the near-close near-back rounded vowel is ʊ. This derives from a small turned capital Ω; although officially called a small Latin letter upsilon, it bears little resemblance to the Greek upsilon and is informally called "horseshoe u" instead. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is U. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ɷ, called "closed omega". This symbol is no longer supported by the IPA.

Some languages may have a near-close near-back unrounded vowel; since no language is known to contrast rounding of this vowel, the IPA has not devised a standard way to represent this and thus can be represented in a number of ways, including <ɯ̽> and <ʊ̜>.

Contents 1 Near-close near-back vowel 1.1 Features 1.2 Occurrence 2 Near-close central rounded vowel 2.1 Features 2.2 Occurrence 3 References 4 Bibliography

[edit] Near-close near-back vowel

[edit] Features

• Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to a close vowel, but slightly less constricted.
• Its vowel backness is near-back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
• Its vowel roundedness is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded. However, no language is known to contrast rounding this place of articulation, so the IPA symbol has not devised separate symbols.

[edit] Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, the unrounded vowel is represented by the "less-rounded" diacritic [ʊ̜]:

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		كتب	[ˈkʊtʊb]	'books'	See Arabic phonology
English		hook	[hʊ̜k]	'hook'	May be only slightly rounded. See English phonology
Faroese		hvalur	[kvɛalʊɹ]	'whale'
French	Quebec	foule	[fʊl]	'crowd'	See French phonology
German		schutz	[ʃʊts]	'protection'	See German phonology
Russian[1]		сухой	[sʊˈxo̞j]	'dry'	Unstressed allophone of /u/. See Russian phonology
Portuguese	European[2]	pegar	[pʊ̜ˈgaɾ]	'to hold'	Unstressed vowel. See Portuguese phonology
	Brazilian[3]	saco	[ˈsakʊ]	'bag'
Swedish		ort	[ʊʈ] (help·info)	'(geographic) place'	See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese		thu	[tʰʊw]	'autumn'	See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] Near-close central rounded vowel

The near-close central rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound as < ʊ̈ > (centralized ʊ) or < ʉ̞ > (lowered ʉ). Recently the OED has adopted an unofficial extension of the IPA, ʊ̵, that is a conflation of ʊ and ʉ, for this sound or for free variation between [ʊ] and [ə].

[edit] Features

• Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to a close vowel, but slightly less constricted.
• Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
• Its vowel roundedness is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English		euphoria	[jʊ̈ˈfɔəɹiə]	'euphoria'	See English phonology. Reduced form of the vowel /uː/.
Russian[4]		ютиться	[jʉ̞ˈtʲit͡sə]	'to huddle'	Only occurs between palatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
• Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press