Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Tibetan)
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Romanisation systems for the Tibetan language can be roughly grouped in three categories:
- 1. transliterations according to the Tibetan spelling
- 2. transcriptions based on the pronunciation in a certain dialect (for example in the dialect of Lhasa)
- 3. mixed forms of these two principles.
There is no agreement yet on Wikipedia about how to spell Tibetan names. This article is meant to start a discussion and contains a preliminary recommendation at the end.
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[edit] Transliteration according to Tibetan spelling
Tibetan spelling does not simply reflect pronunciation of the modern spoken dialects. It is a pan-dialectal, historical orthography. For the transliteration of written Tibetan, the system of Turrel Wylie has been adopted by most scholars. Whether the "root letters" ought to be capitalized is immaterial, since readers capable of benefitting from the Tibetan text can be expected to discern the root letters by themselves.
The Library of Congress system, whose Romanization scheme is designed to resemble those used for various Indic languages, is also sometimes encountered. Its use by the Library of Congress can be attributed to the numeric superiority of Sanskritists and other Indian specialists, over Tibetologists.
Outside scholarly articles, the Wylie and Library of Congress systems are rarely used, since reading audiences apparently rebel when faced with words like "Sprul Sku" (instead of say, "Tulku").
[edit] Transcription according to pronunciation
For practical purposes, there are several systems to represent the pronunciation of Tibetan according to the dialects of Lhasa and other regions. Many of these are championed mainly by their creators. The main difficulties are:
- the necessity of chosing among dialects and accents,
- a certain disconnect between the colloquial and literary languages (not everything that is written, would normally be spoken)
- the problem of rendering Tibetan sounds into a system understandable by non-specialists. (Would "Jigmay Lingba" be preferable to "Jigme Lingpa"?)
The Chinese government has developed an official system that falls into this category. It is modelled to some extent on Hanyu Pinyin, the official system to transcribe Chinese words. This system is officially used for Tibetan place names in China, and has not yet been adopted by English-language writers.
[edit] Mixed systems
Very often, mixed forms, based mostly on pronunciation, but also to some extent reflecting traditional Tibetan spellings, e.g. the three series of plosive consonants (voiceless - aspirate - voiced, such as k - kh - g), or differenciating between consonant clusters of the written language that don't have different pronunciations (e.g. br- and dr-).
Some very common transcriptions neither reflect the pronunciation nor the spelling, such as the T- in "Tashilhunpo" (also spelled Tashilumpo, Tashilhünpo, etc.). The name of the monastery is pronounced [ʈʂaɕiɬynpo] in the Lhasa dialect. [t] and [ʈʂ] are two different phonemes in Tibetan, and in many other words [ʈʂ] is often transcribed as tr- (Trashilhunpo). The official transcription represents this initial as Zh-: Zhaxilhünbo.
[edit] Examples
| Wylie | People's Republic of China's Tibetan Pinyin | common transcriptions |
|---|---|---|
| gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Shigatse, Shikatse, etc. |
| bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
| ’bras-spung | Zhaibung | Drepung, Drebung, Drepung |
[edit] Tibetan spellings on Wikipedia
| Naming conventions (Tibetan) | |
|---|---|
| Tibetan name | |
| Tibetan: | བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་ |
| Wylie transliteration: | bkra shis lhun po |
| pronunciation in IPA: | [ʈʂaɕiɬympɔ] |
| official transcription (PRC): | Zhaxilhünbo |
| THDL: | Trashilhünpo |
| other transcriptions: | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo |
| Chinese name | |
| traditional: | 扎什倫布寺 |
| simplified: | 扎什伦布寺 |
| Pinyin: | Zhāshílúnbù Sì |
Articles on Tibetan place names in the People's Republic of China (Tibetan Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Gansu, Qinghai etc.) should be named according to the official spellings, such as given in the Gazetteer of China. The introduction should give the name in Wylie transliteration and - if necessary - in other common English spellings.
There is no agreement yet on how to spell Tibetan personal names. The introduction should contain the name in Wylie transcription, the official spelling and - if necessary - other common English spellings. If the figure is a writer who has published in Western languages, his or her spelling preferences should be followed (e.g., "Chögyam Trungpa").
The template Bo-zh-box can be used for Tibetan and Chinese terms, see example on the right.
[edit] References
- Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4. Contains official spellings for place names.
- Chén Guānshèng 陈观胜, Ān Cáidàn 安才旦 (eds.): Chángjiàn Zàngyǔ rénmíng dìmíng cídiǎn 常见藏语人名地名词典 / Dictionary of Common tibetan Personal and Place Names (Běijīng 北京, Foreign Languages Press / Wàiwén chūbǎnshè 外文出版社 2004); ISBN 7-119-03497-9. This dictionary does not contain official spellings.
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THDL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library, December 12th, 2003).
