Mary Ritter Beard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Mary Ritter Beard | |
| Born | August 5, 1876 Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana |
|---|---|
| Died | August 14, 1958 (aged 82) |
| Burial place | Hartsdale, Westchester County, New York |
| Nationality |  American |
| Alma mater | DePauw University, 1897 |
| Occupation | Women's rights activist, historian, and archivist |
| Employers | New York City Suffrage Party Congressional Union World Center for Women's Archives (1935-1940) |
| Spouse | Charles A. Beard (1900-1948) |
| Children | 2 |
Mary Ritter Beard (August 5, 1876 in Indianapolis, Indiana – August 14, 1958) was an influential American historian and archivist, who played an important role in the women's suffrage movement and was a life-long advocate for social justice through educational and activist roles in both the labor and woman's rights movements. She wrote several books on women's role in history including On Understanding Women (1931), (Ed.) America Through Women's Eyes (1933) and Woman As Force In History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (1946). In addition, she collaborated with her husband, eminent historian Charles Austin Beard on several distinguished works, most notably The Rise of American Civilization (1927).
Contents |
[edit] Early life
[edit] Family background
Mary Ritter Beard was born on August 5, 1876 in Indianapolis, Indiana, the fourth of seven children, and the first daughter, born to Narcissa Lockwood and Eli Foster Ritter.[1] Narcissa was born in Paris, Kentucky, graduated from Brookville Academy in Thornton, Kentucky and later worked there as a teacher for a short time before moving with her family to Greencastle, Indiana (home to Asbury, now DePauw University in 1861. Born to Quaker parents, Eli grew up on a farm close to Indianapolis, Indiana. He attended Northwestern Christian College for two years before enrolling in Asbury University in 1861, and made the unorthodox decision for a Quaker of joining the Union Army shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War. He went back to Greencastle to marry Narcissa in 1863 before returning to the army where he served for the remainder of the war. Back at Asbury following his service he completed his bachelor’s degree and entered into law practice in Indianapolis. His eyes weak from exposure during the war, Eli relied on Narcissa to read to him to help him complete his studies at Asbury and in preparation for the bar exam.
[edit] Education and intellectual development
Beard attended public schools in Indianapolis and graduated as valedictorian of her high school class before enrolling at DePauw University, as would all the Ritter children, in 1893. She was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta and president of her class.
Beard claimed to be influenced by two of her sorority sisters who refused to limit themselves to conventional courses and activities for women and, most importantly by her German professor, Dr. Henry B. Longden. He taught German as more than a language, incorporating culture, literature and philosophy into his teaching, asking his students to see their studies in a much broader context. It was at DePauw where she met and started a relationship with her future husband, Charles Austin Beard.
[edit] Marriage and family life
After graduating from DePauw in 1897 Mary found employment in the Greencastle public school system as a German teacher while Charles traveled to England for graduate studies at the University of Oxford in 1898. He returned in late 1899 for Mary, they were wed in March of 1900 and she accompanied him to England a month later, where he continued his studies. They settled first in Oxford and later in Manchester where their first child, Miriam, was born in 1901. Deciding they wanted to raise Miriam in the United States, they moved to New York City in 1902 where they both enrolled as graduate students at Columbia University. While Mary eventually discontinued her studies in Sociology, Charles completed his PhD, became a lecturer and then a professor at Columbia where he remained until 1917. Their son William was born in 1907.
[edit] European influences
While in England Beard observed the plight of British industrial society, developed friendships with a wide variety of radicals and progressive leaders amongst the cooperative Socialists and the labor movement as well as the militant suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin and other influential European intellectuals. It was here that Beard began to read and write history and was deeply influenced by what she learned of the struggles of the working class, the urgency and passion of the women’s suffrage movement and the possibilities for social reform.
[edit] Suffrage movement
Beard became involved in the suffrage movement through her activism in labor organizations such as the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) where she hoped to improve the conditions under which women labored. She came to believe that suffrage would hasten governmental regulation of economic conditions which would improve the lives of the working class. In addition to WTUL, Beard worked for the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women (later the Women’s Political Union) and became a leader within the New York City Suffrage Party (NYCSP) where she helped edit its publication The Woman Voter. She left the NYCSP in 1913 to join the Congressional Union (CU) (later the National Woman’s Party) at the request of the young feminists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, where she became an executive member of its board and editor of its weekly magazine The Suffragist. As an important contributor to the CU, Beard helped plan strategy, organized and participated in demonstrations, lectured, wrote articles and testified before Congress on multiple occasions.
[edit] Developing ideas and changing tactics
With the successful passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution behind her, Beard began to concentrate more fully on her writing and to further develop her philosophy concerning women in history which frequently set her at odds with the feminist movement. Along with her husband Charles, she had been an active proponent of the “New History” movement which sought to include social, cultural and economic factors in written history —an important step towards including the contributions of women. Beard expanded on this concept, contending that the proper study of women’s “long history”, from primitive pre-history to the present would reveal that women have always played a central role in all civilizations. She emphasized that women were different from men but that did not make their contributions of any less value, their significance was simply not being recognized. Beard took issue with feminists of the era who she believed viewed their history as one of oppression and their goal as equality with men, which they worked toward through, among other things, their advocacy for an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). To Beard, that history was not only inaccurate but unhelpful and that striving to be like men was not an adequate goal, she felt, because women can and should offer something different and more socially beneficial to society, that women should be providers of “culture and civilization”.[2] She attempted to educate women about their history through her writing and when she felt she wasn’t reaching her audience she changed tactics.
[edit] Archives
With the help of international peace activist and feminist Rosika Schwimmer, Beard founded the World Center for Women’s Archives (WCWA) in 1935. As director of the Center, Beard hoped to not only collect any and all manner of women’s published and unpublished records, but to establish an educational institution, a place that would aid in the writing of history and the education of women. While the Center initially gained a great deal of publicity, collected many materials, inspired records preservation, generated interest in women’s history, was endorsed by Eleanor Roosevelt, and eventually led to the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America at Radcliffe College and the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College, the Center never lived up to Beard’s expectations. She directed the Center for five years while dealing with a multitude of competing interests, a result of long-standing differences within the women’s movement, before resigning in 1940. The Center folded two months later, largely because of internal strife as well as a lack of funding.[3]
Despite Beard’s passion for the archives project and extensive work in acquiring the personal papers of women throughout the world from all times in history, she, along with her husband destroyed nearly all of their papers and manuscripts before their deaths and requested of their children in their will that they not publish any of their letters, while never giving any explanation.
She was interred in Hartsdale in Westchester County in New York.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Barbara Turoff; Mary Ritter Beard as Force in History, p. 7; Ann Lane, in Mary Ritter Beard: A Sourcebook, writes of two older brothers, Halstead and Roscoe and of Ruth, the youngest of the Ritter’s and mentions two other brothers, no order of birth given, Dwight and Herman, who died while a senior at DePauw University, with no mention of a fifth brother; p. 14. The Biographical Note from the Mary Ritter Beard Papers in the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College states that Mary was the third of six children.
- ^ Turoff, p. 51
- ^ Nancy Cott, A Woman Making History: Mary Ritter Beard Through Her Letters, p. 216-220
[edit] References
- Ann J. Lane, ed. (2000). Making Women’s History: The Essential Mary Ritter Beard. New York City: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York. ISBN 1-55861-219-X.
- Nancy F. Cott, ed. (1991). A Woman Making History: Mary Ritter Beard Through Her Letters. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04825-4.
- Ann J. Lane, ed. (1988). Mary Ritter Beard: A Sourcebook. Boston: First Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-029-X.
[edit] Further reading
- Dubois, Ellen Carol; Lynn Dumenil (2005). Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
[edit] External links
- Woman’s Work in Municipalities
- A Short History of the American Labor Movement
- Mary Ritter Beard Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
- Sophia Smith Collection
- Mary Ritter Beard's Photo & Gravesite
