Marek Hłasko

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Marek Hłasko
Born	January 14, 1934(1934-01-14) Warsaw
Died	June 14, 1969 (aged 35) Wiesbaden
Occupation	Writer

Marek Hłasko (born 14 January 1934 in Warsaw – died 14 June 1969 in Wiesbaden, Germany) – a writer and a famous figure of Polish post-war literature.

Contents 1 Life 2 Artistic work 2.1 Novels 2.2 Short stories 2.3 Memoirs 2.4 A collection of essays 3 Film adaptations of writings 4 References 5 Footnotes

[edit] Life

Hłasko’s biography is highly mythologized, and many of the legends about his life he spread himself. Marek was born in Warsaw, as the only son of Maciej Hłasko and Maria Łucja, née Rosiak ^[1]. At first he was living with his parents in Złotokłos, later they moved to Warsaw. In Hłasko’s family children were baptised relatively late, hence the writer-to-be was baptized on 26 December 1935 in the Church of the Holy Redeemer in Warsaw ^[2]. It is said that during the baptism ceremony when asked if he renounces the evil spirits Marek answered – no. Later these words were reported as the evidence of Marek’s strong character.

Hłasko was three years old when his parents divorced in 1937. Maciej remarried a year later. He died on 13 September 1939, when his only son was five. The war left its stamp on Marek’s psyche, later he wrote "it is obvious to me that I am a product of war times, starvation and terror; it is the reason for the intellectual poverty of my short stories. Simply, I can not think up a story which does not end in death, catastrophe, suicide or imprisonment. Some people accuse me of pretending to be a strong man. They are wrong."^[3] With the outbreak of World War II, Hłasko’s mother was working in the management secretariat of the City Power Station in Warsaw. During the occupation she was fired and ran a food stall till the beginning of the Warsaw Uprising. In consequence, the financial situation of the family worsened. At this time Marek started his education; however, all documents providing information about it were destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising. Among schools he attended one was set near the St. Kazimierz Factory on Tamka Street. During the Warsaw Uprising, Marek stayed with his mother in Warsaw, and when it ended they moved to Częstochowa to their friend’s house. In March 1945, Maria and her son moved to Chorzów and two months later to Białystok, where she settled with Kaziemierz Gryczkiewicz. At the beginning of 1946 Gryczkiewicz, Maria Hłasko and Marek moved to Wrocław.

In the summer of 1946, Marek Hłasko joined the Bolesław Chrobry First Wrocław Scout Troops. In order to become a member of the troop, Marek with his family’s consent, gave 1933^[4] as the year of his birth. Later he was dismissed from the scouts because of the poor attendance at the meetings. Marek worked as a messenger at the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace, held in August 1948 in Wrocław.

The problems connected with Marek’s education also cropped up. Andrzej Czyżewski writes in Hłasko’s biography,"(Marek) began his education at the age of 6 and a half. During the school years he was always one of the youngest pupils in the class. To make things worse, he had a childish appearance. Hence, he could not show off with what a boy in the primary school wants to impress others: strength, dexterity and maturity. He made up for it with the aggression and pertness, even towards his teachers. As a consequence, he hardly had any school mates. He was always an outsider. He walked away before he managed to make friends and get accustomed to them."^[5]. In June 1948 he graduated from the Maria Konopnicka Elementary School in Wrocław.

From September to November 1948, he studied at the Chamber of Commerce’ of the Secondary School of Business and Administration in Wrocław, and from March until June 1949 in the Labour Association of Children Friends’ School in Legnica (at that time he lived in a dormitory). Later, from December 1949 to January 1950, he attended the Technical and Drama High School in Warsaw, yet, in the end of December 1949 and the beginning of January 1950, he was expelled for "a notorious disrespect to school regulations, criminal violations, and wielding a corrupting influence on his colleagues"^[6].

At the age of 16, he obtained his driving licence and started working as a van driver. On 28 September 1950 he was sentenced by the Magistrates' Court to two months of work with a 10% deduction from his salary (as he violated Article 7, point 2 of the Act on Securing Socialist Discipline of Work)^[7]. After working off his sentence he changed his employer.

From 15 November 1950 to 1 January 1951, he worked in the Transport Depot in Bystrzyca Kłodzka. Experiences gained there later inspired him to write a novel Następny do raju (Next stop-Paradise). In January 1951 he moved to Warsaw with his mother and father-in-law. Hłasko often changed his occupation but it was always his own choice. Successively, he worked from 26 February to 15 April 1951 in an Equipment Base of the City’s Construction Union, from 27 April 1951 to 16 June 1952 in a subway construction company "Metrobudowa", from 4 August to 1 December 1952 in a Transport Association of Warsaw Associations of Consumers, and till 30 March 1953 in a Warsaw Transport Enterprise of the City Retail Sale.

Writing became a chance to get out of this mind-numbing activity. His literary career started in 1951 when he wrote Baza Sokołowska, his first set of short stories. Hłasko became a field correspondent for Trybuna Ludowa (a popular Polish daily) when he was working for "Metrobudowa". At the end of 1952 he decided to show fragments of his book to Bohdan Czaszka. His reply letter written on 3 December of the same year included a criticism of Hłasko’s literary attempts; yet, drew attention to the young author’s talent. Moreover, in the same 1952, Hłasko followed Stefan Łoś’s advice and established contact with the Polish Literary Association and Igor Newerly, who was the protector of young writers. Hłasko introduced himself, to both Czaszka and Newerly, as "an uneducated chauffeur who tries to describe his life in his free time after work"^[8].

In April 1953, he received a three-month artistic scholarship from the Polish Literary Association. He, definitively, gave up his driver’s job and went to Wrocław to work on his debut. Moreover, following Bohdan Czaszka’s advice, he wrote a story based on his sketches (a final version of Baza Sokołowska) and finished a novel Sonata marymoncka.

He made his debut with Baza Sokołowska in Sztandar Młodych (a daily paper published in Poland in 1950-1997) in 1954. Quickly, he became known as the most talented writer of the young generation. However, the entering to the literary circle resulted in his alcoholism, which was becoming more and more intense. In 1955-1957 he edited a prose section in Po Prostu (a Polish socio-political magazine published in 1947-57), but he was not a good publicist. In 1956 he finally got his own flat in Warsaw.

He gained publicity and popularity thanks to his original working style as well as his unconventional behaviour and clothing. He was a legendary figure of the young generation, a symbol of non-conformism. He was well-built; however, the physical appearance concealed over-sensitivity and uncertainty. He was prone to depression and could not adapt to everyday reality. Marek’s inclination to rows contrasted with his friends’ positive opinions of him.

In 1958, he went to Paris. Press called him a Western European James Dean, as Hłasko strikingly resembled him. Marek really identified himself with this role: he vandalized pubs and restaurants. At this time, he gained a worldwide publicity. Nonetheless, he liked the life of a vagrant, so he left Paris and went to Germany and then to Italy.

The anticommunist edition of Cmentarze in Parisian paper Kultura brought out a press campaign against him. When Marek was refused a renewal of his passport, he asked for a political asylum in the Western Germany. After three months, he changed his mind and tried to come back to Poland. However, while waiting for an answer from the Polish government, he decided to go to Israel in 1959. He could not live without Poland but at the same time he could not come back to his homeland. As he did not have a talent for languages, he found it difficult to adjust to the foreign reality. He led a life of a vagrant, but he did not have to work while his publications provided him with a permanent income. He performed manual labour, yet it was his curiosity rather than a necessity. Since 1960 he had lived in Germany with his beautiful wife, a German actress, Sonja Ziemann.

In 1963, he spent a month in prison for his feuds with the police. In 1964 he attempted to commit a suicide twice. Between 1963 and 1965 he spent 242 days altogether in psychiatric clinics. In 1965, he divorced his wife and in 1966, with some help of Roman Polański, he went to Los Angeles. He was supposed to write screenplays but it did not work out. He had an affair with Betty, a wife of Nicholas Ray, the author of Rebel Without a Cause, and thereby ended his career as a screenwriter. He got a pilot’s licence instead.

In 1969, during one of his parties, he fell down with Krzysztof Komeda. As a result of this accident, Komeda got a brain hematoma and died few days later. Hłasko was to say: "If Krzysztof dies, I will die as well". In 1969, he came back to Germany.

He died in Wiesbaden at the age of 35. Circumstances of his death are unknown. According to one hypothesis he mixed alcohol with soporific drugs. But those who knew him claim that suicide was impossible in his case.

In 1975, his ashes were brought to Poland and buried at Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. Jan Himilsbach, a stonecutter, who worked at the cemetery, was an initiator of bringing Hłasko’s body back to Poland. Himilsbach carved inscriptions on Hłasko’s grave. The notice was suggested by Hłasko’s mother and it says: "His life was short, and everybody turned their backs on him".

[edit] Artistic work

Marek's private life resembled the life of characters of his works - romantic, tough outsiders, who became symbols of disappointment with realities of the 50s. Humphrey Bogart and Fyodor Dostoevsky were his idols. His prose works voiced his objections to conformity and hypocrisy of socialist realist literature. He wrote about protest of a moral nature. In his works he described life of the lower classes dominated by hopelessness and cynicism. His characters dream about changes which come out to be vain. Publishing of his works had been forbidden in Poland for 20 years. He was a co-screenwriter of films such as Koniec nocy (1957), Pętla (1957), Spotkania (1957), Ósmy dzień tygodnia (1958) and Baza ludzi umarłych. Presently he is not well remembered.

[edit] Novels

• Ósmy dzień tygodnia (1957)
• Następny do raju (1958)
• Cmentarze (1958)
• Wszyscy byli odwróceni (1964)
• Brudne czyny (1964)
• Drugie zabicie psa (1965)
• Nawrócony w Jaffie (1966)
• Sowa córka piekarza (1967)
• Sonata marymoncka (published posthumously 1982)
• Palcie ryż każdego dnia (published posthumously 1985)

[edit] Short stories

• Wilk (fragment powieści) (1954)
• Szkoła (fragment powieści) (1954)
• Złota jesień (fragment powieści) (1954)
• Noc nad piękną rzeką (fragment powieści) (1954)
• Głod (fragment powieści) (1956)
• Pierwszy krok w chmurach (1956) – a collection of short stories
  • Dom mojej matki
  • Robotnicy
  • Okno
  • List
  • Finis perfectus
  • Dwaj mężczyźni na drodze
  • Baza Sokołowska
  • Żołnierz
  • Kancik, czyli wszystko się zmieniło
  • Pijany o dwunastej w południe
  • Odlatujemy w niebo
  • Pierwszy krok w chmurach, Śliczna dziewczyna
  • Najświętsze słowa naszego życia
  • Lombard złudzeń
  • Pętla (shor story)
• Stacja (1962)
• Opowiadania (1963)^[9]
  • Amor nie przyszedł dziś wieczorem
  • Namiętności
  • Port pragnień
  • Zbieg
  • Krzyż
  • Miesiąc Matki Boskiej
  • Szukając gwiazd
  • Powiedz im, kim byłem
  • W dzień śmierci Jego
• Umarli są wśród nas (published posthumously, 1986)
• Pamiętasz, Wanda? (published posthumously, 1986)
• Trudna wiosna (published posthumously, 1986)
• Brat czeka na końcu drogi (published posthumously, 1986)

[edit] Memoirs

• Piękni dwudziestoletni (1966)

[edit] A collection of essays

• Listy z Ameryki (1967)

[edit] Film adaptations of writings

• Koniec nocy (1956, Director: Julian Dziedzina, Paweł Komorowski, Walentyna Uszycka)
• Ósmy dzień tygodnia (1957, Director: A. Ford)
• Pętla (1958, Director: Wojciech Jerzy Has)
• Baza ludzi umarłych (1958, Director: C. Petelski)
• Sonata marymoncka (1987, Director: Jerzy Ridan)
• Isprani (1995, Director: Zrinko Ogresta)

[edit] References

• Translation of Polish entry - [1]
• Czyżewski A., Piękny Dwudziestoletni. Biografia Marka Hłaski, Warszawa 2000.

[edit] Footnotes