Kingdom of León
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Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 913 A.D. when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León.
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[edit] Background
The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (usually written as Legio Septima Gemina ("twin seventh legion"). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas nearby. In 540, the city was conquered by the Arian Visigothic king Liuvigild, who did not harass the already well-established Catholic Christian population. In 717 A.D., León fell again, this time to the Moors. However, León was one of the first cities retaken during the Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, and became part of the Kingdom of Asturias in 742 A.D..
León was a small town during this time, but one of the few former Roman cities in the Kingdom of Asturias which still held significance (the surviving Roman walls bear the medieval walling upon them). During Visigothic times the city had served as a bishopric, and incorporating the city into Asturias brought legitimacy to the Asturian monarchs who sought to lead a unified Iberian church, during a time when most of the Iberian Peninsula was governed by Muslim powers.
[edit] History
[edit] Foundation
León was created as a separate kingdom when the Asturian king, Alfonso the Great, divided his realm among his three sons. León was inherited by García I (911 - 914). His successor was Ordoño II of León (914-924) who moved the capital of the kingdom of Astures to León.
Ordoño II of León was also a military leader who brought military expeditions from León south to Seville, Cordoba and Guadalajara, in the heart of the Muslim territory.
After a few years of civil wars during the reign of Fruela II, Alfonso Froilaz and Alfonso IV, Ramiro II (931-951) assumed the throne and brought stability to the kingdom. A brave military chief who defeated the Muslim armies in their own territory, Ramiro's expeditions turned the Valley of the Douro into a no-man's land that separated the Christian kingdoms of the north from the Muslim territories of Iberia. Ramiro II, nicknamed "The devil" by the Muslims because of his military skill, led Leonese troops in the conquest of Madrid, and the province of Toledo, in the middle of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Parallel to the advance of the Leonese troops there took place the process called Repoblación, which consisted of repopulating the Meseta with people coming from Galicia and especially, from Asturias and León. This migration of Leonese peoples greatly influenced the Astur-Leonese language. During the Repoblación period there arose a distinct form of art known as Mozarabic art. Mozarabic art is a mixing of Visigoth, Celtic, Muslim and Byzantine elements. Notable examples of the Mozarabic style are the Leonese churches of San Miguel of Escalada and Santiago de Peñalba.
During the early 10th Century, León expanded to the south and east, securing territory that would be known as the County of Burgos. Fortified with numerous castles Burgos remained within Leon until the 930s, at which time count Ferdinand II of Castile began a campaign to expand Burgos and make it independent and hereditary. He took for himself the title Earl of Castile, in reference to the many castles of the territory (around Burgos), and continued expanding his area at the expense of León by allying with the Caliphate of Cordoba, until 966 A.D., when he was defeated by Sancho I of León.
[edit] Peak
The Kingdom of León continued to be the most important of all those of the Iberian Peninsula. However, Sancho III of Navarre (1004–1035) absorbed Castile in the 1020s, and added León in the last year of his life, leaving Galicia to temporary independence. In the division of lands which followed his death, his son Fernando succeeded to the county of Castile. Two years later, in 1037, he conquered León and Galicia. For nearly thirty years, until his death in 1065, he ruled over a combined kingdom of León-Castile as Ferdinand I of León. In these clashes in an impoverished and isolated culture, where salt-making and a blacksmith's forge counted as industries, the armies that decided the fate of the kingdoms numbered in the hundreds of fighting men.
Early in its existence León lay directly to the north of the wealthy, sophisticated, and powerful Caliphate of Cordoba. When internal dissensions divided Andalusian loyalties in the 11th century, leading to an age of smaller Taifa successor states of the Caliphate, the impoverished Christian kingdoms who had been sending tribute to the Caliphate found themselves in a position to demand payments (parias) instead, in return for favours to particular factions or as simple extortion.
Thus, though scarcely influenced by the culture of the successor territories of the former Caliphate, Ferdinand I followed the example of the counts of Barcelona and the kings of Aragon, and he became hugely wealthy from the parias of the Taifas. When he died in 1065, his territories and the parias were split among his three sons, of whom Garcia emerged the victor, in the classic fratricidal strife common to feudal successions.
Few in Europe would have known of this immense new wealth in a kingdom so isolated that its bishops had virtually no contact with Rome, except that Ferdinand and his heirs (the kings of León-Castile) became the greatest benefactors of the Abbey of Cluny, where Abbot Hugh (died 1109) undertook construction of the huge third abbey church, the cynosure of every eye. The Way of Saint James called pilgrims from Western Europe to the supposed tomb of Saint James the Great in Santiago de Compostela, and the large hostels and churches along the route encouraged building in the Romanesque style.
Alfonso VI was the most important king of León of the Middle Ages. He assumed control of first León, and later Castile, when his brother died attacking the Leonese city of Zamora. He was crowned Emperor of Spain and received the honoring of all the kings of the Iberian Peninsula.
[edit] León-Castile
The taking of Toledo the old Visigoth capital in 1085, by Alfonso VI of Castile was a turning point in the development of León-Castile and the first major milestone in the Reconquista. Christian Mozarabs from Al-Andalus had come north to populate the deserted frontier lands, and the traditional view of Spanish history has been that they brought with them the remains of Visigothic and Classical culture, and a new ideology of Reconquista, a crusade against the Moors. Modern historians see the fall of Toledo as marking a basic change in relations with the Moorish south, turning from extortion of annual tribute to territorial expansion. Alfonso was drawn into local politics by strife within Toledo. He then found himself faced with the unfamiliar problems of settling garrisons in the small Muslim strongholds dependent on Toledo (which had fallen to him with the city) and the appointment of a Catholic bishop. Revised definitions of the role of a Catholic king faced with the independent Muslim client-states that bought him off with gold had to be resolved in timely fashion by a Catholic king now governing sophisticated urban Muslim subjects.
The two kingdoms of León and Castile were split again around 1195, when a major defeat for Alfonso VIII of Castile weakened the authority of Castile.
The last two kings of León as an independent kingdom (1157 - 1230) were Ferdinand II and Alfonso IX. Fernando II led León's Kingdom in conquering Merida, a former Roman city. Alfonso IX, besides conquering the whole of Extremadura (even the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz), was the most modern king of his time as he founded the University of Salamanca in 1212, and summoned the first Parliament with representation of the citizenry ever witnessed in Western Europe (León's Parliament, 1188).
The last king of León, Alfonso IX, did not want his kingdom to disappear upon his death and designated his heirs as Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. When Alfonso died in 1230, his son by Berenguela of Castile, Ferdinand III of Castile, invaded León and assumed the crown. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157. The Atlantic coastal province separated as the independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Though later kings of Castile continued to take the title King of León as the superior title, and to use a lion as part of their standard, power in fact became centralized in Castile, as exemplified by the Astur-Leonese language's replacement by Castilian.
In the 16th century, León became a captaincy-general under a formally unified Spanish kingdom. Castile and León coexisted inside the same federation though they possessed separate institutions up to the Contemporary Age (Spanish Parliament up to the 14th century, Royal(Real) Advancement of León's Kingdom, Major Merino of León, etc).
The modern province of León was founded in 1833. The former lands of León are now part of the autonomous communities of Castile and León, Galicia, Extremadura, Asturias and of the country of Portugal.
There is a modern leonese regionalist movement (Leonesismo) that support the raising of an autonomous community departed from Castille. Leonesist parties got the 15% of votes in the León province in 2.007.
[edit] See also
- Al Andalus
- History of Portugal
- History of Spain
- Kingdom of Asturias
- Kingdom of Castile
- Kingdom of Galicia
- List of Leonese monarchs
[edit] External links
- R.A. Fletcher, The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century: Chapter 1 gives the cultural context of earlier and 12th century León.
