Kashmiri language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)
| Kashmiri कॉशुर کٲشُر kạ̄šur |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | India (Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)[1] | |||
| Region: | Kashmir | |||
| Total speakers: | 4.6 million[1] | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Dardic Kashmiri |
|||
| Writing system: | Perso-Arabic script, Devanagari script | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: |  India,[1] |
|||
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | ks | |||
| ISO 639-2: | kas | |||
| ISO 639-3: | kas | |||
|
||||
Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India.[2][3][4] It has about 4,391,000 speakers in India. The 105,000 or so speakers in Pakistan are mostly Immigrants from the Kashmir Valley to Pakistan and include only a few speakers residing in border villages in the Neelum District of Azad Kashmir.[1] Kashmiri belongs to the geographical linguistic sub-grouping called Dardic part of the Indo-European Language Family .[5] It is one of the 23 scheduled languages of India.[6]
Kashmiri is the state official language of Jammu and Kashmir and also one of the national languages of India. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Urdu as a second language.[1] In the past few decades, Kashmiri was introduced as a subject at the university and the colleges of the valley. At present, attempts are on for inclusion of Kashmiri in school curriculum.
Contents |
[edit] Literature
In 1919 George Abraham Grierson wrote that “Kashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literature”. Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, this is, more-or-less, the age of many a modern literature including English.
[edit] Writing system
Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script. Currently, Kashmiri is written in either the Perso-Arabic script (with some modifications) or the Devanagari script. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is practically unique, in that it regularly indicates all vowel sounds [7]
[edit] Grammar
Kashmiri, like English, follows Subject Verb Object word order.[8]
There are four cases in Kashmiri: nominative, genitive, and two oblique cases.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Kashmiri Literature. Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity. Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc. (KOA). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Kashmiri language. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Scheduled Languages of India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
- ^ Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems, 753-754.
- ^ V-2 and the Verb Complex in Kashmiri. University of Michigan and Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2008-06-04.
- ^ Edelman (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages.
[edit] See also
- Kashmiri literature
- List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”
- List of Kashmiri poets
- Writings of Nazir jahangir
- Neab International Kashmiri Magazine
[edit] External links
- Grierson, George Abraham. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1932.
- Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri by Ashok K KoulDelhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies,2008.
- Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri by Omkar N Koul New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1977.
- Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics edited by Omkar N Koul and Peter Edwin Hook New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1984.
- Kashmir history & Culture
- An Intensive Course in Kashmiri by Omkar N Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1985.
- An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1994.
- Kashmiri: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar by Kashi Wali and Omkar N Koul London: Routledge 1997.
- Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners by Omkar N. Koul, S. N. Raina and R. K. Bhat Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2000.
- An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
- Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kasmiri
- Basic words and phrases in Kashmiri language
- Kashmiri literary magazine
- Kashmiri online newspaper
- Kashmiri
|
||||||||
|
|||||
