Kamehameha I
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| Kamehameha the Great | |
|---|---|
| King of the Hawaiian Islands | |
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| Reign | c.1782 — 8 May 1819 |
| Predecessor | None {Established Kingdom of Hawaii c. 1810} |
| Successor | Liholiho King Kamehameha II |
| Spouse | Queen Kaahumanu Queen Keopuolani Miriam Auhea Kekauluohi Queen Kalakua Kaheiheimalie Queen Peleuli-i-Kekela-o-kalani Kaneikapolei (unmarried) |
| Issue | |
| Liholiho King of Hawaiʻi Kauikeaouli King of Hawaiʻi Harriet Nahienaena Princess of Hawaiʻi Victoria Kamehamalu Kekuaiwaokalani Queen of Hawaiʻi Elizabeth Kinau Queen regent of Hawaiʻi Kahoanoku Kinau Prince of Hawaiʻi Pauli Ka'oleioku |
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| Full name | |
| Kalani Paiea Wohi o Kaleikini Keali`ikui Kamehameha o `Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kunuiakea | |
| Titles and styles | |
| HM The King Napoleon of the Pacific |
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| Royal house | House of Kamehameha |
| Father | High Chief Keoua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui of Kohala |
| Mother | High Chieftess Kekuiapoiwa II of Kona |
| Born | 1758 Kohala, Hawaiʻi |
| Died | 8 May 1819 Kailua-Kona, Hawaiʻi |
| Burial | unknown |
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Kamehameha I, also known as Kamehameha the Great, (born February, 1758 or November 1737 or May 1, 1738 – died May 8, 1819), conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaiʻi's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the Mamalahoe Kanawai, Law of the Splintered Paddle, which protects human rights of non-combatants in times of battle. His full Hawaiian name is Kalani Paiea Wohi o Kaleikini Keali`ikui Kamehameha o `Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kunuiakea.
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[edit] Legendary birth
Although there is some debate as to the precise year of his birth, Hawaiian legends claimed that a great king would one day unite the islands, and that the sign of his birth would be a comet. Halley's comet was visible from Hawaiʻi in 1758, and it is therefore assumed that Kamehameha was born shortly after its appearance. Other accounts state that he was born in November 1737.
Kamehameha's birth name was Paiʻea which means "hard-shelled crab". He was born to Keoua and/or Kahikilli (in Hawaiian culture, it was possible to have two fathers and the child derived authority and strength from them both) and Kekuʻiapoiwa (mother), aliʻi of Kohala on the island of Hawaiʻi. His father, Keoua, was the grandson of Keaweikekahialiʻiokamoku, who had once ruled a large portion of the island of Hawaiʻi. When Keaweikekahialiʻiokamoku died, war broke out over succession between his sons, Keʻeaumoku and Kalaninuiʻamamao, and a rival chief, Alapaʻinuiakauaua. Alapaʻi emerged victorious over the two brothers, and their orphan sons (including Kamehameha's father) were absorbed into his clan.
When Kamehameha (Paiʻea) was born, Alapaʻi ordered the child killed. One of his kahuna had warned him that a fiery light in the sky would signal the birth of a "killer of chiefs", or aliʻi. Alapaʻi, nervous at the thought of this child eventually usurping his rule, decided to take no chances. Paiʻea's parents, however, had anticipated this. As soon as he was born, he was given into the care of Naeʻole, another aliʻi, and disappeared from sight. Naeʻole raised Paiʻea for the first few years of his life. Five years after his birth, Alapaʻi, perhaps remorseful of his actions, invited the child back to live with his family. There under the guidance of his kahu (teacher), Kekuhaupiʻo, he learned the ways of court diplomacy and war. Kekuhaupiʻo remained a faithful and trusted advisor to Paiʻea until the accidental death of the loyal kahu during a sham battle.
Paiʻea is said to have had a dour disposition, and acquired the name he is best known for today: Kamehameha, from the Hawaiian language term for "the lonely one" or "loneliness of a god".
[edit] Unification of Hawaiʻi
When Alapaʻi died, his position was succeeded by his son Keaweaʻopala. Kalani‘opu‘u, Alapaʻi's great-nephew, challenged his rule, and was backed by his nephew Kamehameha. In fierce fighting at Kealakekua Bay, Keaweaʻopala was slain and Kalaniʻopuʻu claimed victory. For his loyal service to his uncle, Kamehameha was made Kalaniʻopuʻu's aide.
In 1779, Kamehameha again traveled with Kalaniʻopuʻu to Kealakekua Bay. This time he, among other young chiefs accompanying their senior chief, met with Captain Cook. Cook was perhaps mistaken by some Native Hawaiians to be Lono, the Hawaiian god of fertility. Cook's ship was the HMS Discovery; Kamehameha may have stayed on board at least one night. It was Kamehameha's first dealings with white men.
Raised in the royal court of his uncle, Kamehameha achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻopuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kalaniʻopuʻu's son Kiwala‘o, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position, guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kukaʻilimoku, as well as the district of Waipiʻo. Nevertheless, there was already bad blood between the two cousins, caused when Kamehameha presented a slain aliʻi's body to the gods instead of Kiwalaʻo. When a group of chiefs from the Kona district offered Kamehameha the kingship instead of Kiwalaʻo, he accepted eagerly. Among the five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha was Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law), Kalua'apana Keaweāheulu (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupi‘o (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), Kame'eiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha). Kiwalaʻo was soon defeated in the battle of Mokuʻohai, and Kamehameha took control of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hamakua on Hawaiʻi.[1]
Kamehameha then moved against the district of Puna in 1790 deposing its chief Keawemaʻuhili. Keoua, exiled to his home of Kaʻū, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence and led an uprising. When Kamehameha returned with his army to put down the rebellion, Keoua fled past the volcano, which erupted and killed nearly a third of his warriors from poisonous gas.[2]
Questioning a kahuna on how best to go about securing the rest of the island, Kamehameha resolved to construct a heiau to Kukaʻilimoku, as well as lay an aliʻi's body on it.
When the temple was completed the following year, Kamehameha invited Keoua to meet with him. Keoua was no fool but may have been sorely dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to make himself an imperfect sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keoua's bodyguards were killed. With Keoua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became aliʻi nui of all Hawaiʻi.[2]
[edit] Kamehameha's ambition
Kamehameha's dreams included far more than the island of Hawaiʻi; with the council of his favorite wife Kaʻahumanu, who became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures, he set about planning to conquer the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Help came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Two westerners who were resident on Hawaiʻi, Isaac Davis and John Young, trained Kamehameha's troops in the use of firearms.
With his new weapons, Kamehameha felt confident enough to move on the neighboring islands of Maui and Oʻahu, already weakened by a war of succession that had broken out between King Kahekili II's son and brother. Kamehameha may or may not have known that his rival, King Kalanikupule, also possessed firearms, and was planning a move against him when the aliʻi nui of Hawaiʻi invaded the western islands.
In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 1,200 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers - an incredible number for an island chain whose population had never exceeded 300,000. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi, and moved on the island of Oʻahu, landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī. What Kamehameha did not know was that one of his commanders, a high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana, had defected to Kalanikupule. Kaʻiana assisted in the cutting of notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, would serve as gunports for Kalanikupule's cannon.[2]
In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces were able to push back Kalanikupule's until he was cornered on the Pali Lookout. While Kamehameha moved on the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. In desperation, he assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikupule's gunners and took control of the weapons. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikupule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still organized troops. A fierce battle ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall and by using their traditional Hawaiʻian spears, muskets and cannon, were able to kill Kalanikupule's forces to the man. Over 400 men were forced off the Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikupule was captured some time later and sacrificed to Kukaʻilimoku.
Kamehameha was now aliʻi nui of all of Hawaiʻi east of Oʻahu, but the islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau continued to elude him. When he attempted to invade the islands in 1796, his governor on Hawaiʻi, Namakeha, led a rebellion against his rule, and Kamehameha was forced to return. In 1803 he tried again, but this time, disease broke out among his warriors; Kamehameha himself fell ill, though he later recovered. During this time, Kamehameha was amassing the largest armada Hawaiʻi had ever seen - foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes, armed with cannon and carrying his vast army. Kaumualiʻi, aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi, watched as Kamehameha built up his invading force and decided he would have a better chance in negotiation than battle. He may also have been influenced by foreign merchants, who saw the continuing feud between Kamehameha and Kaumualiʻi as bad for the sandalwood trade.
In 1810, Kaumualiʻi became a vassal of Kamehameha, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the island chain of Hawaiʻi.[3]
[edit] First King of Hawaiʻi
As king, Kamehameha took several steps to ensure that the islands remained a united realm even after his death. He unified the legal system and he used the products he collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States. Kamehameha did not allow non-Hawaiians to own land; they would not be able to until the Great Mahele of 1848. This edict ensured the islands' independence even while many of the other islands of the Pacific succumbed to the colonial powers.
In fact, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi that Kamehameha established retained its independence, except for a five-month British occupation in 1843, until it was annexed by the United States in 1898. It was this legacy that earned Kamehameha the epithet "Napoleon of the Pacific."
Kamehameha also instituted the Mamalahoe Kanawai, the Law of the Splintered Paddle. Its origins derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi, in 1782, when Kamehameha, during a raid, caught his foot in a rock. Two local fisherman, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on the head with a large paddle, which actually broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fisherman was brought before Kamehameha for punishment. King Kamehameha instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fisherman gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman and child lie by the roadside in safety". This law, which provided for the safety of noncombatants in wartime, is estimated to have saved thousands of lives during Kamehameha's campaigns. It became the first written law of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, and remains in the state constitution to this day.[3]
Although he ended human sacrifice, Kamehameha was to the last a follower of the Hawaiian religion and Hawaiian traditions (such as Lua). He believed so strongly in his religion and culture that he would execute his subjects for breaches of the kapu. Although he entertained Christians, he did not appear to take them seriously.
When Kamehameha died in May 8, 1819, his body was hidden by his trusted friend, Hoapili and his wife Keopuolani. To this day his final resting place remains a mystery.
[edit] Honors
[edit] Statues
Five statues exist, where each of the statues vary slightly from each other in details such as having different weaponry, gilding or painting, yet the original cast has been restored to its original painting:
- The original cast -- the ship, bound for Honolulu on which it was being shipped from Europe sank off the Falkland Islands but in 1912 the original was salvaged, repaired and erected in Kapaau, on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi;
- The replacement Kamehameha Statue was erected in his honor by King David Kalākaua in 1883 at Aliʻiōlani Hale, the center of Hawaiʻi's judicial system in Honolulu;
- One is located at the judicial court building in Hilo, Hawaiʻi;
- One of smaller size is located in an outdoor Polynesian shopping center, across from the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada; and
- One in National Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol as a representation of the State of Hawaiʻi.
[edit] Other Honors Rendered
- In 1871, Kamehameha V decreed a holiday, Kamehameha Day, in his honor. This holiday is still celebrated annually on June 11.
- Kamehameha Schools were founded in the will of Pauahi, at the time of her death 1884 the last direct descendant of Kamehameha I. Her intention was to bring education and thus hope for a future to the rapidly declining number of native Hawaiians. The first school opened in 1887
- A C-17 Globemaster III, P-153, is named the "Spirit of Kamehameha", while a Benjamin Franklin class submarine, launched in 1965 and decommissioned in 2002, was christened the USS Kamehameha.
- Hawaiʻi will feature Kamehameha on the state quarter in 2008.
[edit] References
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007) |
[edit] External links
- Kamehameha Schools Biography of Kamehameha
- GoHawaii biography of Kamehameha
- The Story of Kamehameha
- Thematic Essay on the Law of the Splintered Paddle
- Royal ark Hawaii
- Kamehameha c. 1758-1819
- The Military King: Kamehameha
| Preceded by none |
King of Hawaiʻi 1795 - 1819 |
Succeeded by Kamehameha II with regent Kaʻahumanu 1819-1824 |
| Preceded by Kiwalaʻo |
Ruler of North Hawaiʻi 1782 - 1795 |
Succeeded by Kamehameha I as King of Hawaiʻi 1795-1819 |
| Preceded by Kalanikupule |
Ruler of the Island of Maui and Oʻahu 1795 - 1810 |
Succeeded by Kamehameha I as King of the Hawaiian Islands 1810-1819 |
| Preceded by Kaumualiʻi |
Ruler of the Island of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau 1810 - 1819 |
Succeeded by Kamehameha I as King of the Hawaiian Islands 1795-1819 |
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[[Category:House of Kamehameha]
