Joseph Desha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Joseph Desha | |
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| In office 1824 – 1828 |
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| Preceded by | John Adair |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Metcalfe |
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| Born | December 9, 1768 Monroe County, Pennsylvania |
| Died | October 12, 1842 (aged 73) Georgetown, Kentucky |
| Political party | Democratic Republican |
| Spouse | Margaret Bledsoe |
| Profession | Soldier, Farmer, Governor |
Joseph Desha (December 9, 1768 – October 12, 1842) was a U.S. Representative and the ninth governor of Kentucky. Desha was the first Kentucky governor not to have served in the Revolutionary War.[1]
Born in Pennsylvania, Desha's family emigrated to Kentucky before settling in Tennessee. Desha served under William Henry Harrison and "Mad" Anthony Wayne in several military campaigns against the Indians, and lost two brothers in battle. He married in 1789 and in 1792, returned to Kentucky, settling in Mason County. There he began his political career, serving in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly. In 1807, he began the first of six consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. His service was largely unremarkable. A Democratic Republican, he joined his party in supporting the War of 1812. Desha himself volunteered to serve in the war and commanded a division at the Battle of the Thames.
Desha did not stand for re-election in 1818, and returning to Kentucky, made an unsuccessful bid to become governor of his state in 1820. Four years later, he was successful in his bid for the governorship, winning a landslide victory on a platform of debt relief. Despite some accomplishments in the area of internal improvements, Desha's term was marred by numerous controversies. Chief among these was the Old Court-New Court controversy, a move by the legislature to abolish the Kentucky Court of Appeals, which was hostile to their debt relief agenda, and replace it with a more sympathetic court. For a time, two courts of last resort existed in the state, but the original court was eventually restored over Governor Desha's veto.
Another contentious issue during Desha's tenure was Horace Holley's presidency of Transylvania University. The university made great academic strides during Holley's administration, but many in the state felt he was too liberal. In 1826, Governor Desha joined in the criticism, and Holley resigned the following year.
Also during his term, Governor Desha's son Isaac was convicted of murder, despite the political intervention of his father. A jury sentenced him to execution by hanging. Following the conviction, the younger Desha unsuccessfully attempted suicide. Governor Desha then issued a controversial pardon for his son.
Upon expiration of his term, Desha retired from public life. He returned to his farm, and died October 12, 1842 at the age of 73.
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[edit] Early life and career
Joseph Desha was born to Robert and Eleanor (Wheeler) Desha in Monroe County, Pennsylvania on December 9, 1768.[2] He was of French Huguenot ancestry.[1] He obtained a limited education in the state's rural schools.[3] Desha's family relocated to Fayette County, Kentucky in 1779 and in 1782, settled in Gallatin, Tennessee.[4] Between the ages of fifteen and twenty-two, Desha volunteered in several military campaigns against the Indians.[5] In one such campaign, two of his brothers were killed while fighting alongside him.[6]
Desha married Margaret "Peggy" Bledsoe, the daughter of Jesse Bledsoe, in December 1789.[7] The couple had thirteen children.[1] In 1792, the family moved to Mason County, Kentucky, where Desha worked as a farmer.[2] In 1794, he served under Generals William Henry Harrison and "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the Northwest Indian War.[4]
Desha entered politics in 1797, when he was elected as a Democratic Republican to the Kentucky House of Representatives.[3] He again served in that body from 1799 to 1802, and was elected to the Kentucky Senate from 1802 to 1807.[2]
[edit] Service in the House and the War of 1812
Desha was elected to the first of six consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives in 1807.[4] Desha opposed renewing the charter of the First Bank of the United States because most of the bank's investors were foreigners.[8] Specifically, he feared King George III of Great Britain was a major shareholder.[8] (It was thought by many that the British monarch was on the verge of madness at this time.)[8] The bank's charter ultimately was not renewed in 1811.[9]
As early as 1807, Desha began calling for an adequate army to defend American territory.[1] He supported President Thomas Jefferson's embargo on England and France.[1] Like most in his party, he supported the War of 1812.[6] In 1813, he left his post in Congress, was commissioned a major general, and commanded a division of Kentucky volunteers at the Battle of the Thames.[1]
Desha served as chair of the Committee on Public Expenditures during the Fifteenth Congress.[4] In total, Desha served in the House from March 4, 1807 to March 3, 1819, and did not stand for reelection in 1818.[4] Though he was known as a capable orator, he did not speak often, claiming it was best "to think much and speak but little."[1]
[edit] Governor of Kentucky
Desha finished third behind John Adair and William Logan in the Kentucky gubernatorial canvass of 1820. However, he was elected governor in 1824. The primary issue in his platform was debt relief. He supported replevin laws favorable to debtors.[1] He opposed locating branches of the Second Bank of the United States in Louisville and Lexington.[1] Desha received 38,378 votes to 22,499 for his opponent, Anti-Relief candidate Christopher Tompkins. (William Russell came in third, with 3,900 votes.)[2] Desha and his allies in the General Assembly interpreted the landslide victory as a mandate from the voters to aggressively pursue their debt relief agenda.[1]
Desha's major accomplishment as governor was in the area of internal improvements. In 1825, he convinced the legislature to fund the creation of the Louisville and Portland Canal on the Falls of the Ohio. The canal opened in 1830, and proved very profitable, so much so that Desha lamented the fact that the state had split the cost of the project – and consequently, its profits – with the federal government and private investors. He also urged state investment in a turnpike joining Maysville to Louisville via Lexington.[10]
Desha and his pro-relief allies in the Kentucky General Assembly were prevented from moving on their proposals by anti-relief members of the Court of Appeals. Lacking the votes necessary to remove the judges from office, the assembly instead created a new court system and dismissed the "Old Court".[11] Old Court judges refused to quit, but the clerk of the New Court took the Old Court’s records by force. When Old Court allies regained control of the assembly, they over-rode Desha’s veto and abolished the New Court.
[edit] Conflict with Horace Holley
Another issue during Desha's tenure was Horace Holley's service as president of Transylvania University. From the time Holley assumed the post of president in 1818, the university had attracted well-qualified and well-respected faculty, and had risen to national prominence.[12] However, the New England Unitarian was too liberal for the tastes of many in Kentucky.[2] Many called Holley an infidel and charged that he was a drinker and a gambler.[12] He was criticized for spending time at the horse races and for furnishing his home with nude classical statues.[13]
Holley successfully resisted these charges until Governor Desha came out against him in his annual message to the General Assembly, claiming that under Holley, the school had become too elitist.[12][13] Desha's attack, combined with dwindling state funds for the college, prompted Holley to resign the following year.[12] Kentucky historian James Klotter opined that, with Holley's departure, "perhaps the state's best chance for a world-class university had passed."[13]
[edit] Pardon of Isaac Desha
Governor Desha's reputation was ultimately tarnished because of a pardon issued to his son. On November 2, 1824, Isaac Desha had brutally murdered Francis Baker, a Mississippian who was visiting Kentucky. Governor Desha assembled a team of New Court lawyers to represent his son. The judge was also a New Court partisan, and a friend of the governor. He granted a change of venue favorable to the governor's son, but the younger Desha was still convicted of murder and sentenced to hang. He was spared, however, when the judge declared a mistrial.[14]
In 1826, Isaac Desha was retried and again convicted of murder and sentenced to hang. The judge in this trial had been temporarily appointed by Governor Desha to fill a vacancy. This judge also overturned the verdict because the Commonwealth's Attorney had not proven that the murder took place in Fleming County. The state argued that this was of no consequence, since a change of venue had already been granted, but the judge's ruling stood, and Governor Desha's reputation took a further hit.[14]
While free on bail and awaiting a third trial, Isaac Desha, apparently in a highly intoxicated state, attempted suicide by cutting his own throat. Physicians saved his life by connecting his severed windpipe with a silver tube. He recovered, and in 1827, faced a third trial. His lawyers used a number of preemptory challenges to prevent the court from empaneling a jury. The judge ordered him held without bail until the next session of the court, but Governor Desha, who was present at the proceedings, stood and issued a pardon for his son, as well as lambasting the judge in a lengthy impromptu speech.[14]
Following his release, Isaac Desha traveled to Texas under an alias, where he robbed and killed another man. He was identified based on family resemblance and the silver pipe that had earlier saved his life. After being arrested, he confessed to both murders, then committed suicide.[14]
[edit] Later life and death
Following his term as governor, Desha retired from public life to his farm in Harrison County.[3] He was displeased with the election of Thomas Metcalfe as his successor.[7] Not only did they not agree politically, Desha believed that the governorship should go to a high born aristocrat.[7] Though Metcalfe was the son of a Revolutionary War soldier, his nickname of "Old Stone Hammer" indicated his pride in his humble trade of masonry.[7]
Desha died in Georgetown, Kentucky on October 12, 1842 and was buried in the Georgetown Cemetery.[3]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Powell, p. 28
- ^ a b c d e Harrison, p. 264
- ^ a b c d NGA Biography
- ^ a b c d e Congressional Biography
- ^ Allen, p. 90
- ^ a b Allen, p. 91
- ^ a b c d Register, p. 14
- ^ a b c Geisst, p. 16
- ^ Geisst, p. 17
- ^ Johnson, p. 18
- ^ Kentucky's Governors, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d Bussey, p. 31
- ^ a b c Klotter, "What If..."
- ^ a b c d Thies, Murder and Inflation
[edit] References
- Allen, William B. (1872). A history of Kentucky : embracing gleanings, reminiscences, antiquities, natural curiosities, statistics, and biographical sketches of pioneers, soldiers, jurists, lawyers, statesmen, divines, mechanics, farmers, merchants, and other leading men, of all occupations and pursuits. Bradley & Gilbert, pp. 90–91. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
- Bussey, Charles J. (2004). "Joseph Desha", in Lowell H. Harrison: Kentucky's Governors. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813123267.
- Geisst, Charles R. (2004). Wall Street : A History : From Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195170610.
- "Governor Joseph Desha of Distinguished Huguenot Ancestry" (January 1904). Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society 2 (4).
- Harrison, Lowell H. (1992). "Desha, Joseph", in Kleber, John E.: The Kentucky Encyclopedia, Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter, Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813117720.
- Johnson, Leland R.; Charles E. Parrish (1999). Engineering the Kentucky River: The Commonwealth’s Waterway (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-03-26.
- Joseph Desha at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Klotter, James C. (April 2005). "What If...". Kentucky Humanities. Kentucky Humanities Council.
- Kentucky Governor Joseph Desha. National Governors Association. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
- Powell, Robert A. (1976). Kentucky Governors. Danville, Kentucky: Bluegrass Printing Company. OCLC 2690774.
- Thies, Clifford F. (2007-02-07). Murder and Inflation: the Kentucky Tragedy. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
[edit] Further reading
- Young, Bennett Henderson (1903). The battle of the Thames, in which Kentuckians defeated the British, French, and Indians, October 5, 1813, with a list of the officers and privates who won the victory. Louisville, Kentucky: J. P. Morton.
[edit] External links
[edit] See also
| Preceded by John Adair |
Governor of Kentucky 1824–1828 |
Succeeded by Thomas Metcalfe |
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