ISO 9

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The international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and some non-Slavic languages.

The major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.

Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation. The edition of 1995 cancels and replaces the edition of 1986.

Contents 1 ISO 9:1995 1.1 Example 2 GOST 7.79 2.1 National adoptions 3 ISO/R 9:1968 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

[edit] ISO 9:1995

The standard features three mapping tables, the first covers contemporary Slavic languages, the second older Slavic orthographies (excluding letters from the first), and the third non-Slavic languages (including most letters from the first). Several Cyrillic characters included in ISO 9 are not available as precomposed characters in Unicode, neither are some of the transliterations; combining diacritical marks have to be used in these cases. Unicode, on the other hand, includes some historic characters that are not dealt with in ISO 9.

The following combined table shows characters for at least Abkhaz, Altay, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat, Chuvash, Karachay-Balkar, Macedonian, Moldavian, Mongolian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Udmurt, Ukrainian, and all Caucasian languages using páločka.

ISO 9:1995, GOST 7.79 System A

Cyrillic		Latin		Unicode		Description
А	а	A	a
Ӓ	ӓ	Ä	ä	00C4	00E4	a diaeresis
Ӓ̄	ӓ̄	Ạ̈	ạ̈	00C4+0323	00E4+0323	a diaeresis and dot below
Ӑ	ӑ	Ă	ă	0102	0103	a breve
А̄	а̄	Ā	ā	0100	0101	a macron
Ӕ	ӕ	Æ	æ	00C6	00E6	ae ligature
А́	а́	Á	á	00C1	00E1	a acute
А̊	а̊	Å	å	00C5	00E5	a ring
Б	б	B	b
В	в	V	v
Г	г	G	g
Ѓ	ѓ	Ǵ	ǵ	01F4	01F5	g acute
Ғ	ғ	Ġ	ġ	0120	0121	g dot
Ҕ	ҕ	Ğ	ğ	011E	011F	g breve
Һ	һ	Ḥ	ḥ	1E24	1E25	h dot
Д	д	D	d
Ђ	ђ	Đ	đ	0110	0111	d macron
Е	е	E	e
Ӗ	ӗ	Ĕ	ĕ	0114	0115	e breve
Ё	ё	Ë	ë	00CB	00EB	e diaeresis
Є	є	Ê	ê	00CA	00EA	e circumflex
Ж	ж	Ž	ž	017D	017E	z caron
Җ	җ	Ž̧	ž̧	017D+0327	017E+0327	z caron and cedilla
Ӝ	ӝ	Z̄	z̄	Z+0304	z+0304	z macron
Ӂ	ӂ	Z̆	z̆	Z+0306	z+0306	z breve
З	з	Z	z
Ӟ	ӟ	Z̈	z̈	Z+0308	z+0308	z diaeresis
Ӡ	ӡ	Ź	ź	0179	017A	z acute
Ѕ	ѕ	Ẑ	ẑ	1E90	1E91	z circumflex
И	и	I	i
Ӣ	ӣ	Ī	ī	012A	012B	i macron
И́	и́	Í	í	00CD	00ED	i acute
Ӥ	ӥ	Î	î	00CE	00EE	i circumflex
Й	й	J	j
І	і	Ì	ì	00CC	00EC	i grave
Ї	ї	Ï	ï	00CF	00EF	i diaeresis
І̄	і̄	Ǐ	ǐ	01CF (012C)	01D0 (012D)	i caron (or breve)
Ј	ј	J̌	ǰ	J+030C	01F0	j caron
Ј̵	ј̵	J́	j́	J+0301	j+0301	j acute
К	к	K	k
Ӄ	ӄ	Ḳ	ḳ	1E32	1E33	k dot below
Ҝ	ҝ	K̂	k̂	K+0302	k+0302	k circumflex
Ҡ	ҡ	Ǩ	ǩ	01E8	01E9	k caron
Ҟ	ҟ	K̄	k̄	K+0304	k+0304	k macron
Қ	қ	Ķ	ķ	0136	0137	k cedilla
К̨	к̨	K̀	k̀	K+0300	k+0300	k grave
Ҁ	ҁ	Q	q
Л	л	L	l
Љ	љ	L̂	l̂	L+0302	l+0302	l circumflex
Ԉ	ԉ	Ĺ	ĺ	0139	013A	l acute
Ҧ	ҧ	Ļ	ļ	013B	013C	l cedilla
М	м	M	m
Н	н	N	n
Њ	њ	N̂	n̂	N+0302	n+0302	n circumflex
Ң	ң	Ņ	ņ	0145	0146	n cedilla
Ӊ	ӊ	Ṇ	ṇ	1E46	1E47	n dot below
Ҥ	ҥ	Ṅ	ṅ	1E44	1E45	n dot
Ԋ	ԋ	Ǹ	ǹ	01F8	01F9	n grave
Ӈ	ӈ	Ń	ń	0143	0144	n acute
		Ň	ň	0147	0148	n caron
Н̄	н̄	N̄	n̄	N+0304	n+0304	n macron
О	о	O	o
Ӧ	ӧ	Ö	ö	00D6	00F6	o diaeresis
Ө	ө	Ô	ô	00D4	00F4	o circumflex
Ӫ	ӫ	Ő	ő	0150	0151	o double acute
Ӫ̄	ӫ̄	Ọ̈	ọ̈	00D6+0323	00F6+0323	o diaeresis and dot below
Ҩ	ҩ	Ò	ò	00D2	00F2	o grave
О́	о́	Ó	ó	00D3	00F3	o acute
О̄	о̄	Ō	ō	014C	014D	o macron
		Œ	œ	0152	0153	oe ligature
П	п	P	p
Ҧ	ҧ	Ṕ	ṕ	1E54	1E55	p acute
		P̀	p̀	P+0300	p+0300	p grave
Р	р	R	r
С	с	S	s
Ҫ	ҫ	Ş	ş	015E	015F	s cedilla
С̀	с̀	S̀	s̀	S+0300	s+0300	s grave
Т	т	T	t
Ћ	ћ	Ć	ć	0106	0107	c acute
Ԏ	ԏ	T̀	t̀	T+0300	t+0300	t grave
Т̌	т̌	Ť	ť	0164	0165	t caron
Ҭ	ҭ	Ţ	ţ	0162	0163	t cedilla
Ќ	ќ	Ḱ	ḱ	1E30	1E31	k acute
У	у	U	u
Ӱ	ӱ	Ü	ü	00DC	00FC	u diaeresis
Ӯ	ӯ	Ū	ū	016A	016B	u macron
Ў	ў	Ŭ	ŭ	016C	016D	u breve
Ӳ	ӳ	Ű	ű	0170	0171	u double acute
У́	у́	Ú	ú	00DA	00FA	u acute
Ӱ̄	ӱ̄	Ụ̈	ụ̈	00DC+0323	00FC+0323	u diaeresis and dot below
Ү	ү	Ù	ù	00D9	00F9	u grave
Ұ	ұ	U̇	u̇	U+0307	u+0307	u dot
Ӯ̈	ӯ̈	Ụ̄	ụ̄	016A+0323	016B+0323	u macron and dot below
		W	w
Ф	ф	F	f
Х	х	H	h
Ҳ	ҳ	Ḩ	ḩ	1E28	1E29	h cedilla
Ц	ц	C	c
Ҵ	ҵ	C̄	c̄	C+0304	c+0304	c macron
Џ	џ	D̂	d̂	D+0302	d+0302	d circumflex
Ч	ч	Č	č	010C	010D	c caron
Ҷ	ҷ	Ç	ç	00C7	00E7	c cedilla
Ӌ	ӌ	C̣	c̣	C+0323	c+0323	c dot below
Ӵ	ӵ	C̈	c̈	C+0308	c+0308	c diaeresis
Ҹ	ҹ	Ĉ	ĉ	0108	0109	c circumflex
Ч̀	ч̀	C̀	c̀	C+0300	c+0300	c grave
Ҽ	ҽ	C̆	c̆	C+0306	c+0306	c breve
Ҿ	ҿ	Ç̆	ç̆	00C7+0306	00E7+0306	c cedilla and breve
Ш	ш	Š	š	0160	0161	s caron
Щ	щ	Ŝ	ŝ	015C	015D	s circumflex
Ъ	ъ	ʺ		02BA		double prime
Ы	ы	Y	y
Ӹ	ӹ	Ÿ	ÿ	0178	00FF	y diaeresis
Ы̄	ы̄	Ȳ	ȳ	0232	0233	y macron
Ь	ь	ʹ		02B9		prime
Э	э	È	è	00C8	00E8	e grave
Ә	ә	A̋	a̋	A+030B	a+030B	a double acute
Ӛ	ӛ	À	à	00C0	00E0	a grave
Ю	ю	Û	û	00DB	00FB	u circumflex
Ю̄	ю̄	Ů	ů	016E	016F	u ring
Я	я	Â	â	00C2	00E2	a circumflex
Ґ	ґ	G̀	g̀	G+0300	g+0300	g grave
Ѣ	ѣ	Ě	ě	011A	011B	e caron
Ѫ	ѫ	Ǎ	ǎ	01CD	01CE	a caron
Ѳ	ѳ	F̀	f̀	F+0300	f+0300	f grave
Ѵ	ѵ	Ỳ	ỳ	1EF2	1EF3	y grave
Ӏ		‡		2021		double dagger
’		’		2019		apostrophe
		¨		00A8		diaeresis

[edit] Example

Here is an example transliteration. The text in Cyrillic is an extract from the hymn of the Russian Federation:

Славься, Отечество наше свободное, Братских народов союз вековой, Предками данная мудрость народная! Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой!

Slavʹsâ, Otečestvo naše svobodnoe, Bratskih narodov soûz vekovoj, Predkami dannaâ mudrostʹ narodnaâ! Slavʹsâ, strana! My gordimsâ toboj!

[edit] GOST 7.79

GOST 7.79 contains two transliteration tables.

System A

one Cyrillic character to one Latin character, some with diacritics – identical to ISO 9:1995

System B

one Cyrillic character to one or many Latin characters without diacritics

GOST 7.79 System B

Cyrillic		Roman		Note
А	а	A	а
Б	б	B	b
В	в	V	v
Г	г	G	g
Ѓ/Ґ	ѓ/ґ	G`	g`	ѓ in Macedonian, ґ in Ukrainian
Д	д	D	d
Е	е	E	e
Ё	ё	Yo	yo	in Russian and Belarusian
Є	є	Ye	ye	in Ukrainian
Ж	ж	Zh	zh
З	з	Z	z
S	ѕ	Z`	z`	in Macedonian
И	и	I, Y`	i, y`	not in Belarusian, y` for Ukrainian
Й/J	й/ј	J	j	ј in Macedonian
I	і	I, I`	i, i`	i` only before consonant for Old Russian and Old Bulgar
Ї	ї	Yi	yi	in Ukrainian
К	к	K	k
Ќ	ќ	K`	k`	in Macedonian
Л	л	L	l
Љ	љ	L`	l`	in Macedonian
М	м	M	m
Н	н	N	n
Њ	њ	N`	n`	in Macedonian
О	о	O	о
П	п	P	p
Р	р	R	r
С	с	S	s
Т	т	T	t
У	у	U	u
Ў	ў	U`	u`	in Belarusian
Ф	ф	F	f
Х	х	X	x
Ц	ц	Cz, C	cz, с	c before i, e, y, j
Ч	ч	Ch	ch
Џ	џ	Dh	dh	in Macedonian
Ш	ш	Sh	sh
Щ	щ	Shh, Sth	shh, sth	shh for Russian and Ukrainian, sht for Bulgarian
Ъ	ъ	A`	a`, ``	two grave accents for Russian, a` for Bulgarian
Ы	ы	Y`	y`	in Russian and Belarusian
Ь	ь		`	grave accent
Э	э	E`	e`	in Russian and Belarusian
Ю	ю	Yu	yu	not in Macedonian
Я	я	Ya	уа	not in Macedonian
	’		'	apostrophe
Ѣ	ѣ	Ye	уе	in Russian and Bulgarian
Ѳ	ѳ	Fh	fh	in Russian and Bulgarian
Ѵ	ѵ	Yh	yh	in Russian and Bulgarian
Ѫ	ѫ	O`	о`	in Bulgarian
№		#

[edit] National adoptions

The verbatim translated text of the ISO 9 is adopted as an inter-state standard in the countries listed below (the national designation is shown in parentheses). However, in reality, these countries use their own transliteration systems, based on the phonetic rules of their languages.

•  Russia (GOST 7.79)
•  Armenia (GOST 7.79)
•  Azerbaijan (GOST 7.79)
•  Belarus (GOST 7.79–2000, adopted 2003-03-01)^[1]
•  Kazakhstan (GOST 7.79)
•  Kyrgyzstan (GOST 7.79)
•  Tajikistan (GOST 7.79)
•  Turkmenistan (GOST 7.79)
•  Uzbekistan (GOST 7.79)

[edit] ISO/R 9:1968

This is an older version of the standard, with different transliteration for different Slavic languages, reflecting their phonemic differences. It is closer to the original international system of slavist scientific transliteration.

The languages covered are Old Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, Bulgarian, Russian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Ukrainian, Serbian and Macedonian. The transliteration for Old Church Slavonic is also used for Old East Slavic. ISO 9:1995 is shown for comparison.

ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1995

Cyrillic		R9:1968		9:1995		Note
А	а	A	a	A	a
Б	б	B	b	B	b
В	в	V	v	V	v
Г	г	G, H	g, h	G	g	h for Belarusian, Rusyn and Ukrainian, g else
Ґ	ґ	G	g	G̀	g̀	in Rusyn and Ukrainian
Д	д	D	d	D	d
Ѓ	ѓ	Ǵ	ǵ	Ǵ	ǵ	in Macedonian
Ђ	ђ	Đ	đ	Đ	đ	in Serbian
Е	е	E	e	E	e	not in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ё	ё	Ë	ë	Ë	ë	in Russian and Belarusian
Є	є	E, Je	e, je	Ê	ê	e for (Old) Church Slavonic, je for Rusyn and Ukrainian
Ж	ж	Ž	ž	Ž	ž
З	з	Z	z	Z	z
Ѕ	ѕ	Dz	dz	Ẑ	ẑ	in (Old) Church Slavonic and Macedonian
И	и	I, Y	i, y	I	i	not in Belarusian, y for Ukrainian, i else
I	і	I	i	Ì	ì	not in Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Russian
Ї	ї	I, Ï	i, ï	Ï	ï	i for (Old) Church Slavonic, ï for Rusyn and Ukrainian
Й	й	J	j	J	j	not in (Old) Church Slavonic nor Serbian and Macedonian
Ј	ј	J	j	J̌	ǰ	in Serbian and Macedonian
К	к	K	k	K	k
Л	л	L	l	L	l
Љ	љ	Lj	lj	L̂	l̂	in Serbian and Macedonian
М	м	M	m	M	m
Н	н	N	n	N	n
Њ	њ	Nj	nj	N̂	n̂	in Serbian and Macedonian
О	о	O	o	O	o
П	п	P	p	P	p
Р	р	R	r	R	r
С	с	S	s	S	s
Т	т	T	t	T	t
Ќ	ќ	Ḱ	ḱ	Ḱ	ḱ	in Macedonian
Ћ	ћ	Ć	ć	Ć	ć	in Serbian
У	у	U	u	U	u	not in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ѹ	ѹ	U	u			in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ў	ў	Ŭ	ŭ	Ŭ	ŭ	in Belarusian
Ф	ф	F	f	F	f
Х	х	Ch, H	ch, h	H	h	h for Serbian and Macedonian, ch else
Ц	ц	C	c	C	c
Ч	ч	Č	č	Č	č
Џ	џ	Dž	dž	D̂	d̂	in Serbian and Macedonian
Ш	ш	Š	š	Š	š
Щ	щ	Šč, Št	šč, št	Ŝ	ŝ	not in Belarusian, Serbian and Macedonian, št for Church Slavonic and Bulgarian, šč else
Ъ	ъ	Ă	ʺ, ă		ʺ	not in Rusyn, Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Belarusian and Ukrainian, ă for Bulgarian, ʺ else
Ы	ы	Y, Ŷ	y, ŷ	Y	y	y for (Old) Church Slavonic, Russian, Belarusian and Pannonian Rusyn, ŷ for Lemko Rusyn
Ь	ь		ʹ		ʹ	not in Serbian and Macedonian
Ѣ	ѣ	Ě	ě	Ě	ě	not in Serbian and Macedonian, archaic else except in (Old) Church Slavonic
Э	э	Ė	ė	È	è	in Russian and Belarusian
Ю	ю	Ju	ju	Û	û	not in Serbian and Macedonian
Я	я	Ja	ja	Â	â	not in Serbian and Macedonian
’		″		’		in Belarusian and Ukrainian, archaic in Russian
Ѡ	ѡ	O	o			in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ѧ	ѧ	Ę, Ja	ę, ja			ę for Old Church Slavonic, ja for Church Slavonic
Ѩ	ѩ	Ję, Ja	ję, ja			ję for Old church Slavonic, ja for Church Slavonic
Ѫ	ѫ	Ǫ, U, Ă	ǫ, u, ă	Ǎ	ǎ	ǫ for Old Church Slavonic, u for Church Slavonic, ă for and archaic in Bulgarian
Ѭ	ѭ	Jǫ, Ju	jǫ, ju			jǫ for Old Church Slavonic, ju for Church Slavonic
Ѯ	ѯ	Ks	ks			in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ѱ	ѱ	Ps	ps			in (Old) Church Slavonic
Ѳ	ѳ	Ḟ	ḟ	F̀	f̀	in (Old) Church Slavonic and archaic in Russian
Ѵ	ѵ	Ẏ	ẏ	Ỳ	ỳ	in (Old) Church Slavonic and archaic in Russian
Ѥ	ѥ	Je	je			in (Old) Church Slavonic

(Old) Church Slavonic

Cyrillic я is written as iotified a, a ligature of dotless I and А, which is considered a variation of я in Unicode

Cyrillic у is written as uk (Ѹ), a ligature of О and У

Bulgarian

ъ and ѫ are not transliterated at the end of a word.

Russian and Belarusian

ъ is not transliterated at the end of a word.

[edit] References

1. ^ "Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу (СИБИД), действующих в Республике Беларусь", item 55 (Sistema standartov po informacii, bibliotečnomu i izdatel'skomu delu (SIBID), dejstvuûŝih v Respublike Belarus')

• IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, “IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete”. Universität Zürich. URL accessed on 2006-02-16 (PDF format, in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration. (Archived copy at archive.org.)

[edit] See also

• Romanization of Russian
• List of ISO transliterations
• GOST standards

[edit] External links

• Online Russian Transliterator, which supports ISO 9 Standard - "ISO 9" transliteration method must be selected.
• Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts - A collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. PDF reference charts include ISO 9.
• ISO 9:1995 at ISO.org
• Umschrift des russischen Alphabets—Russian transliteration in several systems, including DIN 1460 (1982) [= ISO/R9:1968].
• Transliteration of Russian into various European languages
• Online Transliteration (JavaScript)