Irnerius
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Irnerius (c. 1050 – after 1125), sometimes referred to as lucerna juris ("lantern of the law"), was an Italian jurist, and founder of the School of Glossators. He taught the newly recovered Roman lawcode of Justinian I, the Corpus Juris Civilis, among the liberal arts at the University of Bologna, his native city. The recovery and revival of Roman law, taught first at Bologna in the 1070s, was a momentous event in European cultural history. Irnerius' interlinear glosses on Justinian's code, his Summa Codicis, stands at the beginnings of a European law that was written, systematic, comprehensive and rational, and based on Roman law.
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[edit] Life
He was born at Bologna about 1050.
At the instance of Countess Matilda of Tuscany he began to devote himself to the study of jurisprudence, taking the Justinian code as a guide. After teaching jurisprudence for a short while in Rome he returned to Bologna, where he founded a new school of jurisprudence in 1084 or 1088, which would rival the law school of Ravenna.
Some jurisprudence had been taught at Bologna, before Irnerius founded his school, by Pepo and a few others. He introduced the custom of explaining the Roman law by means of glosses, which originally were meagre interlinear elucidations of the text. But since the glosses were often too extensive to be inserted between the lines of the text, he began to write them on the margin of the page, thus being the first to introduce the marginal glosses which afterwards came into general use.
After the death of Pope Paschal II, he defended the rights of Emperor Henry V in the papal election and upheld the legality of the election of the imperial antipope Gregory VIII. After 1116 he appears to have held some office under the emperor
He died, perhaps during the reign of the emperor Lothair II, but certainly before 1140.
[edit] Teaching
Irnerius taught along lines firmly established in the teaching of Scripture, by reading aloud a section of the civil law, which the students would copy, and add to the text his commentary and explanatory glosses. Thus he was the first of the glossators, whose explications of the law became an essential part of the legal curriculum.
The text of Justinian's Pandects used in Bologna, referred to as the Littera Bononiensis, closely parallel to the Littera Florentina, would be disseminated throughout Europe as students returned home from Bologna: there are versions of the Bolognese Littera with provenances in Paris, Padua, Leipzig and at the Vatican (Purpura 2001).
[edit] Works
According to ancient opinion (which, however, has been much controverted), Irnerius was the author of the epitome of the Novellae of Justinian, called the Authentica, arranged according to the titles of the Code. His Formularium tabellionum (a directory for notaries) and Quaestiones (a book of judicial decisions) are no longer extant (EB).
His chief work is "Summa Codicis", which is of a special historical value, because it is the first medieval system of Roman jurisprudence. It was edited with a critical introduction by Fitting, "Summa Codicis des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung" (Berlin, 1894).
Another important work generally ascribed to Irnerius is "Quaestiones de juris subtilitatibus". It was also edited by Fitting, "Quaestiones de juris subtilitatibus des Irnerius, mit einer Einleitung" (Festschrift zum 200jährigern Jubiläum der Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 1894).
Other juridical works and glosses that are ascribed to Irnerius are extant only in fragments, or their authorship is uncertain.
[edit] Reputation
Irnerius was largely forgotten; his name was revived by German historians of the later 19th century. His name is also seen in manuscripts as Hirnerius, Hyrnerius, Iernerius, Gernerius, Garnerius, Guarnerius, Warnerius, Wernerius, Yrnerius. He called himself Wernerius when he signed documents.
Anders Winroth questioned much of the received account for Irnerius' life and questioned his importance for the history of Roman law in the Middle Ages.
[edit] References
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny, Geschichte des Römischen Rechts im Mittelalter (2nd. ed., Heidelberg, 1834-1851) iii. 83
- Del Vecchio, Notizie di Irnerio e della sua scuola (Pisa, 1869)
- Julius von Ficker, Forsch. z. Reichs- u. Rechtsgesch. Italiens, vol. iii. (Innsbruck, 1870)
- Herman Fitting, Die Anfange der Rechtsschule in Bologna (Berlin, 1888).
- Anders Winroth, The Making of Gratian's Decretum (Cambridge, 2000)
[edit] Sources
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Nouveau Larousse illustré (in French) undated, early 20th century
[edit] External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Irnerius
- Archaeogate: Gianfranco Purpura, "La Littera Florentina", 2001 (in Italian)
