History of rugby union

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The history of rugby union follows from various football games played long before the 19th century, but it was not until the middle of that century that rules were formulated and codified. The code of football later known as rugby union can be traced to three events: the first set of written rules in 1845; the Blackheath Club's decision to leave the The Football Association in 1863 and; the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871. The code was originally known simply as "rugby football"; it was not until a schism, in 1895, which resulted in the separate code of rugby league, that the name "rugby union" was used for the game itself. Rugby union stuck to its ideals of amateurism and it was not until 1995 that the game turned professional.

Contents 1 Early history 2 The schism between the Football Association and Rugby Football 3 The forming of the first Rugby Union 4 First international game 5 The forming of the International Rugby Football Board 5.1 Evolution of modern rules 6 The schism between union and league 7 Summer Olympics 8 World War I 9 Centenary of rugby 10 Interesting times 1931–47 11 1948–86 12 The Rugby World Cup 13 The professional era 14 Scoring 15 Timeline of the foundation of national rugby unions 16 Important international competitions 17 List of Rugby World Cup Finals 18 Notable games 19 Notable tours 20 References 21 Further reading 22 Notes and references

[edit] Early history

Playing football has been a long tradition in England and versions of football had probably been played at Rugby School for two hundred years before three boys published the first set of written rules in 1845. The rules had always been determined by the pupils and not the masters and they were frequently modified with each new intake. Rules changes, such as the legality of carrying or running with the ball, were often agreed shortly before the commencement of a game.This only known portrait of William Webb Ellis, circa 1857, from the Illustrated London News.]] There were thus no formal rules for football during the time William Webb Ellis was at the school (1816–25) and the story of the boy "who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time, first took the ball in his arms and ran with it" in 1823 is apocryphal. The story first appeared in 1876, some four years after the death of Webb Ellis, and is attributed to a local antiquarian and former Rugbeian Matthew Bloxam. Bloxam was not a contemporary of Webb Ellis and vaguely quoted an unnamed person as informing him of the incident that had supposedly happened 53 years earlier. The story has been dismissed as unlikely since an official investigation by the Old Rugbeian Society in 1895. However, the cup for the Rugby World Cup is named the Webb Ellis trophy in his honour, and a plaque at the school commemorates the 'achievement'.

Rugby football has strong claims to the world's first and oldest "football club": the Guy's Hospital Football Club, formed in London in 1843, by old boys from Rugby School. Around the anglosphere, a number of other clubs formed to play games based on the Rugby School rules. One of these, Dublin University Football Club, founded in 1854, has arguably become the world's oldest surviving football club in any code. The Blackheath Rugby Club, in London, founded in 1858 is the oldest surviving non-university/school rugby club. Cheltenham College 1844, Sherborne School 1846 and Durham School 1850 are the oldest documented school's clubs. Francis Crombie and Alexander Crombie introduced rugby into Scotland via Durham School in 1854.

[edit] The schism between the Football Association and Rugby Football

The Football Association (FA) was formed at the Freemason’s Tavern, Great Queen Street, on Lincoln Inn Fields, London, on October 26, 1863, with the intention of framing a code of laws that would embrace the best and most acceptable points of all the various methods of play under the one heading of football. At the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the fact that a number of newspapers had recently published the Cambridge rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas, namely 'running with the ball' and 'hacking' (kicking an opponent in the shins). The two contentious draft rules were as follows:

IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run.
X. If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time.

– ^[1][2]

At the fifth meeting, a motion was proposed that these two rules be expunged from the FA rules. Francis Maude Campbell, a member of the Blackheath Club, argued that hacking is an essential element of 'football' and that to eliminate hacking would "do away with all the courage and pluck from the game, and I will be bound over to bring over a lot of Frenchmen who would beat you with a week’s practice".^[3] At the 6th meeting, on December 8, Campbell withdrew the Blackheath Club, explaining that the rules that the FA intended to adopt would destroy the game and all interest in it. Other rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the Football Association.

[edit] The forming of the first Rugby Union

On December 4, 1870, Edwin Ash of Richmond and Benjamin Burns of Blackheath published a letter in The Times suggesting that "those who play the rugby-type game should meet to form a code of practice as various clubs play to rules which differ from others, which makes the game difficult to play." On January 26, 1871 a meeting attended by representatives from 21 clubs was held in London at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

The 21 clubs present at the meeting were: Blackheath, Richmond, Ravenscourt Park, West Kent, Marlborough Nomads, Wimbledon Hornets, Gipsies, Civil Service, Law Club, Wellington College, Guy’s Hospital, Flamingoes, Clapham Rovers, Harlequin F.C., King's College, St Paul's, Queen’s House, Lausanne, Addison, Mohicans, and Belsize Park. The one notable omission was the Wasps. According to one version, a Wasps' representative was sent to attend the meeting, but owing to a misunderstanding, was sent to the wrong venue at the wrong time on the wrong day; another version is that he went to a venue of the same name where, after consuming a number of drinks, he realised his mistake but was too drunk to make his way to the correct venue.

As a result of this meeting the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was founded. Algernon Rutter was elected as the first president of the RFU and Edwin Ash was elected as treasurer. Three lawyers who were Rugby School alumni (Rutter, Holmes and L.J. Maton) drew up the first laws of the game which were approved in June 1871.

[edit] First international game

The first international rugby football game resulted from a challenge issued in the sporting weekly Bell's Weekly on 8 December 1870 and signed by the captains of five Scottish clubs, inviting any team "selected from the whole of England" to a 20-a-side game to be played under the Rugby rules.

The game was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, the home ground of Edinburgh Academicals, on March 27, 1871. The team representing England was captained by Frederick Stokes of Blackheath, that representing Scotland was led by Francis Moncrieff; the umpire was Hely Hutchinson Almond, headmaster of Loretto College. England played in all white, with a red rose on their shirts; Scotland wore blue shirts and white cricket flannels.

The game, played over two halves, each of 50 minutes, was won by Scotland, who scored a goal (a try followed by a successful conversion kick). Both sides also scored a try, but these did not count as the conversion kicks were missed.^[4]

In a return match at the Kennington Oval, London, in 1872, England were the winners.

[edit] The forming of the International Rugby Football Board

Main article: International Rugby Board

In 1884 England had a disagreement with Scotland over a try that England had scored but that the referee disallowed citing a foul by Scotland. England argued that the referee should have played advantage and that, as they made the Law, if they said it was a try then it was. The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was formed by Scotland, Ireland and Wales in 1886 but England refused to join since they believed they should have greater representation on the board because they had a greater number of clubs. They also refused to accept that the IRFB should be the recognised law maker of the game. The IRFB agreed that the member countries would not play England until the RFU agreed to join and accept that the IRFB would oversee the games between the home unions. England finally agreed to join in 1890. In 1930 it was agreed between the members that all future matches would be played under the laws of the IRFB. In 1997, the IRFB moved its headquarters from London to Dublin and a year later it changed its name to the International Rugby Board (IRB).

[edit] Evolution of modern rules

Changes to the laws of the game have been made at various times and this process still continues today.

The number of players was reduced from twenty to fifteen-a-side in 1877

Historically, no points at all were awarded for a try, the reward being to "try" to kick the ball over the posts. Some historians record the first international between Scotland and England finishing 0-0 for this reason. The first points scoring system was created in 1889.

The balance in value between tries and conversions has changed greatly over the years. Until 1891, a try scored one point, a conversion two. For the next two years tries scored two points and conversion three, until in 1893 the modern pattern of tries scoring more was begun with three points awarded for a try, two for a kick. The number of points from a try increased to four in 1971 and five in 1992.

Penalties have been worth three points since 1891 (they previously had been worth two points). The value of the drop goal was four points between 1891 and 1948, but three points at all other times.

The goal from mark was abandoned in 1971, having been worth three points, except between 1891 and 1905 when it was worth four.

Until the late 1860s rugby was played with a spherical ball with an inner-tube made of a pig's bladder. In 1862 Richard Lindon introduced rubber inner-tubes and because of the pliability of rubber the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg. In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape. The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years. In the 1980s leather-encased balls, which were prone to water-logging, were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials.^[5]

[edit] The schism between union and league

For more details see History of rugby league

It is believed that Yorkshire inaugurated amateurism rules in 1879; their representatives along with Lancashire's, are credited with formalising the RFU's first amateur rules in 1886. Despite popular belief, these Northern bodies were strong advocates of amateurism, leading numerous crusades against veiled professionalism. However, conflict arose over the controversy regarding broken time, the issue of whether players should receive compensation for injuries received whilst playing. The northern clubs were heavily populated by a working class, and thus, a large pool of players had to miss matches due to working commitments, or forego pay to play rugby. In 1892, allegations of player payments were directed at the Bradford and Leeds clubs, not the first allegation towards these northern bodies, nor was it unheard of for southern clubs to be faced with similar circumstances. The RFU became concerned that these broken time payments were a pathway to professionalism.

On August 29, 1895, at a meeting at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, twenty clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire decided to resign from the RFU and form the Northern Rugby Football Union which from 1922 would be known as the Rugby Football League. In 1908, eight clubs in Sydney, Australia, broke away from union and formed the New South Wales Rugby League. The dispute about payment was one which at the time was also affecting soccer and cricket. Each game had to work out a compromise; rugby's stance was the most radical. Amateurism was strictly enforced, and anyone accepting payment or playing rugby league was banned. It would be a century before union legalised payments to players and would allow players who had played a game of league (even at an amateur level) to play in a union game.

[edit] Summer Olympics

Main article: Rugby union at the Summer Olympics

Pierre de Coubertin, the revivor of the modern Olympics, introduced rugby union to the Summer Olympics at the 1900 games in Paris. Coubertin had previous associations with the game, refereeing the first French domestic championship as well as France’s first international. France, the German Empire and Great Britain all entered teams in the 1900 games. France won gold defeating both opponents. The rugby event drew the largest crowd at that particular games. Rugby was next played at the 1908 games in London. A Wallaby team, on tour in the United Kingdom, took part in the event, winning the gold, defeating Great Britain. The United States won the next event, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, defeating the French. The Americans repeated their acievement at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, again defeating France in a tournament marred by controversies surrounding the rivalry between the two teams. Though rugby had attracted bigger crowds than the track and field events in 1924, it was dropped from next Games and has not been included since.

[edit] World War I

The Five Nations Championship was suspended in 1915 and was not resumed until 1920. One hundred and thirty three international players were killed during the conflict. The Queensland Rugby Union was disbanded after the war and was not reformed until 1929; NSW took responsibility for rugby union in Australia until the formation of the ARU in 1949.

[edit] Centenary of rugby

As 1923 approached, there were discussions of a combined England and Wales XV playing a Scottish-Irish team in celebration of when William Webb Ellis picked up the football and ran with it in 1823. The planned game was controversial in that there was a disagreement over whether it should be held at Rugby School, or be played at Twickenham, where an obviously larger crowd could witness the match. In the end, the match was taken to Rugby School.^[6]

[edit] Interesting times 1931–47

In 1931 Lord Bledisloe, the Governor-General of New Zealand, donated a trophy for competition between Australia and New Zealand. The Bledisloe Cup became one of the great rivalries in international rugby union.

For many years, the sport's authorities had suspected that the French governing body, the Fédération Française De Rugby (FFR), was disregarding abuses of the rules on amateurism, and in 1931 the FFR was suspended from international competition. Looking around for an alternative, many French players turned to rugby league, which soon became the dominant game in France, particularly in the south west of the country.

In 1934 the Federation Internationale de Rugby Amateur (FIRA) was formed at the instigation of the French. It was designed to organise rugby union outside the authority of IRB. In the 1990s the organisation recognised the IRB as the governing body of rugby union world wide and became in 1999 FIRA - Association of European Rugby an organisation to promote and rule over rugby union in the European area.

In 1939 the FFR was invited to send a team to the Five Nations Championship for the following season, but when war was declared, international rugby was suspended. Eighty-eight international rugby union football players were killed during the conflict.

During World War II, the RFU temporarily lifted its ban on rugby league players, many of whom played in the eight "Internationals" between England and Scotland that were played by Armed Services teams under the rugby union code. The authorities also allowed the playing of two "Rugby League v Rugby Union" fixtures as fund-raisers for the war effort. The rugby league team (which included some pre-war professionals) won both matches, which were held under union rules.

After the defeat of France in 1940, the French Rugby Union authorities worked with the German collaborating Vichy regime to re-establish the dominance of their sport. Rugby union's amateur ethos appealed to the occupier's view of the purity of sport and rugby league was banned. Many players and officials of the sport were punished. All of the assets of the Rugby League and its clubs were handed over to the Union. The consequences of this action reverberate to this day; the assets were never returned, and although the ban on rugby league was lifted, it was prevented from calling itself "rugby" until the mid-eighties, having to use the name Jeu de Treize (Game of Thirteen, in reference to the number of player in a rugby league side)^[7]

In 1947 the Five Nations Championship resumed with France taking part.

[edit] 1948–86

In 1948 the worth of a drop goal was reduced from 4 points to 3 points.

In 1949, the Australian Rugby Union was formed and took over the administration of the game from the New South Wales Rugby Union.

Long after William Webb Ellis had become engraved as a legend in the history of rugby union, his grave was finally located in October 1959.

In 1971 Scotland appointed Bill Dickinson as their head coach, after years of avoidance, as it was their belief that rugby should remain an amateur sport. The 1971 Springbok tour to Australia was famous for its political protests against South Africa's apartheid system. The 1970s were a golden era for Wales with the team capturing five Five Nations titles and dominating the Lions selections throughout the decade. In the middle of the decade, after overseeing the rise in popularity of rugby union in the United States, members bodies met in Chicago in 1975 and formed the United States of America Rugby Football Union, today known as USA Rugby.

The 1981 Springbok Tour to New Zealand was also marked by political protests and is still referred to by New Zealanders as The Tour. The tour divided New Zealand society and rugby lost some of its prestige, which was not restored until New Zealand won the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup. In 1983, the WRFU (Women's Rugby Football Union) was formed, with 12 inaugural clubs, the body being responsible for women's rugby in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 1984 the Wallabies completed their first grand slam, defeating all four home nations, and announcing their emergence as a power in world rugby.

[edit] The Rugby World Cup

Main article: History of the Rugby World Cup

The first Rugby World Cup was played in 1987. New Zealand hosted the tournament, with some games, including both semi-finals, being played in Australia. The All Blacks defeated France in the final to record their only World Cup success.

In 1991, England hosted the second tournament, losing to Australia in the final.

The World Cup of 1995 proved to be a turning point for the game. The competition was held in South Africa, newly readmitted from international exile. Rugby's first superstar emerged when giant wing Jonah Lomu scored four tries for the All Blacks against England. South Africa, who had not been allowed to compete in the first two tournaments, won the final, beating the All Blacks 15-12, the winning score coming from a drop-goal by Joel Stransky. South African President Nelson Mandela, dressed in a Springbok jersey (long a symbol of apartheid) bearing the name and number (6) of South Africa's captain Francois Pienaar, handed him the William Webb Ellis Trophy.

The 1999 Rugby World cup was held in Wales and was won by Australia, who defeated France in the final after the latter had come from behind to record a shock win against tournament favourites, the All Blacks, at the semi-final stage.

In 2003, Australia hosted the tournament and reached the final for the third time. In a closely-fought game, which went into extra time, Australia narrowly lost to England, thanks to a last-minute drop goal by Jonny Wilkinson.

Though France was the host nation for the 2007 Rugby World Cup, several games were played in Edinburgh and Cardiff, and France found itself playing its quarter-final in Wales, against the All Blacks, who had started the tournament as odds-on favourites. In a repeat of 1999, France gained a shock win, consigning the favourites to their worst result in World Cup history. France went on to lose against England at the semi-final stage. England, in turn, lost in the final to the Springboks, who equalled Australia's record of two World Cup wins.

[edit] The professional era

On August 26, 1995 the International Rugby Board declared rugby union an "open" game and thus removed all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game. It did this because of a committee conclusion that to do so was the only way to end the hypocrisy of Shamateurism and to keep control of rugby union. The threat to rugby union was especially large in countries where rugby league had a significant following. In particular, the Australian Super League competition was threatening to entice players to rugby league from rugby union (which was still amateur) with large salaries.^[8]

SANZAR was formed in 1995 by the New Zealand, Australian and South African Rugby Unions to try and counter the Super League threat.^[9] SANZAR proposed a provincial competition with teams from all three countries; this competition became the Super 12 and later the Super 14. Their proposals also included an annual competition between each country's Test teams, the Tri Nations Series. They were eventually able to get backing for the competition from Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, with a contract totaling $550 million (US) for ten years of exclusive TV and radio broadcasting rights. The deal was signed during the 1995 Rugby World Cup and revealed at a press conference on the eve of World Cup final.^[10]

SANZAR's proposals were however under serious threat from a Sydney-based group called the World Rugby Competition (WRC). WRC was formed by lawyer Geoff Levy and former Wallaby Ross Turnbull; both wanted a professional worldwide rugby competition funded by Kerry Packer.^[11] At one point the WRC had a majority of the All Black & Wallaby teams signed up to their competition. In addition to this the Springboks had signed the WRC contracts but had decided not to hand them over. With the three national Unions struggling to sign up their test players, the WRC hit problems when the South African players, recently crowned World Champions, decided not to hand over the WRC contracts and signed up with the South African Rugby Union:^[12] the players had been told they would never play for their country again if they committed to WRC.^[13] Most of the All Blacks then followed their Springbok counterparts by signing with their Union. The Australians, realising that without the New Zealanders and South Africans WRC's proposal could not succeed, relented and signed for the Australian Rugby Union.^[14]

The Heineken Cup was formed in 1995 as a competition for twelve European clubs. Today the competition includes teams from England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The century-old competition for the top European rugby nations became the Six Nations Championship in 2000 with the addition of Italy.

The key benefit for rugby union was that professionalism would eliminate the constant defection of union players who were attracted to the money of rugby league. The rugby union authorities of the time also hoped that as players could now play in either code, in the long term most of the sponsorship and interest would gravitate away from league to the more international game of union. However, rugby union has not managed to lure away more than a handful of players from rugby league, as the two codes have become quite different over the decades of separation in both culture and in aspects of play. The preferred body type and skill sets of players differ, especially in the play of the forwards. With access to players of different types, some more suited to one code and some to the other, some English rugby union clubs have even formed rugby league teams which play in the premier rugby league competitions. In some countries rugby union's administration and structure have not developed along with its professionalism. In Australia the constant flow of rugby union juniors to rugby league clubs has slowed, but Australian rugby union has failed to sucessfully promote a club or franchise league below the elite level. With professional club games every weekend, Australian rugby league has maintained its dominance.

The many smaller unions across the globe have struggled (both financially and in playing terms) to compete with the major nations since the start of the open era. In England whilst some teams flourished in the professional era others such as Richmond, Wakefield, Orrell, Waterloo and London Scottish found the going much harder and have either folded or dropped down the leagues.

Alterations to the laws of rugby union were trialled by students of Stellenbosch University in South Africa in 2006, and are further being trialled in competitions in Scotland and Australia in 2007, though no changes are expected to be made before 2008. The law variations are an attempt to make rugby union easier to understand by referees, fans and players, but the laws are controversial and are far from being universally endorsed by any of these groups.[1]

[edit] Scoring

The scoring system used in rugby has changed many times over the years. In the original games scoring a "touch down" allowed the team to "try" a kick at goal. This is the derivation of the word "try" to describe a touch down in Rugby Union. Prior to 1890 each of the Home Unions had their own point scoring systems. A try scored in Scotland was worth 2 points whilst a try scored in England was worth 1 point. One of the first tasks undertaken by the International Rugby Football Board, formed in 1890, was to introduce a standard point scoring system. One point was awarded for a try, two points for a successful kick at goal after scoring a try (a conversion) and three points for a dropped goal or for a penalty goal. Most of the changes have been to increase the value of tries compared to goals (conversions, penalties, dropped-goals, and goals from mark) in order to promote positive, attacking play.

Date	Try	Conversion	Penalty	Dropped-goal	Goal from mark
1890-1898	1 point	2 points	3 points	3 points	-
1899-1904	3 points	2 points	3 points	4 points	4 points
1905-1947	3 points	2 points	3 points	4 points	3 points
1948-1970	3 points	2 points	3 points	3 points	3 points
1971-1977	4 points	2 points	3 points	3 points	3 points
1977-1991	4 points	2 points	3 points	3 points	-
1992-present	5 points	2 points	3 points	3 points	-

[edit] Timeline of the foundation of national rugby unions

Main article: Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions

The first national rugby union was the Rugby Football Union, founded in England in 1871. This was followed over the next decade by the Scottish, Irish and Welsh Rugby Unions. In Australia, the Southern Rugby Union (later the New South Wales Rugby Union) and the Northern Rugby Union (later the Queensland Rugby Union) were formed in 1874 and 1883 respectively, before eventually helping form the Australian Rugby Union in 1949. Both South Africa and New Zealand formed their Unions before the end of the 19th century. The white South African Rugby Board merged with the non-racial South African Rugby Union in 1992 following the fall of apartheid. The other traditional rugby power, France, formed the French Rugby Federation in 1919.

[edit] Important international competitions

• 1883 First Home nations Championship between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
• 1910 The Home Nations Championship becomes the Five Nations Championship when France joins.
• 1987 First Rugby World Cup.
• 1996 The Tri Nations Series begins between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
• 2000 The Five Nations becomes The Six Nations Championship when Italy joins.

[edit] List of Rugby World Cup Finals

For more details see the article Rugby World Cup

• 1987 New Zealand defeated France 29-9 at Eden Park, Auckland, in the first Rugby World Cup, held in New Zealand and Australia.
• 1991 Australia defeated England 12-6 at Twickenham, London, in the second Rugby World Cup, held in the British Isles and France.
• 1995 South Africa defeated New Zealand 15-12 (after extra time) at Ellis Park, Johannesburg in the third Rugby World Cup, held in South Africa.
• 1999 Australia defeated France 35-12 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in the fourth Rugby World Cup, held in Wales with matches also being played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France.
• 2003 England defeated Australia 20-17 (after extra time) at Stadium Australia, Sydney in the fifth Rugby World Cup, held in Australia.
• 2007 South Africa defeated England 15-6 at Stade de France, Paris in the sixth Rugby World Cup, held in France with matches also being played in Scotland and Wales.

[edit] Notable games

• 1973 the Barbarians defeat the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park in "that game" (video of game available under the Millennium Stadium)^[15][16]
• 1978 Irish provincial side, Munster, defeat the All Blacks 12-0 at Thomond Park. It is the All Blacks only defeat on the 1978 tour.
• 1995 Jonah Lomu scores 4 tries for the All Blacks against England in the 1995 Rugby World Cup semi-finals.
• 1995 Joel Stransky scores an extra-time drop goal for South Africa to defeat the All Blacks in the 1995 Rugby World Cup final.
• 1999 Stephen Larkham scores an extra-time drop goal for Australia to defeat South Africa in the 1999 Rugby World Cup semi-finals.
• 1999 France upsets the heavily-favoured All Blacks in the 1999 Rugby World Cup semi-finals.^[17]
• 2000 New Zealand narrowly defeats Australia at Stadium Australia in front of a world record crowd of 109,874.^[18]
• 2003 Jonny Wilkinson of England kicks a drop goal in the dying seconds of extra-time to defeat the Wallabies in the 2003 Rugby World Cup final.
• 2007 London Wasps beat Leicester Tigers in Heineken Cup Final in front of a record crowd for a club match.^[19]
• 2007 England beat Australia and France beat New Zealand 12-10 and 20-18 respectively, on the same day, in the 2007 Rugby World Cup quarter-finals.

[edit] Notable tours

• 1912–13 South African tour of the British Isles and France. The tourists achieved a "Grand Slam" of victories over all five major European teams, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and France.
• 1925 All Blacks tour of Britain, France, and Canada. The New Zealanders remained undefeated throughout the tour, earning the title 'The Invincibles'.
• 1937 Springboks tour of New Zealand. South Africa beat New Zealand in their only series win in New Zealand.
• 1951–52 South African tour of the British Isles and France. South Africa achieved a second five-nation Grand Slam.
• 1956 Springboks tour of New Zealand. South Africa suffer their first ever test series loss against New Zealand.
• 1971 Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. The only Lions team to have ever won a test series in New Zealand.
• 1971 Springbok tour of Australia marked by protests.
• 1974 Lions tour of South Africa – the notorious 99 call.
• 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand.
• 2001 Lions tour of Australia. The Wallabies defeat the Lions in a series for the first time ever.

[edit] References

• RFU History: Short history of rugby, Museum of Rugby, RFU, Twickenham
• Howitt, Bob (2005); SANZAR Saga - Ten Years of Super 12 and Tri-Nations Rugby, Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 1-86950-566-2
• FitzSimmons, Peter (2003); The Rugby War, Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-7322-7882-1

[edit] Further reading

General histories

• A.A. Thomson "Rugger My Pleasure" Chapter 2: Unhistorical Survey of Rugby
• N Trueman Rugby Football History
• Scrum V's history of rugby BBC

Specific histories and events

• Army Rugby Union History of Rugby Union in the British Army
• FIRA-A.E.R. History on the official web site of FIRA-A.E.R.
• The History of The British & Irish Lions on the website of www.lions-tour.com

-See Also

• McGill University - Athletics The inventions of North American football, hockey, rugby and basketball are all related to McGill in some way. n 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in Canada (and North America) occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students.

[edit] Notes and references