High speed trains of the United Kingdom
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There are three types of trains in Britain that have been traditionally viewed as high speed trains:
- Advanced Passenger Train (APT) - Tilting trains which never entered into regular revenue-earning service.
- InterCity 125, also called HST (High Speed Train) - diesel trains consisting of two Class 43 power cars with a rake of Mark 3 coaches between.
- InterCity 225 - electric trains consisting of a Class 91 locomotive and a rake of Mark 4 coaches and Driving Van Trailer.
More recent 125 mph (201 km/h) trains that could be classed as high speed trains include:
- Class 180 Adelante
- Class 220 Voyager
- Class 221 Super Voyager
- Class 222 Meridians and Pioneers
- Class 390 Pendolino
A lot of money and resources were put into fundamental research into vehicle dynamics which, among other benefits, led to the development of the APT. This was designed to travel at high speeds around curves by tilting. Although the prototype was deemed successful and production units were built, they never entered regular service.
By this time, development was underway of another high speed train, which became the InterCity 125.
The origins of the InterCity 125 are steeped in irony, because it was planned as a stop-gap. Research had begun for the tilting Advanced Passenger Train (APT) but it was not possible to predict when it could enter service. The HST would apply what had been learned so far to traditional technology - a parallel project based on conventional principles but incorporating the newly discovered knowledge of wheel/rail interaction and suspension design. Although the APT never achieved all its design objectives the InterCity 125 was an outstanding success.
The InterCity 125 was introduced by British Rail between 1976 and 1982, when the maximum speed had been 100 mph (160 km/h). The increased speed and its rapid acceleration and deceleration slashed journey times around the country. The prototype class 252 (power cars 43000 and 43001) took the world record for diesel traction, achieving 143.2 mph (230 km/h) on 12 June 1973 on the East Coast Main Line between Northallerton and Thirsk. On 1 November 1987 the record was raised to 148.4 mph (238 km/h) by a shortened class 254 set running speed trials between Darlington and York. On 27 September 1985 a shortened class 254 set carrying passengers ran non-stop from Newcastle to London King's Cross, averaging 115.4 mph. It is likely that this record will be broken by a Eurostar once the full length of the CTRL opens in 2007. HSTs were originally identified as Class 253 (seven trailer cars) used on the GWML and Class 254 (eight trailer cars) used on the ECML.
The InterCity 125 is still in use, and many people consider it to be the best train that Britain has manufactured in recent years - ironically the tilting trains it was supposed to complement and ultimately be replaced by only began to appear on British railways in the early 2000s.
It should be noted, however, that the aim for the Advanced Passenger Train was to achieve 155 mph (250 km/h) running. Although this was achieved during trials, even then, it has still not been possible, in normal service, in the UK, apart from the dedicated CTRL, due to the shortness of British signal spacing.
The earliest replacement of InterCity 125s started with the introduction of the InterCity 225, between 1988 and 1991.
More recently, some InterCity 125s have been replaced or supplemented by:
- Class 180 Adelante - built 2000-2001 for First Great Western.
- Class 220 Voyager - built 2000-2001 for Virgin Trains.
- Class 221 Super Voyager - built 2001-2002 for Virgin Trains.
- Class 222 Meridian - built 2002-2004 for Midland Mainline.
[edit] The future
The InterCity 125 is still in widespread use. First Great Western has supplemented (but not replaced) its InterCity 125s with 14 Class 180 Adelante trains, which can travel at the same speed. Because every carriage has an underfloor engine, they can accelerate approximately twice as quickly, which reduces journey times and allows for more frequent services. However, in-car noise levels are higher than in the InterCity 125 because of the underfloor engines, which, combined with less-comfortable seats and harsh interior lighting, has made them unpopular with passengers. They also proved to be unreliable, leading to a significant overhaul programme in 2004 to fix the major problems. They have now been replaced by more InterCity 125s, and have been cascaded into First Great Western Link services.
In 2004, First Great Western announced a major overhaul upgrade for its Class 43 locomotives (InterCity 125 power cars), including a new MTU engine. Two power cars with the new engine were successfully trialled. In 2005, it undertook a trial refurbishment of a pair of InterCity 125 coaches to bring them up to modern standards. Another coach has been refurbished with experimental aircraft-style seat-back screens. As part of its franchise commitments First Great Western announced that it will refurbish the entire fleet and re-engine all power cars with the MTU engine [1]
In January 2006 the first batch of power cars were taken to Brush Traction to have MTU engines installed.
Twenty-six of First Great Western's InterCity 125 fleet are being refurbished into a high-density layout of mostly airline seats for services in the M4 corridor to Bristol and Cardiff. To improve acceleration on this route, where most stations are 20 -25 minutes apart, the buffet cars will be removed. The remainder will be refurbished with new seating (leather in First Class) and at-seat power-points, and retain the buffet for the long-distance services to Swansea and the West Country.
Midland Mainline has recently updated its InterCity 125 livery, and has supplemented its fleet with Class 222 Meridian units (similar to Virgin Cross-Country's Class 220 and 221 Voyager trains), replacing the slower Class 170 Turbostar units.
GNER operate InterCity 125 sets between London King's Cross and the North of Scotland. Upon its taking over of the sets in 1996, the coaches were given an extensive interior refurbishment. GNER is committed to giving their InterCity 125 sets a further refit as part of its new franchise, to bring them to the same Mallard standard as their recently refurbished InterCity 225 fleet.
The Great Western power cars have had major modifications to their cooling system to prevent overheating on hot days. GNER's solution to the overheating problem was to haul sets under the wires using Class 91 electric Locomotives.
A full-scale replacement programme known as the Intercity Express Programme is currently in the planning stages. This is a development of earlier plans to replace them, known as HST2.
[edit] External links
