Grace O'Malley
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| Grace O'Malley | |
|---|---|
| c. 1530 – c. 1603 | |
 The meeting of Grace O'Malley and Queen Elizabeth I |
|
| Nickname: | Gráinne Mhaol, Granuaile |
| Type: | Pirate |
| Place of birth: | Ireland |
| Place of death: | most likely Rockfleet Castle |
| Allegiance: | Ireland |
| Battles/wars: | Nine Years War (Ireland) |
Gráinne Ní Mháille (c. 1530 – c. 1603), also known as Granuaile or Gráinne Mhaol, known in English as Grace O'Malley, is an important figure in Irish folklore, but was in fact a larger-than-life figure from 16th century Irish history. O'Malley is sometimes known as "The Sea Queen Of Connaught". Her name appears in contemporary documents as Gráinne Ui Mháille, Gráinne Umhaill (Grace of the Umhalls). Anglicized versions of her name in contemporary English state papers included Grany O'Maly, Grany Imallye, Granny Nye Male, Grany O'Mayle, Granie ny Maille, Granny ni Maille, Grany O'Mally, Grayn Ny Mayle, Grane ne Male, Grainy O'Maly, and Granee O'Maillie. [1] She has been biographed primarily in the 20th and 21st century by the historian Anne Chambers. The Irish song "Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile" is dedicated to her. Her story is currently being made into a feature film.
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[edit] Early life
O'Malley was born in Ireland around 1530, when Henry VIII was on the throne of England. Under the policies of the English government at the time, the semi-autonomous Irish princes and lords were left mostly to their own devices. However this was to change over the course of her life and the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland gathered pace.
She was the daughter of Eoghan (Owen) Dubhdara O'Malley,[2] chieftain of the O'Malley clan. The O'Malleys controlled most of what is now the barony of Murrisk[3] in South-West County Mayo and recognized as their nominal overlords the Gaelicized Anglo-Norman Burke or de Burgo family who controlled much of what is now that county. Her mother, Margaret, was also an O'Malley. Although she was the only child of Dubhdara and his wife, Gráinne O'Malley had a half-brother, called Dónal na Piopa (Donal of the Pipes), who was the son of her father. [4]
Unusual among the Irish nobility of the time, the O'Malleys were a seafaring family and taxed all those who fished off their coasts, which included fishermen from as far away as England. Their leader bore the ancient Irish title of The O'Malley.
According to Irish legend, as a young girl O'Malley wished to go on a trading expedition to Spain with her father, and on being told she could not because her long hair would catch in the ship's ropes,she cut off most of her hair to embarrass her father into taking her, thus earning her the nickname "Gráinne Mhaol" (IPA: [ˈgrɑːnʲə veːl]) (Irish maol meaning "bald" or having cropped hair); the name stuck.
As a child she most likely lived at her family's residence of Belclare and Clare Island, [5] but she may have been fostered to another family since fosterage was traditional among Irish nobility at the time.
O'Malley was probably formally educated, since she is believed to have spoken in Latin with Queen Elizabeth I at their historic meeting in 1593. [6] Because of her extensive travels and trade, she may have spoken some English, Spanish, Scottish Gaelic, and French as well.
[edit] Marriage to O'Flaherty
O'Malley was married in 1546 at the young age of 16 to Dónal an-Chogaidh (Donal of the Battle) O'Flaherty, tánaiste or heir to the O'Flaherty title, which would have been a good political match for the daughter of the O'Malley chieftain. As O'Flaherty tánaiste Dónal an-Chogaidh one day expected to rule Iar-Connacht, the area roughly equivalent to modern Conamara. [7]
She bore three children during her marriage to Dónal an-Chogaidh O'Flaherty:
- Owen:[8] The eldest child and son, known to be extremely kind and forgiving. When Owen was in his late twenties, or early thirties, Richard Bingham tricked him and, as a result, Owen was murdered and Bingham and his troops took over Owen's castle.
- Margaret:[9] Sometimes called 'Maeve', Margaret was much like O'Malley herself. She married and had several children. O'Malley and Margaret's husband were supposedly very close, and more than once O'Malley's son-in-law saved her from death.
- Murrough:[10] Murrough was said to take after his father, Donal, as he enjoyed warfare. He was also sexist, many times beating up his sister, Margaret, and refusing to listen to his mother because of her gender. Many sources report that Murrough, who seems to have had no sense of loyalty, betrayed his family and joined forces with Richard Bingham after the murder of Owen. When O'Malley heard of this, she swore she'd never speak to Murrough again for the rest of her life, though she would often insult him.
Later the warlike Donal was killed in battle, and O'Malley recaptured a castle from the Joyces that had been his (now Hen's Castle in Lough Corrib). She afterwards returned to Mayo and took up residence at the family castle or tower-house on Clare Island.
After Donal's death, Grainne left Iar-Connacht and returned to O'Malley territory, taking with her many O'Flaherty followers who were loyal to her. [11]
[edit] Marriage to Burke
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By 1567 O'Malley had married a second time, this time to Richard-an-Iarainn Burke, called "Iron Richard",[12] an appropriate corruption of his Irish name as he is reputed to have always worn a coat of mail inherited from his Anglo-Norman ancestors. The nickname may also have come from the fact that he controlled the ironworks at Burrishoole, where his principal castle and residence were.[13]
Traditionally it is said that the Burke marriage was motivated by O'Malley's desire to enlarge her holdings and her prestige. Burke was owner of Rockfleet Castle, also called Carraigahowley Castle, which was strategically situated near Newport, as well as other lands like Burrishoole, with sheltered harbors in which a pirate ship could hide. Burke held a high position as chieftain of a senior branch of his sept. Because of his sept leadership he would eventually be eligible for election as MacWilliam, the second most powerful office in Connacht.[14]
According to tradition they married under Brehon law 'for one year certain', and although it is said that when the year was up O'Malley divorced Burke and kept the castle. Legend says that when the one year had passed, O'Malley and her followers locked themselves in Rockfleet Castle and O'Malley called out a window to Burke, "Richard Burke, I dismiss you." Those words had the effect of ending the marriage, but since she was in possession of the castle she kept it.[15] Rockfleet remained for centuries in the O'Malley family and is today open to the public.
Despite the divorce story, O'Malley and Burke appear as mentioned as husband and wife in English documents of the period, so appeared to remain married, at least allied, as far as the English were concerned. In her answers to the interrogatories from Queen Elizabeth I, O'Malley said she was Richard Burke's widow.
They had one son, Tibbot Burke, nicknamed Tiobóid na Long (Tibbot of the Ships), who was born about 1567.[16] Tibbot was later given the title of Viscount Mayo. Burke had at least four other children, Edmund, Walter, John, and Catherine.[17]
[edit] Other Relationships
O'Malley was accused of promiscuity, and it was said that she may have had a son out of wedlock. Biographer Anne Chambers points out that despite hints at these facts in certain state documents, allegations such as these were frequently made against women who acted in a manner contrary to the social norms of the day.[18]
The Chambers biography relates that the legendary reason for O'Malley's seizure of Doona Castle in Ballycroy was because the MacMahons, who owned the castle, killed her lover, Hugh de Lacy, the shipwrecked son of a Wexford merchant O'Malley had rescued.[19]
[edit] Career
Even as a young woman Gráinne O'Malley was involved in the business of sailing ships and international trade.[20] She probably learned the business from her father, Owen "Dubhdara" O'Malley, who plied a busy international shipping trade. Bunowen Castle, where she lived with her first husband, Dónal an-Chogaidh O'Flaherty, was situated on the most western point in Connacht, and was apparently the first base for her shipping and trade activities. By the time of Donal's death in the early 1560s, she commanded the loyalty of so many O'Flaherty men that many of them left the area when she did, and followed her to Clare Island in Clew Bay, where she moved her headquarters.[21]
Dónal an-Chogaidh O'Flaherty had taken a fortress in the Lough Corrib from the Joyce clan. Because of Donal's attitude, the Joyces bagan calling that particular fortress "Cock's Castle." When they heard of his death, they decided to take back the castle. Grainne defended it against them successfully, and apparently the Joyces were so impressed with her abilities in battle that they renamed it Caislean an-Circa, the "Hen's Castle," the name by which it is still known. The English later attacked her at the Hen's Castle, but despite being outnumbered O'Malley withstood the siege. According to legend, she took lead from the roof of the fortress and melted it, then poured it onto the heads of the attacking soldiers. She summoned help by sending a man to light a beacon on the nearby Hill of Doon. Some time before she had ordered the signal beacons set up for just such a purpose. Help arrived and the English were beaten back, never to attack the fortress again.[22]
Around the time of her first husband's death came the initial complaints to the English Council in Dublin from Galway's city leaders that O'Flaherty and O'Malley ships were behaving like pirates. Because Galway imposed taxes on the ships that traded their goods there, the O'Flahertys, led by O'Malley, decided to extract a similar tax from ships traveling in waters off their lands. O'Malley's ships would stop and board the traders and demand either cash or a portion of the cargo in exchange for safe passage the rest of the way to Galway. Resistance was met with violence and even murder. Once they obtained their toll, the O'Flaherty ships would disappear into one of the many bays in the area.[23][24]
By the early 1560s, O'Malley had left O'Flaherty territory and returned to her father's holdings on Clare Island.[25] She recruited fighting men from both Ireland and Scotland, transporting the gallowglass mercenaries between their Scottish homes and Irish employers and plundering Scotland's outlying islands on her return trips. [26] In an apparent effort to curry favor with the English, which were engaged in a re-conquest of Ireland at the time, O'Malley went to the Lord Deputy of Ireland and offered two hundred fighting men to serve English interests in Ireland and Scotland.[27]
O'Malley's attacked other ships at least as far away as Waterford on the south central coast of Ireland, as well as closer to her home port in northwestern Ireland. She did not limit her attacks to other ships. She attacked fortresses on the shoreline, including Curradh Castle at Renvyle and the O'Loughlin castle in the Burren. She also attacked the O'Boyle and MacSweeney clans in their holdings in Burtonport, Killybegs and Lough Swilly.[28]
In 1577, she met with Sir Henry Sidney, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, who already knew of her since she had met his son, Sir Philip Sidney, in 1576. Although Philip Sidney would have been a very young man at the time, O'Malley evidently made an impression on him since he mentioned her in favorable terms to his father.[29]
O'Malley was wealthy on land as well as by sea. She inherited her father's fleet of ships and land holdings, as well as the land her mother had owned. Around the time of her meeting with Queen Elizabeth I of England, she owned herds of cattle and horses that numbered at least one thousand, which would have meant she was wealthy.[30]
[edit] Legendary Exploits
Many folk stories and legends about O'Malley have survived since her actual days of pirating and trading. There are also traditional songs and poems about her.
A widespread legend concerns an incident at Howth, which apparently occurred in 1576. During a trip from Dublin, O'Malley attempted to pay a courtesy visit to Howth Castle, home of the 8th Baron Howth. However, she was informed that the family was at dinner and the castle gates were closed against her. In retaliation, she abducted the Earl's son and heir, the 10th Baron. He was eventually released when a promise was given to keep the gates open to unexpected visitors, and to set an extra place at every meal. Lord Howth gave O'Malley a ring as pledge on the agreement. The ring remains in the possession of a descendant of Grace O'Malley, and at Howth Castle today, this agreement is still honoured by the Gaisford St. Lawrence family, descendants of the Baron.[31]
The legendary reason for O'Malley's seizure of Doona Castle in Ballycroy was because the MacMahons, who owned the castle, killed her lover, Hugh de Lacy, the shipwrecked son of a Wexford merchant O'Malley had rescued. When the guilty members of the MacMahon clan landed on the holy island of Caher for a pilgrimage, O'Malley captured their boats. She and her men then captured the MacMahons and killed those responsible for her lover's death. Still not satisfied with her revenge, O'Malley then sailed for Ballycroy and attacked the garrison at Doona Castle, overpowering the defenders and taking the castle for herself.[32]
Her attack against the MacMahons was not the first time she interrupted someone at their prayers. Legend tells of another chieftain who stole property from O'Malley and fled to a church for sanctuary. O'Malley was determined to wait out the thief, maintaining that he could starve or surrender. The thief dug a tunnel and escaped, however, and the hermit who took care of the church broke his vow of silence to scold her for attempting to harm someone who had sought sanctuary. O'Malley's reply is not included in the legend.[33]
[edit] Revolutionary Activity
In 1593, in his letter to Queen Elizabeth I protesting Grainne O'Malley's claims against him, Richard Bingham claimed that O'Malley was "nurse to all rebellions in the province for this forty years."[34][35]
O'Malley engaged in revolutionary activity against the English crown. Her castle at Clare Island was attacked by an expedition from Galway intended to get rid of her. However, they were put to flight and barely escaped. Later O'Malley was captured, but released some time afterward.
[edit] Meeting with Elizabeth
In the later 16th century English power steadily increased in Ireland and O'Malley's power was steadily encroached upon. Finally, in 1593, when her sons, Tibbot Burke and Murrough O'Flaherty, and her half-brother, Donal-na-Piopa, were taken captive by the English governor of Connaught, Sir Richard Bingham, O'Malley sailed to England to petition Elizabeth I for their release. Elizabeth apparently took to O'Malley, who was three years older, and the two women reached sufficient agreement for Elizabeth to grant O'Malley's requests provided that her support of many Irish rebellions and piracy against England ended. Their discussion was carried out in Latin, as O'Malley spoke no English and Elizabeth spoke no Gaelic.
Elizabeth I famously sent O'Malley a list of questions, which she answered and returned to Elizabeth. O'Malley then came to England (as previously stated) to petition the release of her sons and half-brother. She met with Elizabeth at Greenwich Palace, wearing a fine gown, the two of them surrounded by guards and the members of Elizabeth's royal Court. O'Malley refused to bow before Elizabeth because she did not recognize her as the Queen of Ireland, and wished to show Elizabeth this. It is also rumored that O'Malley had a dagger concealed about her person, which guards found upon searching her. Elizabeth's courtiers were said to be very upset and worried, but O'Malley informed the queen that she carried it for her own safety--Elizabeth accepted this and, though the dagger was removed from O'Malley's possession, did not seem to worry. Some also reported that O'Malley sneezed and was given a lace-edged handkerchief from a noblewoman. She apparently blew her nose into the handkerchief and then threw the piece of cloth into a nearby fireplace, much to the shock of the court. O'Malley amusedly informed Elizabeth and her court that, in Ireland, a used handkerchief was considered dirty and was destroyed.
O'Malley and Elizabeth, after much talk, agreed to a list of demands. For example, Elizabeth was to remove Richard Bingham from his position in Ireland, and O'Malley was to stop supporting the Irish Lords' rebellions. O'Malley sailed back to Ireland, and the meeting seemed to have done some good, for Richard Bingham was removed from service. However, several of O'Malley's other demands (i.e. the return of the cattle and land that Bingham had stolen from her, for instance) remained unmet, and within a rather short period of time, Elizabeth sent Bingham back to Ireland. Upon Bingham's return, O'Malley realized that the meeting with Elizabeth had been useless, and went back to supporting Irish rebellions.
[edit] Later life
Despite the meeting, O'Malley later returned to her old ways, though nominally directing her raids against the "enemies of England" during the Nine Years War. She most likely died at Rockfleet Castle in 1603, the same year as Elizabeth, though the year and place of her death are disputed.
More than 20 years after her death, an English lord deputy of Ireland recalled her ability as a leader of fighting men, noting her fame and favor that still existed among the Irish people. [36][37]
[edit] Cultural impact
O'Malley's life has inspired musicians, novelists and playwrights to create works based on her adventures. The latest artistic project is the musical play The Pirate Queen by Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg, Richard Maltby, Jr. and John Dempsey, which originally debuted at Chicago's Cadillac Palace Theatre in October 2006, with American stage actor Stephanie J. Block as Grania (Grace). The Pirate Queen is based on Morgan Llywelyn's 1986 novel about O'Malley's life, Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas. Morgan Llewellyn's book, in turn, takes from Anne Chambers' biography, who was credited as consultant. The musical moved to Broadway in March 2007, but closed in June due to lack of interest on the part of theatre-goers.
James Joyce used the legend of Grace O'Malley ("her grace o'malice") and the Earl of Howth in chapter 1 of Finnegans Wake, but added the kidnapping of another fictional son, Hilary, to match his Shem and Shaun theme. Christopher/Tristopher is turned into a Luderman (happy Lutheran) and Hilary into a Tristian (sad Christian).
The play Bald Grace by Marki Shalloe debuted at Chicago's Stockyards Theatre in 2005 and was featured at Atlanta's Theatre Gael (American's oldest Irish-American theatre) in 2006.[38] A musical drama written in 1989, Grannia, story and lyrics by Thomas A. Power and music by Larry Allen, also tells the story of O'Malley from childhood to her meeting with Elizabeth I. It won the 1990 Moss Hart Award.
Romance author Bertrice Small portrays O'Malley in several of her books, particularly in Skye O'Malley, where she is a kinswoman to the main character, who is based largely on her. There is also a more recent book (2004) by Alan Gold titled The Pirate Queen: The Story of Grace O'Malley, an Irish Pirate that tells of her life from 14 till her meeting with Elizabeth I. The Wild Irish: A Novel of Elizabeth I & the Pirate O'Malley, by Robin Maxwell, tells O'Malley's story from birth up until a few years before her death. The Wild Irish focuses mainly on O'Malley's life, but is highly fictional — the main part of the story is O'Malley telling her life story to Elizabeth I on the night of their meeting. A children's book titled The Pirate Queen was also written about O'Malley.
Irish author O.R. Melling portrays O'Malley in her novel The Summer King (part two of the Chronicles of Faerie) as a ghost who haunts Achill Island, and later as her live self when heroes Laurel and Ian go back in time to win her as an ally.
In 2005, theater camp Stagedoor Manor premiered a play, The Heart Rising, focusing around a family of Irish immigrants to America. The show included O'Malley as a common thread throughout the many generations of the family.
In June 2006 the Knock School of Irish Dancing did a dance drama based on O'Malley's story. The production was called Grainne O'Malley, The Pirate Queen and was performed by the entire Knock School at the Winspear Center in downtown Edmonton, Alberta (Canada).
The Irish sail training vessel Asgard II has a figurehead of Granuaile.
Since 1948, the Commissioners of Irish Lights have sailed three vessels named Granuaile. Their current sole light tender is the most modern serving the coasts of Britain and Ireland[39].
In 1986, famed Irish composer and music producer Shaun Davey released a concept album entitled Granuaile that was thematically based on O'Malley's life. The album featured a 22-piece chamber orchestra and his wife, Rita Connally, on all lead vocals. The duo have performed the work live periodically over the years.
The traditional song "Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile" is an entire song that praises her, and among many lines, says, "Welcome O' woman who was so afflicted".
[edit] Grace O'Malley: The Film
As of 2008, a feature film based on Grace O'Malley's story is in development. It will be penned by Anne Chambers, author of the biography Granuaile: Ireland’s Pirate Queen, and Sarah Lawson, who will also produce the film under her company, Lawson Productions. Its predicted release is 2009, and is backed by the Irish Film Board.
[edit] References
- Chambers, Anne. Granuaile: Ireland's pirate queen Grace O'Malley c. 1530-1603. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-86327-913-9
- Chambers, Anne. "Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley." New York: MJF Books, 2003. (This is a second, American edition of the book above) ISBN-13 978-1-56731-858-6; ISBN-10 1-56731-858-4
- Cook, Judith. 2004. Pirate Queen, the life of Grace O'Malley 1530-1603. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 1-85635-443-1
- Druett, Joan. 2000. She Captains: Heroines and Hellions of the Sea. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
- Lynch, Patricia. 1970. Orla of Burren (1954). Leicester: Knight Books, Brockhampton Press Ltd. SBN 340-03990-6 (children's literature, historical novel)
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 39. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 20. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 20. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 21. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 39. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 36. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 42. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 44. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 44. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 44. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 45. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 63. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 64, 66. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 64-65. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 65-66. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 67. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 64. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 53-54. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 55-56. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ 1593 Petition of Grainne O'Malley to Queen Elizabeth, State Papers Relating to Ireland (on microfilm, originals in the Public Record Office, London) SP 63/171/18
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 45, 50. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 49. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 45-46. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers Relating to Ireland (Elizabeth I), vol. 207, p. 5. (London 1860-1912)
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 51. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 52. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 52. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 54. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 36. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 54. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 56-58. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, pp. 55-56. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 56. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 52. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Lambeth Palace Library MS 601, p. 111
- ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p. 53. New York: MJF, 2003.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers Relating to Ireland (James I) 1623, no. 997. (London 1860-1912)
- ^ "Current Events: The Marki Shalloe Theatre Festival, October 21 – November 5, 2006". Theatre Gael. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
- ^ Ships in the Irish Lighthouse Service (HTML). Commissioners of Irish Lights. Retrieved on 2007-02-10.
[edit] External links
- Untitled Grace O'Malley Project at the Internet Movie Database
- The Author of GRANUAILE: Ireland's Pirate Queen (Grace O'Malley) 1530-1603 by Anne Chambers Official Site
- Renaissance-central.com's Information on Grace O'Malley, by Rosemarie Colombraro
- Women in World History Homeschool Curriculum's entry on Grace O'Malley
- Judy Staley's article about Grace O'Malley on Rootsweb
- Best of Legends entry on Grace O'Malley
- Granuaile story and poem
- The song where Grace O'Malley is celebrated, Óró 'Sé Do Bheatha 'Bhaile
- Official site for The Pirate Queen musical
- Fansite for The Pirate Queen musical
- Grace O'Malley, The Pirate Queen of Ireland
- The Crew of the Dirty Rotten Oar Pirate Reenactor Troup featuring Grace O'Malley.
- European Heritage Campus 2000, "The Pirate Queen, Grace O'Malley"
- Granuaile The Grace O'Malley Concept Album by Shaun Davey
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