Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (luteinizing-releasing hormone)
from PDB 1YY1
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	GNRH1; GNRH; GRH; LHRH; LNRH
External IDs	OMIM: 152760 MGI: 95789 HomoloGene: 641
Gene ontology Molecular Function: • luteinizing hormone-releasing factor activity Cellular Component: • extracellular region • soluble fraction Biological Process: • signal transduction • cell-cell signaling • multicellular organismal development • negative regulation of cell proliferation
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2796	14714
Ensembl	ENSG00000147437	ENSMUSG00000015812
Uniprot	P01148	Q14AC4
Refseq	NM_000825 (mRNA) NP_000816 (protein)	NM_008145 (mRNA) NP_032171 (protein)
Location	Chr 8: 25.33 - 25.34 Mb	Chr 14: 66.7 - 66.7 Mb
Pubmed search	[1]	[2]

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), also known as Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.

Contents 1 Gene 2 Structure 3 GNRH1 as a neurohormone 4 Control of FSH and LH 5 Activity 6 GNRH1 in other organs 7 Medication 8 Agonists and antagonists 9 References 10 Further reading

[edit] Gene

The gene, GNRH1, for the GNRH1 precursor is located on chromosome 8. This precursor contains 92 amino acids and is processed to GNRH1, a decapeptide (10 amino acids) in mammals.

GnRH was previously called LHRH.

[edit] Structure

The identity of GNRH1 was clarified by the 1977 Nobel Laureates Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally:

pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly CONH2.

[edit] GNRH1 as a neurohormone

GNRH1 is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neural terminal. A key area for production of GNRH1 is the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, that contains most of the GNRH1-secreting neurons. GNRH1 is secreted in the hypophysial portal bloodstream at the median eminence. The portal blood carries the GNRH1 to the pituitary gland, which contains the gonadotrope cells, where GNRH1 activates its own receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR), located in the cell membrane.

GNRH1 is degraded by proteolysis within a few minutes.

[edit] Control of FSH and LH

At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GNRH1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens. Low frequency GNRH1 pulses lead to FSH release, whereas high frequency GNRH1 pulses stimulate LH release.

There are differences in GNRH1 secretion between females and males. In males, GNRH1 is secreted in pulses at a constant frequency, but in females the frequency of the pulses varies during the menstrual cycle and there is a large surge of GNRH1 just before ovulation.

GNRH1 secretion is pulsatile in all vertebrates, and is necessary for correct reproductive function. Thus, a single hormone, GNRH1, controls a complex process of follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male.

[edit] Activity

GNRH1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GNRH1 activity is not required. Pulsatile activity can be disrupted by hypothalamic-pituitary disease, either dysfunction (i.e., hypothalamic suppression) or organic lesions (trauma, tumor). Elevated prolactin levels decrease GNRH1 activity. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases pulse activity leading to disorderly LH and FSH activity, as seen in Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). GNRH1 formation is congenitally absent in Kallmann syndrome.

The GNRH1 neurons are regulated by many different afferent neurons, using several different transmitters (including norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate). For instance, dopamine appears to stimulate LH release (through GnRH) in estrogen-progesterone primed females; dopamine may inhibit LH release in ovariectomized females.^[1] Kisspeptin appears to be an important regulator of GNRH release.^[2] GNRH release can also be regulated by estrogen. It has been reported that there are kisspeptin-producing neurons that also express estrogen receptor alpha.^[3]

[edit] GNRH1 in other organs

GNRH1 is found in organs outside of the hypothalamus and pituitary and its role in other life processes is poorly understood. For instance, there is likely to be a role for GNRH1 in the placenta and in the gonads.

[edit] Medication

GNRH1 is available as gonadorelin hydrochloride (Factrel) for injectable use. Studies have described it being used via an infusion pump system to induce ovulation in patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism.

[edit] Agonists and antagonists

While GNRH1 has been synthesized and become available, its short half-life requires infusion pumps for its clinical use. Modifications of the decapeptide structure of GNRH1 have led to GNRH1 analog medications that either stimulate (GNRH1 agonists) or suppress (GNRH1 antagonists) the gonadotropins. It is important to note that, through downregulation, agonists are also able to exert a prolonged suppression effect.

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading