Giovanni da Verrazzano

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Translation of Italian Caption:
« Giovanni ... da Verrazzano,
Florentine Patrician, Great Captain, Naval Commander of the Very Christian King Francis I and Discoverer of New France. Born circa 1485, Dead in 1525... ».

Giovanni de Verrazzano ^[1] (c. 1485 – c. 1528) was an Italian explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland in 1539, including New York Harbor where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is named in his honor, and Narragansett Bay, where the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge is located.

[edit] Biography

Although Verrazzano left a descriptive account of his journey to North America, many details about his life remain unknown. He was born approximately 50 km (30 miles) south of Florence at Castello Verrazzano, his family's castle in the Val di Greve. Today the castle is a winery. On the wall of the castle there is a plaque which holds rocks from the bottom of the Hudson River. His date of birth is uncertain, but it was around 1485. In 1507, he moved to Dieppe, to pursue a maritime career. He made several voyages to the eastern Mediterranean, and also visited Newfoundland.

In 1524, he was sent by King Francis I of France to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean. He made landfall near Cape Fear on or around March 1, as recorded in his personal journals. He initially sailed south along the coast of present-day South Carolina, then turned north again. Sailing along the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina, he thought it was a narrow strip of land beyond which was open ocean - it is actually the estuary of the Pamlico Sound and the Albemarle Sound. This mistake led mapmakers, starting with Visconte Maggiolo in 1527 and Giovanni's brother Girolamo da Verrazzano in 1529, to draw North America as being almost split in two by the "Sea of Verazzano", the two parts connected by a thin land bridge on the east coast. It would take a century for this error to be corrected.

Verrazzano's voyage of 1524.

He made landfall several times and interacted with the Native Americans of the coast. He missed the Chesapeake Bay and likewise did not record the existence of the Delaware River further north. According to his journals, he sailed along the coast of present-day New Jersey and entered Lower New York Bay. He anchored in The Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island -- a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot -- but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay, also called New York Harbor). He apparently did not penetrate deeply enough into New York Harbor to observe the existence of the Hudson River.

From New York Harbor, he continued along the south coast of Long Island, then crossed Block Island Sound and entered Naragansett Bay, where he probably met the Narragansett people. He followed the coast further east and north to Maine, skirted the southeast coast of Nova Scotia, then returned to France by way of Newfoundland.

Verrazzano made two more voyages to the Americas. On the first, he cut logwood in Brazil.

[edit] Death

The cause of Verrazzano's death is not known for certain, but the most popular story places his death in 1528, while exploring Florida, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles. Verrazzano anchored away from shore and rowed in in a little boat to greet the natives. But he found that they were not pleasant natives who wanted to trade. Some say that he died in the Caribbean, killed by cannibals who ate him immediately. {Giovio, Paolo. Elogia vivorum (1551), quoted by Lawrence C. Wroth (1970) The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524-1528, New Haven : Pierpont Morgan Library by Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01207-1, p. 237.} His brother was in the main boat that was anchored away from shore. He witnessed this, but could not do anything about it, as he was out of gunshot range, and could not make it to shore in time. According to some other sources, Verrazzano was killed in 1528 on his third voyage to the New World, by the natives of the Lesser Antilles. Another source says that he was captured by the Spanish and hanged as a pirate. Whatever the case, Giovanni da Verrazzano died at the age of 43.

[edit] Modern reputation

A thousand years ago, the Norseman Bjarni Herjólfsson discovered the Coast of Labrador (northeastern continental Canada), which with Groenlandia and Newfoundland integrated the Vinland of the Vikings. Bjarni is believed to have been the first European to view the mainland of North America. The following Europeans known to have arrived on the coasts of the North American continent were several Spanish explorers who disembarked on the coasts of Texas and other lands of the Gulf of Mexico, in the 15th century. In April, 1513, again a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de León, explored the Atlantic coast of Florida, including Saint Augustine. Only 11 years later, Verrazzano landed on northernmost points of the present-day United States. Nevertheless, his reputation did not endure and proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. As a prime example, in accordance with the practices of the time, Verrazzano gave a European name to the new land he had seen, Francesa, after the French king he had been appointed by. This and other names he bestowed on features he discovered have not survived.

The most important evidence for Verrazzano's voyage is a long letter he wrote to Francis I describing the geography, flora, fauna and native population of the east coast of North America. In the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a great debate in the United States about the letters authenticity, some considered it a fake by someone who had not been on the voyage.^[2] Others thought it was true, and it is almost universally accepted as authentic today^[3], particularly after the discovery of the letter signed by Francis I which referred to Verrazzano's letter.^[4] This debate minimized considerably Verrazzano's reputation (in the United States at least) as the European discoverer of the mid-Atlantic coast of North America, but he has always remained a French and Italian hero.

Verrazzano's reputation was particularly obscure in New York City, where the 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson came to be regarded as the de facto start of the European exploration of New York. It was only with great effort in the 1950s and 1960s that Verrazzano's name and reputation as the European discoverer of the harbour was re-established, during an effort to have the newly built Narrows bridge named after him. See Naming controversy of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. A Staten Island ferryboat that served New York from the 1950s to the 1990s was also named for him (oddly, the ferry was named the "Verrazzano", while the bridge, another Staten Island landmark, was named "Verrazano", indicating the ongoing confusion over the spelling of his name). There are numerous other commemorations on Staten Island itself to the explorer -- a Little League is named for him, for instance --- reflecting not only his connection to Staten island but also the large number of descendants of Italians who live there.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• "Giovanni da Verrazzano (Giovanni da Verrazano)" at Greve in Chianti
• "The Written Record of the Voyage of 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazano as recorded in a letter to Francis I, King of France, July 8th, 1524"
• Verrazzano in the Catholic Encyclopedia
• The voyage of John de Verazzano: along the coast of North America, from Carolina to Newfoundland, A. D. 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano. Cornell University Library New York State Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} Cornell University Library Digital Collections
• Voyage of John de Verazzano, along the Coast of North America, from Carolina to Newfoundland, A.D. 1524, scanned from "Collections of the New-York Historical Society". (New York: New York Historical Society, 1841). Hosted by American Journeys, Wisconsin Historical Society.
• Verrazano's 1524 Letter Describes Early Eastern Shore Exploration - Delmarva Heritage Series

• His death is cited at Giovanni da Verrazzano' Life
• A Map and Timeline of Verrazano's voyage of 1524