Georg Schumann
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Georg Schumann (born 28 November 1886 in Leipzig-Reudnitz, Saxony; died 11 January 1945 in Dresden) was a German Communist and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime.
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[edit] Life
[edit] Imperial Germany
Even Georg Schumann's father was a socialist. The skilled toolmaker joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1905, and was chosen to be shop steward in Jena in 1907. In 1912, he went to the Social Democratic Party School in Jena, where Rosa Luxemburg discovered his journalistic gifts. The SPD posted him at the Leipziger Volkszeitung newspaper in 1913 as editor. During the First World War, Schumann joined the Gruppe Internationale (see Spartacist League) founded by Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Clara Zetkin and agitated in the Leipziger Arbeiterjugend (Leipzig Working Youth) against the war. In 1916, he was conscripted, and for doing illegal work for the Spartacist League within the army, he was sentenced to imprisonment. One of his soldier guards was the later Communist revolutionary Max Hoelz, whom Schumann acquainted with socialism's fundamentals.
[edit] Weimar Republic
In November 1918, Schumann led the Spartacist League in Leipzig and in 1919 was elected Political Leader of the KPD Leipzig District, and in 1921 Political Leader of the KPD Halle-Merseburg District and the local Prussian Landtag member. In 1923, the Party Congress chose him for a position in the Party's Central Committee. In the factional struggles after the KPD's so-called "October Defeat" in 1923, Schumann joined the so-called Middle Group. The ultraleftists did not choose him again for the Central Committee position in 1924, and he had to give up the Reichstag mandate that he had won in May 1924. In late 1924, his Landtag mandate expired, and along with it, his immunity. Since he had been a member of the KPD Central Committee, he was persecuted by the police. He emigrated in early 1925 to Moscow. In March 1926, he returned to Germany to become Party leader in Halle-Merseburg once again, but instead he was arrested, and spent almost a year in pre-trial custody. In 1927, he was chosen to be in the Central Committee again, and he became Political Leader in West Saxony (Leipzig), and in 1928, a Member of the Reichstag. In the factional struggles in 1929, he once again sided with the Middle Group, the so-called Versöhnler (roughly "conciliators"). The victorious left wing about Ernst Thälmann therefore removed him from his post as Leader in West Saxony over storms of protest. In late 1929, he submitted to the Thälmann line. In 1930-1933, he was once again a Member of the Reichstag, and busied himself above all with the Communist jobless workers' movement.
[edit] Resistance
After the party was banned in March 1933, Schumann led the illegal resistance work in Breslau, and was arrested by the Nazis and sentenced to three years in labour prison (Zuchthaus). After finishing his sentence, they confined him until early 1939 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After he was released, he worked once again as a toolmaker in Leipzig.
Beginning in 1941, he built up, together with Otto Engert and Kurt Kresse, one of the biggest Communist resistance groups, the so-called Schumann-Engert-Kresse Group. They were roughly oriented along the same lines as the National Committee Free Germany (NKFD), but, as the Moscow KPD Leadership in Exile was also doing at this time, they had a noticeable tendency to play down their socialist goals, such as nationalizing large industries, similar to that seen with the Knöchel-Seng Group in the Ruhr area. In the summer of 1944, the wave of Gestapo arrests began in the wake of the failed July 20 Plot. In July, both Schumann and Engert were also arrested. Both were severely tortured so that they would yield up further members' names. They remained steadfast, however, thereby saving many of their comrades' lives. On 23 November 1944, the Volksgerichtshof sentenced Georg Schumann to death, and on 11 January 1945, he was put to death in Dresden.
[edit] Honours
Since 1945, a main street in Leipzig, the highway leading towards Schkeuditz and Halle, part of Bundesstraße 6 has borne the name Georg-Schumann-Straße. From 1972 until 1991, a barracks of East Germany's National People's Army in Leipzig's Möckern neighbourhood bore the name Georg-Schumann-Kaserne. Also here was a memorial to Schumann, which has since been torn down. There is a primary school in Leipzig, however, which is still called Georg-Schumann-Schule.
[edit] Literature
- Hermann Weber: Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Bd. 2, Frankfurt 1969, S. 296f
