Federated Malay States

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This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States.

Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu Federated Malay States نڬري٢ ملايو برسكوتو Protectorate of the United Kingdom ←   ←   ←   ← 1895 – 1946 → Flag Coat of arms Motto (Malay:Dipelihara Allah Under God's (Allah) Protection Federated Malay States in British Malaya Capital Kuala Lumpur1 Language(s) Malay² English Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate Monarch  - 1837-1901 Victoria  - 1936-1952 George VI Resident General³  - 1896-1901 Frank Swettenham Legislature Federal Council  - State level State Council Historical era British Empire  - Federated 1895  - Treaty of Federation 1 July 1886  - Japanese Occupation 1942  - Japanese Surrender 14 August 1945  - Malayan Union 31 March, 1946 Area  - 1921 71,571 km² (27,634 sq mi) Population  - 1921 est. 1,324,890       Density 18.5 /km²  (47.9 /sq mi) Currency Straits dollar until 1939 Malayan dollar until 1953 1 Also the state capital of Selangor ² Malay using Jawi (Arabic) script ³ Later Chief Secretaries to the Government and Federal Secretaries

The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four states on the Malay Peninsula - Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang - established by the British government in 1895, and lasted until 1946, when they together with the Straits Settlements and the Unfederated Malay States formed the Malayan Union. Two years later, the Union became the Federation of Malaya and finally Malaysia in 1963 with the inclusion of Sabah (then North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore.

The United Kingdom was responsible for foreign affairs and defence, whilst the states continued to be responsible for their domestic policies. Even so, the British Resident General would give advice on domestic issues, and the states were bound by treaty to follow that advice. The federation had Kuala Lumpur, which was then part of Selangor as its capital. The first FMS Resident General was Sir Frank Swettenham.

The federation along with the other Malay states of the peninsular and British possessions was overrun and occupied by the Japanese. After the liberation of Malaya due to the Japanese surrender, the federation was not restored. However, the federal form of government was retain as the principal model in consolidating the separate States for a Malayan independence and later evolution into Malaysia.

Contents 1 Constituent States and First Durbar 2 Flag and emblem of the Federation 2.1 Flag 2.2 Coat of Arms 2.3 Naval Ensign 3 The Treaty of Federation and Administration 3.1 British Protectorate 3.2 Structure of the Federated Malay States 3.2.1 Federal Council 3.2.1.1 Resident-General 3.2.1.2 Chief Secretary to the Government 3.2.1.3 Federal Secretaries 3.2.2 State Council 3.2.3 Administrative subdivisions 4 Economy 4.1 Selangor 4.2 Perak 4.3 Negeri Sembilan 4.4 Pahang 5 Education 6 Press and Publications 7 Military History 7.1 WWI and the FMS 7.2 WWII - Japanese invasion and dissolution 8 Postage stamps 9 Notable event 10 References 11 See also

[edit] Constituent States and First Durbar

See also: Durbar

See also: Conference of Rulers

Although the Resident General was the real administrator of the federation, each of the four constituent states of the federation retained their respective hereditary rulers (sultans). At the formation of the Federated Malay States, the reigning sultans were:

1. Sultan Alaiddin Sulaiman Shah of Selangor
2. Sultan Idris Murshidul ‘Adzam Shah I of Perak
3. Yam Tuan Tuanku Muhammad Shah of Negeri Sembilan
4. Sultan Ahmad Mu’adzam Shah of Pahang

In 1897 the first Durbar was convened in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar, Perak as the platform for discussions for the four Rulers. This formed the basis for the Conference of Rulers that was created later on under Article 38 of the Malaysian Constitution in August 27, 1957.

[edit] Flag and emblem of the Federation

[edit] Flag

See also: Flag of Federated Malay States

The Federated Malay States had a flag of its own until its dissolution in 1946. The flag consisted of four different-colored stripes, namely, from top to bottom, white, red, yellow and black. Combination of any color represents the four states that formed the FMS - red, black and yellow are for Negeri Sembilan; black and white for Pahang; black, white and yellow for Perak; and red and yellow for Selangor. The same design concept is used in Malaysian national emblem. In the middle is an oblong circle with a Malayan tiger in it.

The National History Museum located near the Dataran Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has a replica of the federation's flag.

[edit] Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of the Federated Malay States featured a shield guarded by two tigers. On the top of the shield is the British Imperial Crown, as symbol of the protectorate under the United Kingdom. A banner with the phrase "Dipelihara Allah" (Under God's (Allah) Protection) written in Jawi is located underneath the shield.

The combinations of the four colors of the shield represents the colors of the flag of the states of the FMS (in the same way the flag of the FMS represents the states)

1. Red and yellow for Selangor
2. Black, white and yellow for Perak
3. Red, black and yellow for Negeri Sembilan
4. Black and white for Pahang

This design forms the basis of the Federation of Malaya's (later Malaysia) national emblem with the guardian tigers element and a quartered shield of four colours (white, red, yellow and black) in the central part of the shield representing the Federated Malay States.

The phrase "Dipelihara Allah" was also adopted as the current state motto for the state of Selangor.

[edit] Naval Ensign

See also: HMS Malaya

See also: Battle of Jutland

In addition to a state flag, the Federated Malay States also had a naval ensign. The ensign, with the four colors of the FMS, was flown by HMS Malaya (commanded by Captain Boyle under the 5th Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet) during the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea, which was the largest and the only full scale clash of battleships during World War One.

[edit] The Treaty of Federation and Administration

[edit] British Protectorate

The protectorate of the Federated Malay States was established after the four Rulers of Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang agreed to a federation and centralized administration in 1895 and in which the Treaty of Federation was drawn up and signed on the 1st of July 1896. By this treaty and the previous acceptance of the British Residents System in Selangor (1875), Perak (1874), Negeri Sembilan (1873) and Pahang (1888); the FMS were officially turned into a nominally independent protectorate of Great Britain (not to be confused with the British possessions like the territories of the Straits Settlements

With the Treaty of Federation the Malay Rulers effectively gave up their political power in their states, having to act after consulting and only with the due consent of their respective Residents. However, the United Kingdom pledged not to interfere in matters relating to native Malay traditions and Islamic affair.

[edit] Structure of the Federated Malay States

A well-ordered system of public administration was established, public services were extended, and large-scale rubber and tin production was developed. This control was interrupted by the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.

[edit] Federal Council

The British established the Federal Council in 1889 to administer the FMS. It was headed by the High Commissioner (The Governor of the Straits Settlement), assisted by the Resident-General, the Sultans, the four state Residents and four nominated unofficial members. This structure remained until the Japanese invaded Malaya on 8 December 1941.

[edit] Resident-General

From 1896 to 1936, real power lay in the hands of the Resident-General, later known as Chief Secretary of the Federation.

Residents-General of the FMS (1896-1911)

Residents-General	From	Until
Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham	1896	1901
Sir William Hood Treacher	1901	1904
Sir William Thomas Taylor	1904	1910
Sir Arthur Henderson Young	1910	1911

[edit] Chief Secretary to the Government

Chief Secretaries to the Government of the FMS (1911-1936)

Chief Secretaries	From	Until
Edward Lewis Brockman	1911	1920
Sir George Maxwell	1920	1926
Sir William Peel	1926	1930
Charles Walter Hamilton Cochrane	1930	1932
Andrew Caldecott	1932	1934
Malcolm Bond Shelley	1934	1935
Marcus Rex	1935	1936

[edit] Federal Secretaries

After 1936 the Federal Secretaries were no more than coordinating officers, under the authority of the High Commissioners, which are always the Governors of the Straits Settlements

Federal Secretaries of the FMS (1936-1942)

Residents-General	From	Until
Christopher Dominic Ahearne	1936	1939
Hugh Fraser	1939	1942

[edit] State Council

In the Federated Malay States, the individual State were still ruled by the Sultan but was now advised by the State Council for the purpose of administrating the State. The State Council was made up of the Resident (or in certain cases by the Secretary to the Resident), native chiefs, and representative(s) of the Chinese community nominated by the Sultan. The council discussed matters of interest for each respective state such as legislative and administrative issues as well as revision of all sentence of capital punishment. The Resident and his staff (mostly consist of European and Malay) carried on with the administrative work.

[edit] Administrative subdivisions

For the purpose of efficient administration, all the states of the federation were further divided into districts (Malay: Daerah). Each district was administered by a District Office (Malay: Pejabat Daerah) headed by a District Officer (Malay: Pegawai Daerah).

Perak
State capital : Taiping
Districts:

1. Ulu Perak (Upper Perak)

2. Larut and Krian

3. Kuala Kangsar

4. Kinta

5. Hilir Perak (Lower Perak)

6. Batang Padang

Notes:

The territory of Dinding and Pangkor Island was ceded to the British, administered as part of the Straits Settlement. Returned to the government of Perak in 1935.

Selangor
State capital : Kuala Lumpur (also as the Federal capital)
Districts:

7. Kuala Selangor

8. Ulu Selangor

9. Kuala Lumpur

10. Klang

11. Ulu Langat

12. Kuala Langat

Negeri Sembilan
State capital : Seremban
Districts:

13. Coast District

14. Seremban District

15. Jelebu

16. Kuala Pilah

17. Tampin

Notes:

Tanjung Tuan (also known as Cape Rachado) was a Dutch possession (originally Portuguese before 1641), passed to the British in 1824. Administered as an exclave of Malacca until today.

Pahang
State capital : Kuala Lipis
Districts:

18. Ulu Pahang

19. Temerloh

20. Kuantan

21. Pekan

[edit] Economy

This article is part of the History of Malaysia series
Prehistory (60,000–2,000 BCE)
Early kingdoms
Gangga Negara (2nd–11th century CE)
Langkasuka (2nd–14th century)
Pan Pan (3rd–5th century)
Srivijaya (3rd–14th century)
The rise of Muslim states
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Malacca Sultanate (1402–1511)
Sulu Sultanate (1450–1899)
Johor Sultanate (1528–current)
Jementah Civil War (1879)
European colonialism
Portuguese Malacca (1511 - 1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824)
Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1946)
British Malaya (1874–1946)
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Burney Treaty (1826)
Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
Larut War (1861–1874)
Klang War (1867–1874)
Pangkor Treaty of 1874
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (1800s–1946)
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Battle of Penang (1914)
North Borneo (1882–1963)
Mat Salleh Rebellion (1896–1900)
World War II
Japanese occupation (1941–1945)
Battle of Malaya (1941–42)
Parit Sulong Massacre (1942)
Battle of Muar (1942)
Battle of Singapore (1942)
Syburi (1942–1945)
Battle of North Borneo (1945)
Sandakan Death Marches (1945)
Malaysia in transition
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
Bukit Kepong Incident (1950)
Independence Day (1957)
Federation of Malaysia (1963–present)
Operation Coldstore (1963)
Indonesia confrontation (1962–1966)
Brunei Revolt (1962–1966)
Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965)
1964 Race Riots (1964)
Communist Insurgency War (1967-1989)
Contemporary Malaysia
Malaysia today
May 13 Incident (1969)
New Economic Policy (1971–1990)
Operation Lalang (1987)
1988 constitutional crisis (1987–88)
Asian financial crisis (1997–98)
[edit this box]

See also: Straits dollar, Malayan dollar, and Rubber

From the earlier period of the federation the currency in used was the Straits dollar issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency. As the currency depreciated over time, it was pegged at two shillings four sterling pence in 1906. In 1939, the British government introduced a new currency, Malayan dollar (ringgit in Malay) for used in Malaya and Brunei replacing the Straits dollar at par value. It had the smallest denominations of 1 cent to a highest of 1000 Malayan dollar and retained the exchange rate as was from the Straits dollar.

The Federated Malay States main economic activity was mostly focused on agriculture and mining with emphasis on rubber and tin. FMS and Malaya as a whole was the main supplier of these two commodities for the British industrial need. Rubber estates or plantations were established in all four states and tin was mined primarily in the Klang valley in Selangor and the Kinta valley in Perak. This labor intensive economic activities prompted the British to bring in immigrant workers from Southern India to work at the plantations and workers from Southern China to mine the tin.

The economic condition in the period can be viewed as self-sustainable, as the income of the federation was more than what was expended in terms of maintaining the administration and economic activities. In the later period, a lot of resources was poured into the development of the city of Kuala Lumpur, as the capital of the federation. This period also saw rapid growth in terms of communications infrastructure such as interstate roads, a narrow gauge railway line from Penang to Singapore, and the Port Swettenham (present day Port Klang). Public schools and academic institutions were also opened along with an improvement in public health. An area in the city was also gazetted as a settlement for the Malay called Kampung Baru. Public buildings were also constructed such as the Kuala Lumpur railway station, the Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad complex and Masjid Jamek.

The table and section below illustrated the economic growth of the federation and it's member states.

Growth of trade and government revenue and expenditure (1875-1922)

Year	Revenue	Expenditure	Import	Export
1875	$409,394	$436,872	$831,375	$739,972
1880	$881,910	$794,944	$2,231,048	$1,906,952
1885	$2,208,709	$2,261,954	$8,667,425	$9,961,786
1890	$4,840,065	$5,237,275	$15,443,809	$17,602,093
1895	$8,481,007	$7,582,553	$22,653,271	$31,622,805
1900	$15,609,807	$12,728,930	$38,402,581	$60,361,045
1905	$23,964,593	$20,750,395	$50,575,455	$80,057,654
1910	$26,553,018	$23,598,610	$53,255,151	$102,851,990
1915	$40,774,984	$42,838,631	$61,343,935	$162,429,254
1920	$72,277,146	$100,433,471	$175,916,712	$289,112,016
1921	$54,449,568	$114,386,546	$102,914,877	$134,955,549
1922	$52,494,110	$49,811,007	$78,822,349	$140,429,775

^{Note: All values are in Straits Dollar (One dollar fixed at two shillings and four pence sterling). Data for Pahang included only from 1890 onwards}

^{Ref: Harrison, Cuthbert Woodville. An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States. 1923}

[edit] Selangor

The revenue of Selangor in 1875 amounted to only $115,656; in 1905 it had increased to $8,857,793. Of this latter sum $3,195,318 was derived from duty on tin exported, $1,972,628 from finance, federal receipts, and $340,360 from land revenue. The trade balance was chiefly derived from the revenue farms, which included the right to collect import duty on opium and spirits. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $7,186,146, of which sum $3,717,238 was on account of federal charges and $1,850,711 for public works. The value of the imports in 1905 was $24,643,619 and that of the exports was $26,683,316, making a total of $51,326,935 equivalent to £5,988,000. Tin is the principal export. The amount exported in 1905 was 17,254 tons. The total area of alienated mining land at the end of 1905 amounted to 65,573 acres (265 km²).

[edit] Perak

The revenue of Perak in 1874 amounted to $226,333. That for 1905 amounted to $12,242,897. Of this latter sum $4,876,400 was derived from duty on exported tin, $2,489,300 from railway receipts, $505,300 from land revenue and $142,800 from postal and telegraphic revenue. The remainder is mainly derived from the revenue farms, which are leased for a short term of years, conveying to the lessee the right to collect import duties upon opium, wine and spirits, to keep pawnbroking shops, and to keep public licensed gambling-houses for the use of non-Malay only. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $10,141,980. Of this sum $4,236,000 was expended upon railway upkeep and construction and $2,176,100 upon public works. The value of the imports into Perak during 1905 was over $20,000,000, and that of the exports exceeded $40,000,000, making a total of over $60,000,000, equivalent to about seven million sterling. The output of tin from Perak ranged between 18,960 tons, valued at $23,099,506 in 1899, and 26,600 tons, valued at $35,500,000, in 1905. The fluctuating character of the output was due to the uncertainty of the labour supply. The mining population was recruited exclusively from the districts of southern China, and during certain years an increased demand for labourers in China itself, in French Indo-China, in the Dutch colonies, and in South Africa temporarily and adversely affected immigration to the Straits of Malacca. The output had, moreover, been affected from time to time by the price of tin, which was $32.20 per pikul in 1896, rose to $42.96 in 1898, to $74.15 in 1900, and averaged $80.60 in 1905. Exclusive of tin, the principal exports were $108,000 worth of Para rubber, $181,000 of copra, $54,000 of hides, $48,000 of patchouli, and considerable quantities of timber, rattans and other jungle produce.

[edit] Negeri Sembilan

The revenue of the Negri Sembilan amounted to only $223,435 in 1888. In 1898 it had increased to $701,334, in 1900 to $1,251,366, and in 1905 to $2,335,534. The revenue for 1905 was derived mainly as follows: - customs $1,268,602, land revenue $145,475, land sales $21,407, while the revenue farms contributed $584,459. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $2,214,093, of which $1,125,355 was expended upon public works. The trade returns for 1905, which are not, however, complete, showed an aggregate value of about $13,000,000. The value of the tin exported during 1905 exceeded $6,900,000, and the value of the agricultural produce, of which gambier represented $211,000 and damar $80,000, amounted to $407,990.

[edit] Pahang

The revenue of Pahang in 1899 amounted to only $62,077; in 1900 to $419,150. In 1905 it was $528,368. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $1,208,176. Of this sum $736,886 was expended on public works. Pahang is still a source of expense to the federation, its progress having been retarded by the disturbances which lasted from December 1891 until 1895, with short intervals of peace, but the revenue was steadily increasing, and the ultimate financial success of the state is considered to be secure. Pahang owed something over $3,966,500 to Selangor and $1,175,000 to Perak, which had financed it for some years out of surplus revenue. The value of the imports in 1905 was $1,344,346, that of the exports was $3,838,928, thus making a total trade value of $5,183,274. The most valuable export is tin, the value of which in 1905 amounted to $2,820,745. The value of the gutta exported exceeded $140,000, that of dried and salted fish amounted to nearly $70,000, and that of timber to $325,000.

[edit] Education

See also: Malay College Kuala Kangsar

[edit] Press and Publications

See also: Malay Mail

See also: New Straits Times

[edit] Military History

[edit] WWI and the FMS

See also: HMS Malaya

See also: Battle of Penang

With the threat of Germany, the British Navy was in a drive for expansion. As a contribution, the Government and people of the Federated Malay States; agreed to finance the commissioning of HMS Malaya in a motion proposed in the Federal Council by His late Highness the Sultan of Perak in 1913, supported by His late Highness the Sultan of Selangor. The battleship which cost $25,000,000 (approximately £2,945,709) was one of five of the "Queen Elizabeth"' Class, displacing 31,000 tons, mounting fifteen-inch (381 mm) guns and capable of 25 knots (46 km/h). The most modern ships of their day, they formed the 5th Battle Squadron and fought as such at Jutland in 1916. The HMS Malaya was also refurbished and was in service throughout World War Two.

[edit] WWII - Japanese invasion and dissolution

See also: Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse

See also: Battle of Malaya

[edit] Postage stamps

While the four states issued their own postage stamps as before, there were additional issues for the Federated States as a whole.

[edit] Notable event

The Federated Malay States was also within the flight path of American aviator, Amelia Earhart, on her Thailand - Singapore leg during her final and fatal attempt to cross the globe in 1937. Permission to enter the FMS airspace with provision to land in Taiping Airport was given on 7 June 1937.

[edit] References

• Harrison, Cuthbert Woodville. An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States. 1923
• George Palmer Putnam Collection of Amelia Earhart Papers © Purdue University

[edit] See also

• Unfederated Malay States
• The Straits Settlements
• HMS Malaya (1915)
• Pangkor Treaty of 1874

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Oceania  18th century 1788-1901  New South Wales 19th century 1803-1901  Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1807-1863  Auckland Islands6 1824-1980  New Hebrides (Vanuatu) 1824-1901  Queensland 1829-1901  Swan River Colony/Western Australia 1836-1901  South Australia since 1838  Pitcairn Islands 1840-1907  *Colony of New Zealand 1850-1901  Victoria (Australia) 1874-1970  Fiji5 1877-1976  British Western Pacific Territories 1884-1949  Territory of Papua 1888-1965  Cook Islands6 1888-1984  Sultanate of Brunei 1889-1948  Union Islands (Tokelau)6 1892-1979  Gilbert and Ellice Islands7 1893-1978  British Solomon Islands8 20th century 1900-1970  Tonga (protected state) 1900-1974  Niue6 1901-1942  *Commonwealth of Australia 1907-1953  *Dominion of New Zealand 1919-1949  Territory of New Guinea 1949-1975  Territory of Papua and New Guinea9 5 Suspended member. 6 Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand. 7 Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu. 8 Now the *Solomon Islands. 9 Now *Papua New Guinea. Antarctica and South Atlantic  17th century since 1659  St. Helena (On African Continent) 19th century since 1815  Ascension Island9 (On African Continent) since 1816  Tristan da Cunha9 (On African Continent) since 1833  Falkland Islands11 (South America) 20th century since 1908  British Antarctic Territory10 since 1908  South Georgia and                     the South Sandwich Islands10, 11 9 Dependencies of St. Helena since 1922 (Ascension Island) and 1938 (Tristan da Cunha). 10 Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). 11 Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April-June 1982.

v • d • e Protectorates and crown colonies of British Malaya and Borneo (19th century-1984) Malaya The Straits Settlements (1826-1946) • The Federated Malay States (1895-1946) • The Unfederated Malay States (19th century-1946) Borneo Sultanate of Brunei (1888-1984) • Kingdom of Sarawak (1841-1941) • North Borneo (1882-1963)