Edvard Beneš

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Edvard Beneš
2nd President of Czechoslovakia
In office 18 December 1935 – 5 October 1938
Preceded by	Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Succeeded by	Emil Hácha
In office 2 April 1945 – 7 June 1948
Preceded by	Emil Hácha
Succeeded by	Klement Gottwald
President of Czechoslovakia in Exile
In office 5 October 1938 – 2 April 1945
4th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
In office 26 September 1921 – 7 October 1922
Preceded by	Jan Černý
Succeeded by	Antonín Švehla
Born	May 28, 1884 (1884-05-28) Kožlany, Austria-Hungary
Died	September 3, 1948 (aged 64) Sezimovo Ústí, Czechoslovakia
Political party	Czechoslovak National Socialist Party
Spouse	Hana Benešová

Edvard Beneš (pronounced [ˈɛdvart ˈbɛnɛʃ] (help·info)) (May 28, 1884 Kožlany, Bohemia (then part of Austria-Hungary) – September 3, 1948 Sezimovo Ústí, Czechoslovakia) was a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia.

Contents 1 Youth 2 First exile 3 Czechoslovakia 4 Second exile 5 Last years 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 See also 9 External links

[edit] Youth

Edvard Beneš was born into a peasant family in a small village of Kožlany near Rakovník, ca. 60 km west of Prague. He spent much of his youth in Vinohrady district of Prague, where he attended a grammar school from 1896 to 1904. After studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Charles University in Prague, he left for Paris and continued his studies at the Sorbonne and at the Independent School of Political and Social Studies (École Libre des Sciences Politiques). He completed his first degree in Dijon, where he received his Doctorate of Laws in 1908. Then he taught for three years at the Prague Academy of Commerce, and after his habilitation in the field of philosophy in 1912, he became a lecturer in sociology at Charles University. He was involved in Scouting.^[1]

[edit] First exile

During World War I, Beneš was one of the leading organizers of an independent Czechoslovakia abroad. He organized a Czech pro-independence anti-Austrian secret resistance movement called "Maffia". In September, 1915, he went into exile where in Paris he made intricate diplomatic efforts to gain recognition from France and the United Kingdom for the Czechoslovak independence movement, as he was from 1916–1918 a Secretary of the Czechoslovak National Council in Paris and Minister of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs within the Provisional Czechoslovak government.

[edit] Czechoslovakia

From 1918–1935, Beneš was first and the longest serving Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia, and from 1920–1925 and 1929–1935 a member of the Parliament. He represented Czechoslovakia in talks of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1921 he was a professor and also from 1921–1922 Prime Minister. Between 1923–1927 he was a member of the League of Nations Council (serving as president of its committee from 1927–1928). He was a renowned and influential figure at international conferences, such as Genoa 1922, Locarno 1925, The Hague 1930, and Lausanne in 1932.

Beneš was a member of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party (until 1925 called Czechoslovak Socialist Party) and a strong Czechoslovakist - he did not consider Slovaks and Czechs to be separate ethnicities.

In 1935, Beneš succeeded Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk to become President. He served as de jure President of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1948. From 1938 to 1945 he was in exile. He was elected only twice: on 14 December 1935 and on 19 June 1946, since Art. 58 para 5 of the Constitution stipulated: The former president shall stay in his or her function till the new president shall be elected. ("Dřívější president zůstává ve své funkci, pokud nebyl zvolen president nový.") He was confirmed as the former president of the republic by the National Assembly on 28 October 1945 by unanimous vote.[1]

[edit] Second exile

In October 1938, after the Munich Agreement ceded the predominantly German speaking Sudetenland to Germany, Beneš was forced to resign under German pressure. Fearing for his life, he went into exile in Putney, London, living at 26 Gwendolen Avenue SW15 (blue plaque). Then in 1940 he organized the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile in London with Jan Šrámek as Prime Minister and himself as President.

In November 1940, Beneš, his wife, their nieces, and his household staff moved to The Abbey at Aston Abbotts near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. The staff of his private office, including his Secretary Edvard Táborský and his chief of staff Jaromír Smutný, moved to The Old Manor House in the neighbouring village of Wingrave, while his military intelligence staff headed by František Moravec was stationed in the nearby village of Addington.

In 1941 Beneš and František Moravec planned Operation Anthropoid, with the intention of assassinating Reinhard Heydrich.[2] This was implemented in 1942, and, predictably, resulted in brutal German reprisals such as the execution of thousands of Czechs and the eradication of two villages of Lidice and Ležáky.

Although oriented to the West, Beneš was also on friendly terms with Stalin. In 1943 he signed the entente between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union in order to secure Czechoslovakia's political position, as well as his own.

[edit] Last years

At the end of World War II, Beneš returned home as the President of Czechoslovakia. He resented the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia on 25 February 1948 led by Prime Minister Klement Gottwald, and resigned as President on 7 June 1948. Gottwald succeeded him as President. He died of natural causes at his villa in Sezimovo Ústí, Czechoslovakia on September 3, 1948. He is interred along with his wife in the garden of his villa and his bust is part of the gravestone.

The so-called Beneš decrees (officially Decrees of the President of the Republic), which, among other things, expropriated citizens of German and Hungarian ethnicity, and paved the way for the eventual expulsion of the majority of Germans to Germany and Austria. The decrees are still in force to this day and remain controversial, with the expellees demanding their repeal. The Czech government's repeated assurances that the decrees are no longer applied have been accepted by the European Commission and the European Parliament.

Beneš was not mostly responsible for shaping the Beneš decrees, and in particular had little influence on those passed after the beginning of the occupation.^{[citation needed]} Decrees were prepared by government by an absolute majority.

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Neil Rees "The Secret History of The Czech Connection - The Czechoslovak Government in Exile in London and Buckinghamshire" compiled by Neil Rees, England, 2005. ISBN 0-9550883-0-5.
• John Wheeler-Bennett Munich : Prologue to Tragedy, New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948.
• Paul E. Zinner "Czechoslovakia: The Diplomacy of Eduard Benes" pages 100–122 from The Diplomats 1919–1939 edited by Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America, 1953.
• Milan Hauner *(ed.): Edvard Beneš’ MEMOIRS: THE DAYS OF MUNICH (vol.1), WAR AND RESISTANCE (vol.2), DOCUMENTS (vol.3). First critical edition of reconstructed War Memoirs 1938-45 of President Beneš of Czechoslovakia (published by Academia Prague 2007. ISBN 978-80-200-1529-7)

[edit] See also

• History of Czechoslovakia
• List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia
• List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia

[edit] External links

• Biography at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic
• Edvard Beneš and Czechoslovakia during mounting Sudetenland Crisis (English) - an article published in Time Magazine on September 26, 1938 - free archive
• Pictures of Edvard Beneš funeral (1) (English) - lying in state (in the opened coffin)
• Pictures of Edvard Beneš funeral (2) (English) - funeral procession with wreaths and laying of coffin into grave

Government offices
Preceded by -	Minister of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia 1918–1935	Succeeded by Milan Hodža
Preceded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk	President of Czechoslovakia 1935–1938	Succeeded by Emil Hácha
Preceded by Emil Hácha	President of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and President of Czechoslovakia 1940–1945 and 1945–1948	Succeeded by Klement Gottwald

v • d • e Presidents of Czechoslovakia Regular Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk  · Edvard Beneš  · Jan Syrový  · Emil Hácha  · Edvard Beneš · Klement Gottwald  · Antonín Zápotocký  · Antonín Novotný  · Ludvík Svoboda  · Gustáv Husák  · Václav Havel Acting Milan Hodža (1935)  · Jan Syrový (1938)  · Viliam Široký (1957)  · Jozef Lenárt (1968)  · Marián Čalfa (1989)  · Jan Stráský (1992)

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia First Republic Karel Kramář · Vlastimil Tusar · Jan Černý (1920–21; 1926) · Edvard Beneš · Antonín Švehla (1922–26; 1926-29) · František Udržal · Jan Malypetr · Milan Hodža · Jan Syrový Second Republic Jan Syrový · Rudolf Beran Government in exile Jan Šrámek · Zdeněk Fierlinger Transition to Communism Zdeněk Fierlinger · Klement Gottwald Communist era Klement Gottwald · Antonín Zápotocký · Viliam Široký · Jozef Lenárt · Oldřich Černík · Lubomír Štrougal · Ladislav Adamec after the Velvet Revolution Marián Čalfa (1989–92) · Jan Stráský (1992)

v • d • e Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia First Republic Edvard Beneš · Milan Hodža · Kamil Krofta Second Republic František Chvalkovský Transition to Communism Jan Masaryk Communist era Vladimír Clementis · Viliam Široký · Václav David · Jiří Hájek · Ján Marko · Bohuslav Chňoupek · Jaromír Johanes Czech and Slovak Federal Republic Jiří Dienstbier · Jozef Moravčík

v • d • e Presidents of the General Assembly of the League of Nations Paul Hymans (1920–21) · Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek (1921–22) · Augustín Edwards (1922–23) · Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza (1923–24) · Giuseppe Motta (1924–25) · Raoul Dandurand (1925–26) · Afonso Costa (1926) · Momčilo Ninčić (1926–27) · Alberto Guani (1927–28) · Herluf Zahle (1928–29) · José Gustavo Guerrero (1929–30) · Nicolae Titulescu (1930–32) · Paul Hymans (1932–33) · Charles Theodore Te Water (1933–34) · Richard Johannes Sandler (1934) · Francisco Castillo Nájera (1934–35) · Edvard Beneš (1935–36) · Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1936–37) · Tevfik Rüştü Aras (1937) · Aga Khan III (1937–38) · Éamon de Valera (1938–39) · Carl Joachim Hambro (1939–40, 1946)