De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)

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De doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine) is a Latin manuscript found in 1823 and is attributed to John Milton, who died 148 years prior. Although Milton is the only writer that the work is attributed to, it was not written by him personally, because he was blind by the time the work was created.

The history and style of Christian Doctrine has created much controversy. Critics have argued about the authority of the text as representative of Milton's philosophy based on possible problems with its authorship, its production, and over what its content actually means. However, the majority of critics believe that Milton is author of the manuscript beyond any doubt.^[1]

Both Charles R. Sumner and John Carey have translated the work into English. Charles edition was first printed in 1825.^[2] This was the only translation until Carey's in 1973.^[3]

Contents 1 Background 2 Manuscript 3 Theology 3.1 Christian Doctrine 3.2 Milton's God 4 Critical response 5 Notes 6 References

[edit] Background

The only manuscript of Christian Doctrine was found during 1823 in London's Old State Paper Office (at the Middle Treasury Gallery in Whitehall).^[4] The work was one of many in a bundle of state papers written by John Milton while he served as Secretary of Foreign Tongues under Oliver Cromwell. The manuscript was provided with an prefatory epistle that explains the background and history to the formation of the work. If it is correct, the manuscript is the same work referred to in Milton's Commonplace Book and in an account by Edward Phillips, Milton's nephew, of a theological "tractate".^[4]

Because Milton was blind, the manuscript of De Doctrina Christiana was the work of two people: Daniel Skinner and Jeremie Picard.^[5] Picard first copied the manuscript from previous works and Skinner prepared the work to be copied for typesetting, although there are a few unidentified editors who made changes to the manuscript.^[5] After Milton died in 1674, Daniel Skinner was given possession of Christian Doctrine along with Milton's other manuscripts.^[6] In 1675, Skinner attempted to publish the work in Amsterdam, but it was rejected, and in 1677 he was pressured by the English government to hand over the document where it was then hidden.^[6]

There have been only two translations of De Doctrina Christiana. The first was the Charles edition was first produced in 1825 titled A treatise on Christian doctrine compiled from the Holy Scriptures alone.^[2] The original Latin text was included alongside of the English translation.^[2] However, the next translation produced by Carey was not in a dual language format.^[3] Both of these two original translations identified Milton as the author.^[2][3]

However, there is a minority line of criticism that denies Christian Doctrine as a work produced by Milton, but there have been no authors substituted by these critics in place of Milton.^[7] These denials are grounded in the fact that a blind Milton would struggle to rely on so many Biblical quotations and that the Christian Doctrine is the sole reason why Milton is viewed as having a heterodox theological understanding.^[7] In response to this argument, many critics have focused on defending Milton's authorship.^[8][9][10] Because of the overwhelming evidence supporting the Miltonic authorship of the piece, most editions of Milton's prose includes the work.^[1]

[edit] Manuscript

The Christian Doctrine is divided into two books. The first book is then divided into 33 chapters and the second into 17.

The first part of the work appears to be "finished" because it is free of edits and the handwriting (Skinner's) is neat, whereas the second is filled with edits, corrections, and notes in the margins.^[11] The Skinner's incomplete fair copy has stirred controversy over the work, because it does not provide critics with the ability to determine what the fair copy was based on.^[12]

The manuscript itself is patterned off the theological treatises common to Milton's time, such as William Ames's Medulla Theologica and John Wolleb's Compendium Theologiae Christianae^[13] Although Milton refers to "forty-two works", of them many were "systematic theologies", in his various works, Christian Doctrine does not allude to them in the same way as he does in his political treatises.^[14] However, the actual pattern of discourse found within the treatise is modeled after Ames's and Wolleb's works even if the content is different.^[15]

Where Milton differs is in the use of scripture as evidence; Milton relies on scripture as the basis of his argument and keeps scripture in the center of his text; whereas, many other theological treatises keep scriptural passages to the margins.^[16] In essence, as Lieb says, "Milton privileges the proof-text over that which is to be proven."^[17] Schwartz has gone so far as to claim that Milton "ransacked the whole Bible" and that Milton's own words are "squeezed out of his text."^[18] However, the actual "proof-texts" of the Bible used are various, and there is not one version used in Milton's Latin citations.^[19]

[edit] Theology

Milton's approach to theology is to deal directly with the Bible and use "the word of God" as his basis.^[20] Even though Milton relied on the pattern of "theological systems" of his day, he believed that there could be "progress" achieved in understanding theology by relying on the Bible completely.^[21] Milton "filled" his theology with direct quotes from the Bible in order to separate his work from his contemporaries who did not deal with the Bible enough for his taste.^[21] Some critics have argued, persuasively, that Milton's theology is Arian.^[22]

[edit] Christian Doctrine

The first chapter of Christian Doctrine discusses the actual meaning of "Christian Doctrine." Milton claims that this "Christian Doctrine" needs to be understood before one can begin to talk about divinity and that the doctrine comes from Christ's communication to mankind about divinity.^[23] The doctrine requires humans to "come to terms with God's nature" and it comes from "the ever-abiding desire to celebrate [God's] glory because of his redemptive plan."^[24]

Milton's approach to Christian doctrine is not philosophical, and Milton does not attempt at "knowing" God.^[24] Instead, we have to find God "in the Holy Scriptures alone and with the Holy Spirit as guide."^[25] Milton grounds his message in Christian teaching when he says:

"I do not teach anything new in this work. I am only to assist the reader's memory by collecting together as it were, into a single book texts which are scattered here and there throughout the Bible, and by systematizing them under definite headings in order to make reference easy"^[25]

As such, Milton promotes the idea that his whole work comes only from the teachings of Christ, and that Christian doctrine can only come from Christ.^[26]

[edit] Milton's God

Milton's version of God is characterized by the darker aspects of deus absconditus.^[27] Milton's God is an "over-whelming force" that, in some of Milton's works, appears "as the embodiment of dread."^[27] Along with this, God is not definable, but some of his aspects are knowable: he is one, omnipresent, and eternal.^[28]

Milton's interpretation of God has been described as Arian. Kelley explains the actual usage of this term as he says, "Milton may be quite correctly called an Arian if he holds an anti-Trinitarian view of God; and it is in this sense that scholars have been calling Milton an Arian since the publication of the De Doctrina in 1825."^[29] In particular, Christian Doctrine denies the eternity of the Son, Jesus's pre-birth title.^[30] Such a denial separates the unity between God and the Son.^[31] However, some claim that the Son is eternal, since he was begotten before time, and that he represents part of the Logos.^[30] But this cannot be, as Kelley points out, "Milton concludes, the Son was begotten not from eternity but 'within the limits of time.'"^[32] Although some have argued that the Son is equal in some respects with God, the Son lacks the complete attributes of God.^[33]

Another aspect of Milton's God is that he is material. This is not to say that he has a human form, as Milton states, "God in his most simple nature is a SPIRIT."^[34] However, such "spirits" to Milton, as with many of his contemporaries like Thomas Hobbes, are a type of material.^[35] God, from his material essence, is able to establish all other matter and then manipulate that matter to create forms and beings.^[36]

[edit] Critical response

In the mid 20th century, C. A. Patrides declared Christian Doctrine as a "theological labyrinth" and as "an abortive venture into theology."^[37]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Bauman, Michael. Milton's Arianism. Peter Lang. 1987.
• Campbell, Gordon, Thomas Corns, John Hale, David Holmes, and Fiona Tweedie. "The Provenance of De Doctrina Christiana," Milton Quarterly 31 (1997) pp. 67-117
• ---- Milton and the Manuscript of De Doctrina Christiana Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. 240 pp.
• Campbell, Gordon. "The Son of God in 'De Doctrina Christiana' and 'Paradise Lost'" The Modern Language Review, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Jul., 1980), pp. 507-514
• Fallon, Stephen. "Milton's Arminianism and the Authorship of De Doctrina Christiana" Texas Studies in Literature and Language 41, no. 2, (1999) pp. 103-127
• Hunter, William B. "The Provenance of the Christian Doctrine." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 32, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1992), pp. 129-142
• Kelley, Maurice. This Great Argument. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1962.
• ---- "Milton and the Trinity" The Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Aug., 1970), pp. 315-320
• Lewalski, Barbara. "Milton and De Doctrina Christiana: Evidences of Authorship," Milton Studies 36 (1998) pp. 203-228
• Lieb, Michael. Theological Milton: Deity, Discourse and Heresy in the Miltonic Canon. Pittsburg: Duquesne University Press. 2006. 348 pp.
• ---- "De Doctrina Christiana and the Question of Authorship," Milton Studies 41 (1990) pp. 172-230
• Milton, John. The Complete Poetry and Essential Prose ed. William Kerrigan, John Rumrich, and Stephen Fallon. New York: The Modern Library. 2007. 1365 pp.
• ---- The Complete Prose Works of John Milton. Vol 6. Christian Doctrine ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1953-1982.
• ---- A treatise on Christian doctrine compiled from the Holy Scriptures alone trans. Charles Richard Sumner. Cambridge: J. Smith. 1825.
• ---- Christian Doctrine. Vol. VI, Complete Prose Works of John Milton. Ed. Maurice Kelley, trans. John Carey. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1973.
• Patrides, C. A. "Paradise Lost and the Language of Theology," Language and Style in Milton: A Symposium in Honor of the Tercentenary of "Paradise Lost," ed. Ronald David Emma and John T. Shawcross. New York: Frederick Unger. 1967.
• Reesing, John "The Materiality of God in Milton's De Doctrina Christiana" The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Jul., 1957), pp. 159-173
• Schwartz, Regina M. "Citation, Authority, and De Doctrina Christiana," in Politics, Poetics, and Hermeneutics in Milton's Prose ed. David Loewenstein and James Turner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990