ebooksgratis.com

See also ebooksgratis.com: no banners, no cookies, totally FREE.

CLASSICISTRANIERI HOME PAGE - YOUTUBE CHANNEL
Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions
Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus/Archive 1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus/Archive 1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] Proposed Additions

For the information of all editors not involved in the discussion, Jorditxei proposed some major additions to the 1948 Palestinian exodus article. Due to the volume of that article, and of the propose addition, I created this article which should suffice in space to allow the proposed additions.
Furthermore, since Jorditxei had difficulties in finding sources which refuted claims that Jews expelled Arab from Palestine, I intend to look for as many of these as I can find and post them here. In addition to these, I will be looking for any other quotations that will make the article better rounded and more comprehensive.

"Anti-expulsion" sources


Other sources

"Of the 62,000 Arabs who formerly lived in Haifa not more than 5,000 or 6,000 remained. Various factors influenced their decision to seek safety in flight. There is but little doubt that the most potent of the factors were the announcements made over the air by the Higher Arab Executive, urging the Arabs to quit." -The Economist, October 2, 1948.

"Arab officers ordered the complete evacuation of specific villages in certain areas, lest their inhabitants ‘treacherously’ acquiesce in Israeli rule or hamper Arab military deployments. [...] There can be no exaggerating the importance of these early Arab-initiated evacuations in the demoralization, and eventual exodus, of the remaining rural and urban populations" -Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 590.

"We will smash the country with our guns and obliterate every place the Jews shelter in. The Arabs should conduct their wives and children to safe areas until the fighting has died down." -Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Said. Quoted in Myron Kaufman, The Coming Destruction of Israel, NY: The American Library Inc., 1970, pp. 26-27

"It must not be forgotten that the Arab Higher Committee encouraged the refugees’ flight from their homes in Jaffa, Haifa and Jerusalem." -Near East Broadcasting Station (Cyprus), April 3, 1949. Quoted in Samuel Katz, Battleground-Fact and Fantasy in Palestine, NY: Bantam Books, 1985, p. 15.

"The Arab States encouraged the Palestine Arabs to leave their homes temporarily in order to be out of the way of the Arab invasion armies." -Filastin (Arabic), February 19, 1949. Quoted in Bard, Mitchell G., Myth and Facts: a Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, copyright 2001, p. 170.

"The Arab armies entered Palestine to protect the Palestinians from the Zionist tyranny but, instead, they abandoned them, forced them to emigrate and to leave their homeland, and threw them into prisons similar to the ghettos in which the Jews used to live." -Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas, March 1976. Quoted in Bard, Mitchell G., Myth and Facts: a Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, copyright 2001, p. 171.

"The Arab civilians panicked and fled ignominiously.Villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war" -John Bagot Glubb, the commander of Jordan's Arab Legion. Quoted in London Daily Mail, August 12, 1948[1].

Please cite the whole phrase, otherwise it seems the author of the phrase is saying the contrary of what it says. This man also said :

voluntary emigrants do not leave their homes with only the clothes they stand up in. People who have decided to move house do not do so in such a hurry that they lose other members of their family - husband losing sight of his wife, or parents of their children. The fact is that the majority left in panic flight.

So I think it may say the contrary of what you meant. Cheers.--Jorditxei 23:14, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Which source said this? Screen stalker 19:22, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
That is Glubbs' words which I also introduced in the talk page of 1948 Palestinian exodus (in one of my proposals). You can see there the references, is from one of his books, A Soldier with the Arabs or something like that. The point here is that authors have used citations from different sources in a misleading way to support their "cause" (in both sides). We should be careful with this. Cheers.--Jorditxei 18:23, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
By the way, I have no problems with you introducing those cites. Maybe go ahead introducing them and we may discuss after if any problem appeared. Thanks. Cheers.--Jorditxei 20:18, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
Sounds good to me. And I will add your quotation from Glubbs as well. Could you provide the full citation, though? Screen stalker 13:40, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
The full quotation is the one I have introduced. You wrote: "Villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war" -John Bagot Glubb, the commander of Jordan's Arab Legion.". The full one is with "The Arab civilians panicked and fled ignominiously" at the beginning. I guess that one could look for the "complete" one because I would rather argue that the author is speaking about how military action made palestinians panick and flee. Please tell me if this was what you were talking about (I am not sure! :)). Cheers. --Jorditxei 14:00, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
By all means, please add the text in question. I think it will make Glubb's point clearer. I am sorry I haven't been able to contribute recently. My life outside wikipedia has been busy as all heck, and it's about to get worse. I will continue regular editing as soon as I can. Screen stalker 13:28, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

I had the opportunity to read a little in Schechtman's book The Refugee in the World. The following are quoted in it (if someone could confirm them in the original source, that would be great):

"The Arab governments told us: 'Get out so that we can get in.' So we got out, but they did not get in." -Eye witness account of a Palestinian refugee in Ad-Difaa (September 6, 1954)

"Who brought the Palestinians to Lebanon as refugees suffering now from the malign attitude of newspapers and communal leaders, who have neither honor nor conscience? Who brought them over in dire straits and penniless, after they lost their honor? The Arab States, and Lebanon amongst them, did it!" -The Beirut Weekly Kul-Shay (August 19, 1951)

"Brotherly advice was given to the Arabs of Palestine to leave their land, homes and property and to stay temporarily in neighboring, brotherly states, lest the guns of the invading Arab armies mow them down." -Jordan-controlled Ramallah Radio (March 8, 1950)

"Shikreyat Suhufi Mudtahad (Memoirs of a Persectured Journalist) published in 1952 in the Jordan-occupied Old City of Jerusalem, records that we the Arab municipal leaders of Jaffa asked the Syrian Minister of Defense for arms, they received a negative reply, couple with strong advice to leave the town and definite assurances that it would soon be liberated by the Arab armies. Local Arab leaders played their part in instigating the flight by spreading attrocity stories among the gullible populace." -Schechtman, Joseph B. The Refugee in the World. p. 197. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Screen stalker (talk • contribs)

Screen stalker, would you be so kind as to add these quotations into the article with their proper citations? Thanks. --GHcool 22:13, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
Since I see no objection, I will go ahead and do that. Screen stalker 22:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] nice work

congratulations Alithien 11:02, 23 July 2007 (UTC)


[edit] Transfer theory of Morris

[edit] Morris's mind

In the article, it is written :

In his book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem he presented the prevalent idea of population transfer within Zionist thinking as the 'ultimate cause'.

I don't agree with this sentence. Morris says exactly the contrary. See in the Birth revisited his conclusions pp.598-599 :

In examing the causes of the Arab exodus from Palestine over 1947-1949, accurate quantification is impossible. I have tried to show that the exodus occurred in stages and that causation was multi-layered. (...).
What happened in Palestine /Israel over 1947-1949 was so complex and varied, the situation radically changing from date to date and place to place, that a single-cause explanation of the the exodus from most sites is untenable.

Alithien 11:02, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Wow. Good point. I have never before seen this quotation by Morris. Screen stalker 13:43, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I dont know if I understand. What I do know that Morris has said several times is that he considers that the main cause of the exodus was IDF, Haganah, etc. actions against the population. Maybe that is what the phrase means. Nevertheless, it is frequent to hear these authors that causes varied in each location but this does not mean that they have never asserted which was the main cause of the exodus, which once again New Historians agree was israeli military actions.--Jorditxei 13:56, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Jorditxei, this comes from the conclusions of his main book on the topic which is 'the' reference on the matter and I give the pages number ! More, in the article it is written : In his book, ...
In fact there have been different stages in the exodus and that each of these different stages have differents causes and contexts ! The controversy only concerns the second wave. Nobody denies the 1st wave was volunteer and 3rd and 4rd are expulsions from Israeli army.
It is true that there is a full chapter about the idea of transfer but this is not introduced a ultimate cause. This is introduce as a element of the context that lead to the exodus.
It is also true that Morris considers that the military action of Haganah provoked the 2nd wave in the context of the lack of strength of the palestinian society where Gelber considers that the lack of strength of the palestinian society is the reason of the 2nd wave (his 1st stage) in the context of a civil war...
They claim the same. Alithien 14:29, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Alithien 14:29, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Yes I agree. What I didn't understand was what the phrase: "In his book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem he presented the prevalent idea of population transfer within Zionist thinking as the 'ultimate cause'" means. Now I understand ;) Thanks. Cheers.--Jorditxei 15:37, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

English is not my mother tongue and I am not always clear. Sorry for that. Alithien 16:54, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Flapan

Material from Flapan is interesting but given he is not quoted by Morris and was published before, I don't think it should be added there. It looks more a personal research to give arguments to Morris point (which in more of that is not properly introduced in the article). Alithien 13:27, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

The same here : "Flapan (1987, p. 6) agrees with Morris in that the israeli tactics were not part of a deliberate Zionist plan". How can Flapan in '87 agrees with what Morris published in '88 ? Alithien 13:33, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Well, both authors published before Morris' book in 88', for ex I have an article from Morris in 86 which already defends this thesis. That explains the wording. Once again I don't see why we should only keep one only author when two or more authors defend a particular thesis, especially not when they provide different evidence to support their claims. Lets bring the different evidence of each author so overall the reader can have an idea of whom seems more credible. I think the article should reflect the fact that there is an ongoing discussion between historians on this issue, that is why different sources are needed, even if they make the same claim, and if they provide different evidence to support their claim. Cheers.--Jorditxei 13:51, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
  • Why not to keep the chronological evolution of ideas ? That would sound more logical and clear.
  • And what prooves Morris read Flapan or vice versa (Flapan was very old and died in 1987). Does he quote Morris ?
This sounds too much like personal reserch.
  • Flapan cannot have defended the idea of transfer if this is Morris theory...
In the former version, Khalidi theory was introduced just after the transfer idea of Morris with the wordings : "aware of this, Khalidi adds" etc. That is not fair. Alithien 14:34, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Sorry but I still don't understand. If Morris says that "the israeli tactics were not part of a deliberate Zionist plan" and Flapan says (literally): "the israeli tactics were not part of a deliberate Zionist plan" I guess that I can say "Flapan agrees with Morris that the israeli tactics were not part of a deliberate Zionist plan". Or would this mean that I have done original research? No, I don't think so. It would be original research if I had said that Flapan agrees with the Transfer Theory or something like that, not if I quote an aspect in which both authors agree. Cheers.--Jorditxei 15:45, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
You have to say both Morris and Flapan consider that... or prove that the second one read the former one... Alithien 16:53, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Why? Morris' opinion is just before Flapan's, why should I say once again that Morris agrees on something that has already been said in the precedent paragraph? I did not say that Flapan agrees with the whole theory developed by Morris, what I say is that Flapan agrees with Morris on that particular issue: that there was no israeli plan. The phrase clearly states on what both authors agree, I don't think I have to proof that Flapan read Morris, if both say the same thing, which they actually do, I don't see why the writer cannot say that both agree on that "the israeli tactics were not part of a deliberate Zionist plan". Could you be more precise please? Thanks.--Jorditxei 17:16, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I have changed the text to "coincides", does that make the thing? Cheers.--Jorditxei 18:38, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
That is ok. And in fact a detail. Let's see this later. Alithien 09:51, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] conclusion by Morris section

I don't understand why we keep at the end of the article a conclusion by Morris. It has not its place there. Alithien 11:05, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Agree.--Jorditxei 13:52, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I agree as well, and have deleted it. If someone disagrees, it can be reinstated in another section. Screen stalker 14:04, 23 July 2007 (UTC)


[edit] Morris' quotes in "Claims by scholars that support the theory that the flight was instigated by Arab leaders"

Morris, in various books including his last (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited), concludes that although some villages were depopulated by the AHC, the bulk of the Palestinian Refugees fled during the fighting. Using his statements on these AHC-depopulations as "proof" that the whole Exodus was on Arab orders is disingenuous to say the least -- especially since he is amply quoted in the "Criticisms of the 'endorsement of flight' theory" section.

Again, Morris' conclusion is that there were small depopulations on AHC orders, but the bulk of the Refugees fled during the fighting. Quoting him to argue that it was Arab orders that caused the Exodus is wrong.

If there is no good argument for keeping these quotes, I will remove them. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:25, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Agree. Its a traditional instrument of israeli propaganda: quote an author out of context, in a complete misleading way so it says exactly the contrary of what the author means. We must be very careful with this. As an example, here we have a quotation of John Glubb:

Villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war" -John Bagot Glubb, the commander of Jordan's Arab Legion. Quoted in London Daily Mail, August 12, 1948[2].

A longer quotation is instead:

The Arab civilians panicked and fled ignominiously.Villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war" -John Bagot Glubb, the commander of Jordan's Arab Legion. Quoted in London Daily Mail

Moreover, John Glubb's book is rather a proof of how israeli attacks caused panick among arabs but pro-israel sources quote him as proof that palestinian refugees fled "even before they were threatened by process of war". Disgusting. Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:29, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Morris mind (2)

I am still embarrassed by the introduction and the core of the article. Do you agree with me that the transfer principle theory is not really a theory by Morris. As can be guessed from the conclusions of Birth revisited.
I have read again this chapter and my notes in it and I have the feeling this is introduced as a "fact", controversed by many parties who claim it is exagerated and others who claim it is underestimated but that Morris sees this as a context.
As written in his conclusions, Morris sees many stages and many different causes.
And comparing Morris and Gelber, in fact, I don't really see the difference between their mind !
Alithien 09:57, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I'd see the difference between Morris and Gelber insofar that Morris acknowledges multiple causes and treats them all in detail, whereas Gelber concentrates mainly on Palestinians leaving on their own accord.
??? Gelber doesn't insist on "Palestinians leaving on their own accord" ? Do you feel so reading his book ? Personnally, the one I saw developing this the more is Pappé ( ! ) concerning the first wave of 70,000 Palestinians between Dec47 and Mar48. Alithien 07:14, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
I however wholeheartedly agree with your critique of the "theories"-approach. For a while now I've been thinking of a re-write in which, instead of juxtaposing closed theories, we should list different causes. For each cause we can then state
  • What effect the cause had (i.e. Deir-Yassin rumours, battles, orders, etc..)
  • In which regions this cause had any effect
  • Quantification of how many people left because of this cause (Morris gives good numbers, as do other authors)
In this way we can avoid a pro-contra approach and stick to the facts. More controversial issues or theories such as blanket calls to evacuate or a master plan can be discussed in subsections.
I agree. Alithien 07:14, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Off the top of my head I would list, as causes
  • Social/Economic collapse
  • Fear of massacres
  • Fighting
  • Expulsion (yes, this did happen)
  • Fleeing on orders of the AHC (yes, this also happened)
I would separate the different causes with the different waves. Except Karsh, all historians does so. Morris with waves 1,2,3,4 ; Gelber with stages I and II ( I = 1 + 2 ; II = 3 + 4 ) and Pappé with stages A and B ( A = 1 ; B = 2 + 3 + 4 ). Alithien 07:14, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
What is also missing, in my opinion, is the period immediately after the exodus in which many Palestinians tried to return yet were not permitted to do so. This, however, should also go into a subsection.
Agreed. Alithien 07:14, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Any comments/ideas? Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:25, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Well that is a good idea. The only problem I see is that it will mean quite a lot of work, but it will make it much clearer. As for your last point I also agree that that section should be developed. I will look for some sources on that, would you agree that section should have some relation with the section "Absentee property" in the main article 1948 Palestinian exodus? Should we bring that section here? Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:36, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
We could start the new article somewhere else, perhaps as a sub-page, and start merging the material one paragraph after the other.
I wouldn't mix the attempted returns with the Absentee Property issue, since the exodus only became an exodus once the refugees were not allowed back. If they had been able to return after the war, we wouldn't be writing this article... Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:48, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Ok. I see the point. Please start that subpage and give here the name of the new page so we can work together. I have like two or three hours to work on that now. Shall we start? Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:55, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Actually, I'd rather let the proposal sit here for a while and see what the feedback is before we start writing anything. It would be a shame to put in a lot of effort and then have to restructure everything or restart it from scratch because of other people's (good) input. Your enthusiasm is refreshing though :) Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 12:00, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Thanks, I also think it is better to wait for a while. Nevertheless, once again on the issue of including the "infiltration law" I must say that I still find this very linked to the "absentee property" law. I have found these two sources: The Israeli infiltration law and a study on the issue. This last source clearly states: "The study shows how Israel used the 1954 Prevention of Infiltration (Offences and Jurisdiction) Law to expel 'internal refugees' (Palestinians who were declared absent from their villages at the time of Israel's creation but remained in Palestine). These 'absentees' were effectively defined as infiltrators, and when caught were barred both from their villages and from their own country". In other words, I find both things very related and think both things served the same end: avoiding the return of palestinian refugees. So I think we should include both issues on a section on the impediment of palestinian return here in the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. Have I changed your mind? ;) (hope so). Cheers.--Jorditxei 13:18, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Hi,
I think that everything that concerns the deny of "right of return" should be developed whether in a new article or in 1948 Palestinian exodus but the infiltration law is not directly linked to this exodus and we should not mix them.
After 1949, the context change. Remind that fr:Massacre de Qibya arose in 1953 too. Alithien 07:18, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
I do see a link between the exodus and the deny of the return of the refugees just after the war. As Pedro Gonnet said, without those laws the refugee problem may had not arise. I don't see these laws as a consequence of the palestinian exodus as it is in 1948 Palestinian exodus but rather as a cause of the exodus, at least of its maintenance. Cheers.--Jorditxei 10:40, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Yes. Up to the Lausanne conference. But what happens after 1950 is more complex because it also deals with internal israeli matters. I think it is another topic that could be referred (in one or two sentences) but not developed here (in the causes of the exodus or event in the consequences of the exodus). On the other way, it should be needed in an article dealing with the "Palestian refugee problem". Alithien 11:45, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
I agree, they should be mentioned but more as a reference to other articles. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:53, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Ok then, I see your point. We shall develop that point in Palestinian right of return and only mention it in this article. Cheers. --Jorditxei 12:13, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I started a first draft of the "new" article here: User:Pedro Gonnet/Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. So far I haven't filled in much content. The idea would be to go through the whole "old" article section by section and move the content to the corresponding section of the "new" article. This will be messy and the resulting text incoherent, but we can clean that up later ;) To avoid collisions and conflicts that may result in a loss of data, may I suggest that whoever wants to edit the "new" article claim one of the subsections (one at a time, just add a comment to the section saying you're working on it -- and sign it) and look for the relevant parts in the "old" article for it? Cheers and happy editing, Pedro Gonnet 08:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Moshe Efrat quote

Sorry but I have looked for the article GHcool cites and have found not a single entry in Google. Here I looked for "Moshe Efrat Refugees", I looked here, here. I have also looked for the article in JSTOR, not a single item on the article [3] . Looked in ABI [4] but nothing. Is the reference you give spelled properly? Have you made an error on the title of the article? Does the article exist? This is what I meant before, please cite articles that can be reviewed by other editors and that are reliable. An article which does not even appear in Google, nor in any research motor of scholar articles nor anywhere should not be in wikipedia. Could you provide evidence that this article exists somewhere please? Thank you. Cheers.--Jorditxei 14:15, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Moshe Efrat was the principal writer of the encyclopedia article on refugees in The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East, a roughly 1,000 page reference book printed in 2002. I cited The Continuum Political Encyclopedia when I added the quote; I happen to own a copy of the book at home and I assure you that the citation is accurate. Unfortunately, as far as I know, the contents of the encyclopedia is not on any web site, otherwise I would have provided a link to it. This book has been used as a reference by Middle East scholars all over the world and is even a required text in some Middle Eastern history courses. The best I can do as far as the proof you demand is forward you to Barnes & Noble.com where you can buy the book yourself and check the page number and quotation I cited. Its a little expensive, but I've found it an invaluable reference efficiently written in language that's easy to understand and has verifiable information.
Pedro Gonnet stated erroniously that the claim that the quotation in question "doesn't mention any arab leaders' orders or instigation and therefore doesn't belong here." The quotation was: "the refugees fled of their own accord ... [because they] followed the instructions, and even more so the example, of their leaders" (emphasis added). --GHcool 16:15, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
According to isiknowledge.com, probably the most complete academic literature database out there (see Institute for Scientific Information, specifically Social Sciences Citation Index and Arts and Humanities Citation Index, not a single journal article cites Efrat's encyclopedia.
As for my erroneous statement, your quote mentions orders in passing and without references and goes on to list a number of other factors that caused the flight. Look, what some dude mentions in passing in an encyclopaedia that no academic source cites and only meekly supports the argument of the section it is used in is not really good content.
Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 16:24, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Is that supposed to mean that The Continuum Political Encyclopedia doesn't exist? I already gave you a Barnes & Noble.com listing for it. Would you like the Amazon.com listing as well? I'm not sure how much more proof I can give you short of buying a book for you and sending it as a gift. --GHcool 16:29, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
I'm not saying it doesn't exist, I'm saying it's irrelevant. Why don't you give a source that specifically treats the topic? Maybe even a book or article that's been referenced once or twice by other academics? The quote you gave is weak and contradicts the argument of this section. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 16:33, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
I agree with Pedro Gonnet, if you look for the reference you give (Efrat, Moshe. "Refugees." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East) in The Continuum Encyclopedia in Google, it does not appear anywhere [5]. Moreover as Pedro says the quote speaks of more recent research showing that "most of Palestinians who became refugees had left their own homes on their own initiative" but which is these research? Is it Efrat's article? Or is it Efrat referring to other research, in that case, which? When you cite "the bulk of the refugees fled of their own accord in the confusion and fear surrounding military operations or followed the instructions" is this still referring to Efrat or to other research? On which Israeli documents is that based (especially when IDF documents have said the contrary)? Moreover, first it says that they fled because of "fear surrounding military operations" (which is what IDF documents say) but then you have introduced such quote as a proof of the flight caused mainly by Arab instigation... You don't quote which documents say so nor why the author arrives at that conclusion, etc. etc. etc. This will just not do it GHcool, I hope you understand. The reasons are: one, that such article by Efrat has no importance, no other author has cited anywhere and two, the quote you give is misleading (as are the other ones you introduced and the reasons are explained below), whose research? what does that research says exactly (is it referring to the first wave of the exodus, the whole exodus)? in which IDF documents is it based? Etc. Please, do not interpret this as meaning I don't want it to be in the text but rather that we should stick to some level of rigour and that quote really doesn't make it. Cheers. --Jorditxei 17:28, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Regardles of what you think of Moshe Efrat or the encyclopedia entry on refugees, The Continuum Political Encyclopedia is a reliable, peer reviewed source that fits Wikipedia standards and should be treated with the same respect as anything else quoted in the article. If anything, the books by the New Historians are less reliable because there was no peer review process prior to their publication and many of them are critiqued by others in the field (although I am not suggesting that this makes them completely unreliable). I never heard of Efrat either before reading this encyclopedia article, but I haven't heard of the writers of the Encyclopedia Britanica either, nor would I expect their names or encyclopedia articles to appear on a Google search. In any case, the quote should be treated as something from a peer-reviewed encyclopedia, not something written by one man. --GHcool 18:26, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
"If anything, the books by the New Historians are less reliable because there was no peer review process prior to their publication" -- That is quite a load of baloney. Morris is published by the Cambridge University Press, an academic publisher which subjects all books to peer review. But this is all beyond the point: the quote you submitted has nothing to do with the context you were using it in. Period. Cut the red herrings. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:28, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] About Moshe Efrat or other historians

Moshe Efrat is an historian but is not specialised on the topic of the Palestinian refugee problem or the 1948 War.
This is not necesseraly a "bad point". He should be able to take more "distance". On the other way, he could be completely POVed... :-( Morris, Flapan, Karsh, Gelber, Pappé, Khalidi, Childers, manyothers have deeply studied the matter but even if they agree more than what most commentators (such as on the web) think, they also tried to defend their "own" point of view.
I think we should need to know what are Efrat references for the article he wrote in this encyclopaedia to go deeper into details and know how to deal with this material.
Is this possible ? Alithien 07:48, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

That is clear to me also. What are his references, his "more recent studies (which ones) ... based on declassified IDF documents (which ones? the ones I have seen cited show quite the contrary, that very few left voluntarily or because of Arab instigation)..." etc. I guess that he must make reference to these research in his "Refugees" article, so bring those sources here please. Cheers. --Jorditxei 09:42, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
According to the "Contributors" page in The Continuum Political Encyclopedia, Moshe Efrat, Ph.D., is a research associate (I assume under the supervision of Avraham Sela) at the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Of course, this is hardly here nor there since this is an encyclopedia entry that I am sure an entire team of researchers contributed to this and other Continuum entries, but that Efrat was cited as the entry's primary author. Other contributors to the encyclopedia come from Harvard and Johns Hopkins University. This encyclopedia entry should be treated with as much respect as one would treat any other encyclopedia entry in the world, regardless of whether a primary author is credited or not. --GHcool 07:14, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] New sources introduced by GHcool

GHcool, you are using quotes in a misleading way, I do not know what others think but personally I will not accept authors that quote other authors in a misleading way. There are three problems I see, up to now, with your quotes:

  1. The quote on Moshe Efrat article "Refugees". This article does not appear anywhere. I would like you provide any reference other than "The Continuum enciclopedia..." where I can find that article and read it in order to see if once again the authors of that enciclopedia have used Efrat in a misleading way. I can tell you that I have reasons to be aware that this may have happened. So I would like to read that article and there is no sign of it in Google, nor in JSTOR nor in any other scholar publications research motor. If you cannot provide this I would personally not introduce the quote from that article for reasons of unreliability (what is an article without a single entry in google doing here?).
  2. You have introduced the quote of Flapan out of context as Mr.Magdil has done himself (which already tells us about his unreliable scholarity). Flapan, Segev, and Morris, using Israeli sources, refute the myth that the Palestinians fled voluntarily, intending to return after an Arab reconquest of their homes. All three use similar sources, including the Israeli Hebrew press, Ben-Gurion's War Diaries, and the diaries of other Israeli notables such as Joseph Weitz, director of the Jewish National Fund's colonization department, to show that "Jewish attacks on Arab centers, particularly large villages, townlets, or cities" (p. 89) were a major cause of the Arab flight. Citing Benny Morris,Flapan estimates that by June 1948, 84 percent of the refugees "left in direct response to Israeli action, while only 5 percent left on orders from Arab leaders"(p. 89). If you want to introduce Flapan in that section make sure that it clearly states that only 5 percent left on orders from Arab leaders or that they do accept that some refugees fled by arab instigation but that these were clearly a very small minority. The same applies to Morris. Otherwise quoting him out of context and in such a misleading way makes it seem that the author supports the theory that it was Arab instigations the main cause of flight while this authors have devoted their entire research to dismiss this official israeli myth indicating that it was israeli military actions the main cause of flight. Could you please explain me what the hell is Morris and Flapan doing in a section called: "Claims by scholars that support the theory that the flight was instigated by Arab leaders"???!!!
  3. You have also introduced another quote by John Glubb from Mr.Bard's article and once again Bard has quoted Glubb out of context and in a misleading way (which once again tells us about his poor scholarity). Mr. Glubb in his preface (p. 7), makes his own political position clear: "I believe that the creation and maintenance of the State of Israel by armed force was a mistake. That the result has been disastrous for the British and Arabs alike is only too obvious. It seems to me not improbable that it will ultimately prove to be disastrous for the Jews also" (p. 7). A more complete quote by Glubb of the text Bard is introducing is:

    The Arab civilians panicked and fled ignominiously.Villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war[6]

Moreover, this author also says in his book p.251:

Voluntary emigrants do not leave their homes with only the clothes they stand up in. People who have decided to move house do not do so in such a hurry that they lose other members of their family - husband losing sight of his wife, or parents of their children. The fact is that the majority left in panic flight

.

In other words, once again Mr.Bard has quoted Glubb out of context and in a misleading way, while the author is saying that palestinians fled in panick do to israeli actions Mr.Bard cuts his quote in order to make it seem that palestinians were cowards who fled "even before they were threatened by the progress of war". I am sorry but that will not make it.
So please: 1. Do not use New Historians' quote in a misleading way so that they say the contrary of what they actually say. 2. If you use sources of such unreliable authors who cite other authors make sure that they cite them in an adequate way and not in a misleading way. For example go to the primary sources like in the case of Efrat's article "Refugees". Bring that article here so we can make sure that once again "The Continuum..." has not done the same thing that Bard and Magdil have done. By the way, once again I do not find Mr.Magdil's article anywhere. Find reliable sources please. Thank you. Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:24, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

I'll respond point by point:
  1. Let's keep the discussion of whether The Continuum Political Encyclopedia exists or not in the appropriate section above. I think I've said all I needed to say about that. The causes of the Palestinian exodus have been hotly debated for decades with evidence supporting many different theories. The debate over whether The Continuum Political Encyclopedia exits has been going on for a much shorter time and with no evidence for any other "theory" than that it does exist.
  2. I admit that I have not personally read the Flapan text, so you may be correct. I just reserved a copy of Birth of Israel to be sent to my local library. Once it arrives, I'll browse through it and have a better idea of whether Magdil was fair or unfair in his characterization of Flapan's views. I haven't added anything by Segev in the endorsement of flight section except a quotation by Mahmoud Abbas. Morris, like Bernard Lewis, provides ample evidence that the Palestinian exodus had a variety of causes and that each of the theories presented in this article are in some ways correct. This is probably the most realistic and NPOV way of looking at the Palestinian exodus.
  3. I don't mind delete Glubb quotation and adding the fuller one from The JPost website. I'll do it immediately. --GHcool 16:57, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
  1. We cannot keep the discussion on something that we have not argued. We know this source exists, we want more information on the article: what research is Efrat basing his completely amazing discoveries on? Which IDF documents? What stage of flight is he referring to? etc. That misleading quote is unacceptable.
  2. I can tell you that Flapan does says that a very small minority of arabs fleed encouraged by arab leaders: around 5%, that clearly doesn't make him a partisan of the Arab endorsement of flight theory. Basically because he is one of the main critics of that theory, I will take that out of that section.
  3. Glubb quotation cannot be in that section neither, basically because he is one of the advocates of considering that Arab exodus was caused by military action and that palestinians fleed in complete panick do to these actions. How then can you quote him in such a misleading way, moreover, now that I have shown you that Bard has cited him in a misleading way you delete his quote and put it in another place with the entire quote? Sorry, but that will not do it once again, a bit of rigour please.--Jorditxei 18:31, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
My understanding is that we must take high care when we quote historians (Morris, Flapan or others). Mitchell G. Bard also succeeded in finding a quote from Morris that would indicate that he would support the "arab endorsment".
I also think, ourselves, must take care. That is not that easy.
By the way, Flapan doesn't support the "arab endorsment" pov.
Alithien 07:38, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
Not at all Alithien. There is no quote that makes Morris support the "arab endorsement" basically because he does not support that theory, moreover, his research has had as purpose to dispute that theory. That theory does not say that a minority of refugees fleed because of Arab instigation but rather that Arab instigation was the main cause of flight. Just read the first phrase in the section please: Israeli official sources have long claimed that the refugee flight was in large part instigated by Arab leaders. How can Morris agree with that? He has never said that Arab instigation was the major cause for flight, nor that a large part was caused by arab instigation, he has always maintained that the main cause of flight was military actions by IDF and the fear that provoked among palestinian arabs, like has done Flapan, and all New Historians. If you want to cite Morris you should not do it like Bard who cites him out of context in order to make him look as if he agreed with the fact that arab instigation was a major cause of flight. That is just not true, you should cite him making it clear that he does support the idea that a minority of the refugees fled for that cause but that he is totally against considering that a large part was due to that cause. Proofs:

The author's conclusion is that In general, in most cases the final and decisive precipitant to flight was Haganah, IZL, LHI, or IDF attack or the inhabitants' fear of such attack (p. 294).
"the Palestinian refugee problem was born of war, not by design, Jewish or Arab. It was largely a by-product of Arab and Jewish fears and of the protracted, bitter fighting that characterised the first Arab-Israeli war; in smaller part, it was the deliberate creation of Jewish and Arab military commanders and politicians" (p. 286).
In The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus (Middle Eastern Studies) he cites the SHAI document in the text which he says "finds overall quite accurate" he says: "evacuation orders by Arab leaders and military commanders account for no more than five percent of the total, and these were issued for local strategic reasons." This for the period December 1947-June 1948 (first two waves, which are the only disputed, phases 3 and 4 being clearly the consequence of military action and more clearly than in the first two: evacuation and expulsion).
Now there is no way that Bard can quote Morris to conclude that it can be included among those authors who claim that: "the refugee flight was in large part instigated by Arab leaders." He claims quite the contrary, that arab instigation provoked only a small part of the exodus. Not only he says this in The Birth but in many other articles. Hope this makes things clear. Cheers. --Jorditxei 10:23, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I would highly suggest you keep cool.
I perfectly know that Morris doesn't support the "arab endorsment theory".
I read his book and understand his theory.
But Mitchell G. Bard, who is not a reliable source and who is POV, had a quote from Morris that would mean that he support that theory. He added it in Myths and Facts.
I don't remember the page and -of course- I never used this.
My comment was just to point out, like you, that a "quote", out of its context, can be misused.
Now I would suggest you stop "reading" my comment with a priori because I start being tired of your agressive and unpatient attitude on articles many contributors have worked on for more than 30 months.
Alithien 11:11, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
Oh... And a very good exemple of what NOT to do is stating this :
The author's conclusion is that In general, in most cases the final and decisive precipitant to flight was Haganah, IZL, LHI, or IDF attack or the inhabitants' fear of such attack (p. 294).
This only concerns 2nd wave (p.290 is a conclusion of that chapter) but some don't want to understand and introduce this pov everywhere. Alithien 11:12, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] exemple of propaganda

M. G. Bard, Myth and Facts, p.130.
At the so-called myth : The arab leader never encouraged the Palestinian to flee, one of the answer given by Bard is :

Benny Morris, the historian who documented instances where Palestinians where expelled, also found that Arab leaders encouraged their brethren to leave. The Arab National Committee in Jerusalem, following the March 8, 1948, instructions of the Arab Higher Committee, ordered women, children and the elderly in various parts of Jerusalem to leave theirs homes : "any opposition to this order...is an obstacle to the holy war... and will hamper the operations of the fighters in these districts".

And he refers to Middle Eastern Studies (January 1986).
So, quoting is not enough ! It must be done properly and with high care and the current "war of quote" is not a good way to work. See WP:Undue weight.
And if an article gives to much information to one side or theory (eg too many quotes), not conterbalancing the information, it is POV and a POV flag needs to be put on it.
Alithien 11:36, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree with you. The point would be to find those lacking sources. You seem to have done research on the subject, do you have any proposal of any publication NOT BOOK but rather article in scholar journal that would add some value to the text? I have acces to most scholar journals so I could download them. I have already looked for some of them and most of the times I have found nothing... Cheers. --Jorditxei 18:18, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] prob. with notes

I don't know how to correct the problem with notes 46, 76 and 80...
Does someone know what to do ? Alithien 16:57, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Voluntary flight

Why was section headings I renamed "voluntary flight" changed? I understand that the reasoning is that it "suits my needs," but does it not also suit the needs of the article? Pedro and Jorditxei have put forth some very good arguments that the Bard and Continuum references are not specifically about Arab leaders' endorsement of the flight. I was convinced by them that these two pieces of information did not belong under a heading by the current title. That being said, the information is necessary for respecting the WP:Undue weight rule. Should not every cause of the 1948 Palestinian exodus be listed in the article?

Also, I'm asking that you keep attacks on the reliability of Bard and The Continuum Political Encyclopedia out of this section and save that for the other sections above. I am hoping this section will honestly answer the following question: if a reliable source exists that says that the Arab population fled voluntarily, should we include that information in this article, or exclude it since it does not fit nicely under the current section headings? My opinion is that if the facts support a change in the structure of the article as a whole, then it is our responsibility to rename or add new sections. --GHcool 06:59, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

There are a number of reliable sources documenting the "voluntary" flight, all New Historians accept the fact that a large part of the refugees packed up and left. They left the same way people "voluntarily" leave a burning house. This flight is not a cause of the Exodus, but the Exodus itself. Do you really think all these people just got up and left thinking "Ho-hum, Lebanon/Jordan/Egypt/Syria is really great at this time of the year, let's all go live over there! By the way, this has nothing to do with the civil war raging at our doorstep..."
To put it in a nutshell: "Voluntary Flight" is not a cause of the Exodus. Orders to leave are a cause. Forced expulsion is a cause. Warfare is a cause. Fear of massacres is a cause. Chaos, the breakdown of law and order are a cause. "Voluntary Flight" is not.
Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:26, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
Agree. Cheers. --Jorditxei 12:07, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
All fair points, but there is also evidence of Israeli/Yishuv addresses asking the Arabs population in certain areas not to leave and they left in spite of these addresses. Pedro Gonnet's comparison to a burning house does not account for the fact that the Arabs that did not leave are today's Arab citizens of Israel, whereas a hypothetical person who would not leave a burning house would be dead. Through 20/20 hindsight, it seems that it was a mistkae to flee and that had they not fled, Israel might not have gained as much territory as it did in the 1948 war. I am not doubting, as Pedro Gonnet implies, that those who did leave left due to political pressures. The word "voluntary" in this sense does not mean the same things as it does in the phrase "volunteer work" or "voluntary organ doner." What it means is that the Arabs of Palestine left at their own discretion. If there is a better way to phrase this so that it is less confusing, I'm open to other ideas, but "voluntary flight" seems pretty clear to me. --GHcool 20:13, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
I don't agree with Pedro and Jorditxei.
We are not here to play with words.
Right. The fact that 100,000 palestinians left, "mainly voluntary", between Dec47 and Mar48 (1st wave) is not fully a cause but it must be mentionned to keep neutrality.
If we want to transform this as a cause, let's just write, as Morris and Pappé mentions, that it was because they were wealthy enough to leave and because they hoped to come back like during the 1936-39 events.
But I would find particular a title stating "wealthyness and hope to come back". "Voluntary flight" is better and this is a part of the cause : the final cause is always a decision taken by somebody. Another cause of the voluntary flight is that there were no arab leader anymore in Palestine (as pointed out eg by Pappé). They also left voluntary because they had no leader and a comparison should be made with the orders given by Ben Gourion to Jews : "to stay and fight in any village as if it was Tel-Aviv itself"... Alithien 08:42, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

GHcool and others -> We have unambiguous proof that Palestinians were beaten from their homes in Al-Faluja, despite being guaranteed their properties by an International treaty, and over the protests of Moshe Sharrat. Observed and described in some detail by International observers, both UN and humanitarian (Quakers). Knowing what we do, it's outrageous to deny that this was ethnic cleansing. We have powerful evidenced that even "friendly" Palestinians were massacred in Deir Yassin. Israeli historian Benny Morris suggests no more than 5% left voluntarily. The only people who deny this are serious, professional propagandists (such as Katz). PalestineRemembered 20:21, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Claims by Arab leaders that support the theory that the flight was instigated by Arab leaders

Contemporary Jordanian politician Anwar Nusseibeh believed that the fault for the exodus and military loss was with the Arab commanders: "the commanders of the local army thought in terms of the revolt against the British in the 1930s. The rebels had often retreated to the mountains, which made sense, as the British had not sought to take control of the country. But the Jews were fighting for complete domination, so the fighters had erred in withdrawing from the villages instead of defending them .... He blamed himself as well. 'I underestimated the strength of my own people,' he wrote. ... His central thesis, however, was that the Palestinian Arabs could have won the country had their leaders not sabotaged the war effort and known how to cooperate."[25]

Mahmoud Abbas, at the time Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority, would later recall: "The Arab armies entered Palestine to protect the Palestinians from the Zionist tyranny but, instead, they abandoned them, forced them to emigrate and to leave their homeland, and threw them into prisons similar to the ghettos in which the Jews used to live."[26]
(Emphasis added). --GHcool 16:14, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Where, in these quotes, is refered that "the flight was instigated by arab leaders"?--194.65.151.249 13:41, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

I understand why you deleted this, but it makes a better impression if you write an edit summary explaining why you deleted it and if you have a real user... Makes it look less like vandalism. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet
To answer 194.65.151.249's question, I've taken the liberty to bold the relevant sections of the passage he quotes. --GHcool 16:14, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
In the case of Anwar Nusseibeh, I continue seeing nothing in the sense of "the flight was instigated by arab leaders": he said that the flight is the guilt of arab leaders, but not in the sense of arab leaders had instingated the flight - seems more in the sense of arab leaders being responsible by the arab defeat of 1948 (and these defeat being the cause of the problem of the refugees)
In the case of Mahmoud Abbas, the "forced them to emigrate and to leave their homeland" can be interpreted in these sense (of arab leaders had expelled palestinians), but also could be interpreted in the sense of arab leaders being responsable by the exodus because they didn't defend well the palestinian arabs in 1948 (and the rest of the phrase, specially the "They abandon them" appoints in this direction)
I think that Mahmoud Abbas and Anwar Nusseibeh are saying that arab leaders are the responsibles by the flight, but not because "they instigated the flight", but because "they din't defend well the palestinan arabs, and, then, they had to flight"
Another point - "Mahmoud Abbas, at the time Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority,". When was the "at the time" when Abbas was prime minister? At 1948??--81.84.198.42 00:44, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
I share IP81.84's mind.
That is indeed the usual Arab vision of Arab leaders responsibiliy.
Eg, In Rogan & Shlaim, The War for Palestine : Rewriting the History of 1948, that is the way the Arab's responsibility is introduced. They don't claim the Arabs appealed to the flee but palestinian and arab historians consider Arab leaders were responsible because they didn't even try to help Palestinians to withstand Yichouv/Israel forces. They also condemn Transjordan's plan to annex Arab's part of Palestine.
I can bring quotes but only have the French version of the book. Alithien 08:54, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
I'm also all for it. IP, please get yourself a username and make the changes -- with a good edit summary ;) Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 09:31, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
This is why the "Arab endorsement" section should be renamed "Voluntary flight." I'll try to make it more clear:
  • Nusseibeh says, "the fighters had erred in withdrawing from the villages instead of defending them" (emphasis added) meaning quite clearly that the fighters left their villages voluntarily. True, Nusseibeh does not speak about the civilian villagers on whose behalf the fighters were making war for, but, as the rest of the "Arab endorsement" section makes clear, in many cases, the villagers followed the lead of their leaders. This does not fit perfectly and literally under the heading "Arab endorsement." Therefore, the heading must be changed to reflect the facts, not the other way around!
  • Abbas says, "The Arab armies ... abandoned [the Palestinians], forced them to emigrate and to leave their homeland, and threw them into prisons similar to the ghettos in which the Jews used to live." (emphasis added). I cannot think of a quotation that better and more literally supports the "Arab endorsement" theory short of a similar official statement by the Arab Legion itself in 1948-1950. This quotation would be like President Bush saying, "The United States made grave errors during the time Joseph McCarthy was in power based on unfounded evidence and I am sorry that our leaders were complicit." --GHcool 21:56, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
None of what you've posted disputes in the slightest that the Palestinians were ethnically cleansed by the new Israelis. I don't understand why you'd persist in this denial. Especially when we know what happened in Al-Faluja, in Deir Yassin and in some 400-500 other places. PalestineRemembered 22:36, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
Not only Nusseibeh is talking about the fighters and not the villagers, but I think he also he is talking about a withdral from the villages to the mountains, not from Palestine to outside Palestine ("the commanders of the local army thought in terms of the revolt against the British in the 1930s. The rebels had often retreated to the mountains, which made sense, as the British had not sought to take control of the country. But the Jews were fighting for complete domination, so the fighters had erred in withdrawing from the villages instead of defending them").
About Abbas, his words only supports the "Arab endorsement" theory if he is saying that "the Arab armies... forced [the Palestinians] to emigrate and to leave their homeland" by action. If he is saying that "the Arab armies... forced [the Palestinians] to emigrate and to leave their homeland" by omission (because they didn't fight enough), these has nothing to do with the "Arab endorsement theory".
Perhaps we should mantain the "arab endorement" section and create a "spontaneous flight" section--81.84.199.17 23:06, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
No, the flight was not spontaneous. It through through a combination of Arab endorsement, Israeli transfer campaigns, and apathy on both sides toward the future of the Arab Palestinians, all occuring simultaneously with certain factors affecting certain areas greater than other factors in other areas. What should happen is that there be a section called "Voluntary flight" with all the relevant facts under that and then a subsection called "Arab endorsement." --GHcool 05:47, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
  • We know for sure that "Arab endorsement" wasn't a factor because there are no contemporary records in support of this theory. The earliest the story makes an appearance is 1949. "Apathy" wasn't a factor either. Abdullah wanted to preserve his deal with the Yishuv/Israelis to divide Palestine between them, but both wanted Jerusalem. Abdullah also used his influence in Hashemite Iraq to ensure that their sizeable deployment of troops took no part in the war. Egypt wanted to act to limit Transjordan's influence, but had no interest in strengthening the Palestinians. Syria used its forces and the ALA (via influence on Fawzi al-Qawuqji) to create a buffer between Syria and Transjordan, owing to the fear that the latter would act on its "Greater Syria" ambitions. The US and the USSR wanted to see Britain's influence in the area weakened as much as possible, and Britain was prepared to accept a minimal Jewish state as long as its influence was preserved. Most of these motives don't appear anywhere in Wikipedia of course. --Ian Pitchford 09:33, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
Hi Ian,
I fully agree with you and these intents or objectives -alone- explain much of what happened after.
Alithien 11:38, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
I would also add some points :
  • Ben Gourion knew that arab armies were powerful but didn't know how they would intervene in the war; on the other hand, Arab leaders, except Abdallah, underestimate deeply Yichouv potentialities.
  • The Yichouv sincerely thought he would face a war of extermination to which it prepared itself. On Nov 47, it was not ready; on Apr 48 it started to get first weapons; on July he got military superiority.
  • Arab armies would have had to strength to beat Yichouv and Israel forces if it had prepared and wanted (eg following Ismail Sawfat recommandations)
  • The palestinian authorities didn't succeed (or try ?) to prepare their population to the war; on the other hand, they would have had few chances of success if they had tried given their political and economical situation
Alithien 12:01, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
Both of you are very good researchers and have a good grasp on the events of 1948, but this talk page isn't about those events. It is about how we present the research. Whether one "agrees with" or "prefers" one theory over another isn't the point. The point is that all referenced information that could be consider a cause of the Palestinian exodus should be covered in the Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus article. --GHcool 16:08, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
Ok with your conclusions but but I am not at all a "researcher" on the topic and I think Ian neither.
And what we wrote above are facts that had an impact on the palestinian exodus, ie, in a way, are linked to its causes...
To come back on your topic on discussion : I agree with your point about "voluntary flight".
This should be introduced in the article because ONE of the cause was the "voluntary flight" of palestinians and why some left voluntary should be explained to be complete. Alithien 16:33, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
Again, I'd like to use this opportunity to push for a complete re-organization of the article. I've written a first draft at User:Pedro Gonnet/Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus and am still in the process of shifting information. The new structure, i.e. sorted by causes and not by theories should be much less POV and provides room for all types of flight -- voluntary or not. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:19, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
I agree too.
I think that what Ian points out and that what I pointed out too can be said in other words : to understand the causes of the flight, the context is very important. Alithien 10:33, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Overview/synthesis is needed

This article is nice and clear with all its theories, but it misses a conclusion. Theories only offer explanations and calling them theories underlines that they might just as well be true as false. In the scientific debate there is however a consensus about some parts of the subject.

At the end of the article I added a paragraph with a small consensus. --JaapBoBo 00:15, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] "Criticism of the endorsement ..." section is WAY too long

OK guys, we all know the new hisorians provided new incide into the historiography of the endoresment of flight theory, but I think we can all agree that the criticism section of that theory is in gross violation of WP:Undue weight. --GHcool 06:01, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Too many quotes. It should be synthetised. Alithien 11:03, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Disagree. Why not including the different arguments made by the New Historians and the different evidence in which is based? If you think it is not neutral then I invite you and others to include other sources by authors that agree on the fact that arab leaders claims' were the main cause of the exodus. Otherwise by supressing this evidence we would violate another rule: WP:NOT#PAPER. I find it hard to think that those claims have undue weight when a simple search shows clearly that there is a clear majority of scholar work showing that the claim is not true. Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:14, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Undue weight means it is too much developed. Nothing more...
About sources, there is more intersting topic discuss here below. ;-) Alithien 13:16, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I tend to agree with Jorditxei. Let's find more references for the other sections, rather than removing those in the criticism section. If that doesn't work, we'll take it from there. Screen stalker 13:42, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
ok :-) Alithien 14:35, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I am going to remove the neutrality tag. If you still dispute it, feel free to revert. Screen stalker 22:32, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
Please don't avoid the issue. This article is the poster child of WP:Undue weight. More than 20% of the entire article is devoted to criticising a famous and widely accepted theory. The criticism section should be a summary of the criticisms, but it does not necessarily have to summarize and have several long quotations from entire books unless equal coverage is given to other criticisms or to the subject being criticized. --GHcool 22:55, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
It is famous, widely accepted? Rather not, at least not by academics and not in the sense of considering that it was the major cause of flight. That said, I accept that you introduce the NPOV tag but you should explain your reasons specifically and by that I mean that a simple link to the policy will just not do it. If you want equal coverage to other criticisms than you should provide those sources. Screen stalker has provide citations which he wanted to introduce in the text and nobody has opposed that. I suggest that you do the same because the problem here is that we have been looking for those other sources and don't know about Screen stalker but I can tell you that in my case I found rather few (the ones I introduced) and the others were just accusations ad hominem to historians or simply political arguments like saying that if the arabs had not started the war then all the exodus would not have happened. Quotations like that I am rather against, don't know about your opinion. In any case, give us at least which are those sources lacking in the text. Cheers.--Jorditxei 23:46, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
OK, Jorditxei. You're opening Pandora's box. The moment I have some time, I'm going to quote entire passages and summarize entire books in whichever sections of this article I deem relevant. I expect no complaints from you or Screen stalker no matter how long I make these other sections because my sources will be cited impeccably. --GHcool 03:30, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Please make sure to use reliable sources. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:06, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Please feel free to do so, that is what we are arguing here GHcool. Nevertheless, as Pedro says above, we would like those sources to be reliable, by this I think we both mean that scholar sources from reputable scholar journals are preferable. Opinions by israeli officials or ex-officials, I would rather not like to see them here if possible. You know, I find it hard to believe they will be neutral... But in any case bring those sources and then lets discuss. Cheers.--Jorditxei 11:20, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Adding Schechtman Quotation

Here is a quotation from Schechtman which does not have (at the moment) an appropriate place in this article. It deals with a fifth theory of flight:

The Arab masses in Palestine were psychologically conditioned to expect from the Jews the same treatment they had been inflicting on the Jews during the years of communal warfare. Previous onslaughts on the Jews had always been marked by indiscriminate killings, mutilation, rape, looting, and pillage. The 1947-1948 attack on the Jewish community was more savage than ever. Until the Arab armies invaded Israel on the very day of its birth, May 15, 1948, no quarter whatsoever had ever been given to a Jew who fell into Arab hands. Wounded and dead alike were mutilated. Every member of the Jewish community was regarded as an enemy to be mercilessly destroyed. A medical convoy of the Hadassah Women Organization, heading towards the Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus, was ambushed on April 13, and seventy-seven physicians, nurses, patients, professors, and technicians of the Hebrew University were killed. A Jerusalem street was blown up on February 22 and fifty-two young men, women and children perished. A group of young Hebrew University students was massacred on the road from Jerusalem to Hebron. The Jewish Agency building in Jerusalem was bombed, with heavy casualties. Violence, arson and murder were daily occurrences.
With this background in mind, the Arab population of Palestine anticipated nothing less than massacres in retaliation if the Jews were victorious. Measuring the Jewish reaction by their own standards, they simply could not imagine that the Jews would not repay in kind what they had suffered at Arab hands. This foreboding largely motivated the mass flight.[1](sic)

Any ideas as to where to place it? Should we create a fifth explanation section for it? If so, what should it be titled? Screen stalker 22:40, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I already suggested renaming the "Arab leaders' endorsement of flight" section to "Voluntary flight" or something of that nature. This idea was shot down unfairly and without reason, in my view, because facts like the one cited above would belong under such a heading. --GHcool 05:54, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
That would not fit in the supposed "voluntary flight" section. We already gave you the reasons why that section was unacceptable (maybe it is you that does not remember, I suggest you check the history: here). Moreover, it does not say that flight was "voluntary" but rather that flight was due to "fear of reprisals from the IDF". I just cannot understand how after reading the text, and in particular: the Arab population of Palestine anticipated nothing less than massacres in retaliation if the Jews were victorious (...) This foreboding largely motivated the mass flight. You conclude that this is indication that the flight was voluntary (!?) --Jorditxei 14:39, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
I, for one, don't think that the "Arab Leaders" section should be named "voluntary flight." If we accept the argument that Arab leaders told Palestinians that they must leave, then the flight would still not be voluntary. That just means it would not have been instigated by Israel or Jewish militias.
Jorditxei, on an unrelated issue, I have to apologize to you for not having had time to sit down and review anti-expulsion authors. My personal life has been a mess, and wikipedia has taken a back seat (as well it should). Screen stalker 01:56, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
And that's exactly the reason that "voluntary flight" should be the title. It would be unfair to lump the facts that support the "voluntary flight" theory under a heading called with the "Arab leaders endorsement." It would be equally unfair to censor these facts altogether just because it doesn't fit the artificial "Arab leaders endorsement" heading. --GHcool 03:02, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Sorry but what does "voluntary flight" means in your opinion GHcool? That they packed and left 'voluntarily'? Because according to you the above proposal of Screen stalker based on Schechtman shows, in your opinion, that flight was 'voluntary' but it does not at all. Exodus are caused by fear (Schechtman point above), by expulsion, by poverty or whatever but people do not leave their houses voluntarily. I will oppose any section with that title because it just does not make sense at all and is an insult to intelligence. By the way, the other day I also read some declarations from a former serbian commander in Kosovo who (surprisingly) also said that albano-kosovars fled voluntarily or because the UCK had told them to flee. Apparently is a usual argument of those who expel people from their country: blame them or say the left by their own will. Cheers.--Jorditxei 03:21, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Firstly, please don't shoot the messenger. I am not a historian and I was not yet born in 1948. We may disagree on what exactly caused the Palestinian exodus, but I am sure we can agree that there are multiple theories of the causes. I do not intend on raising any one theory higher than any other (unlike some other users).
Secondly, I said above that "voluntary flight" need not be the title. You might have a point when you say that it is misleading. I considered the phrase "voluntary flight" as the opposite of a Nazi-style forced deportation of a population. There are theories and historians who profess that the Arab population of Mandate Palestine made a conscious decision to leave. Obviously, historical/political factors were at work in their (completely understandable) motivation to leave, but many historians understand at least parts of the Palestinian exodus to be a risk that the Arabs took upon themselves (and I am not discounting that there was also a risk to stay put). The Yishuv was not Andrew Jackson and the Palestinian exodus was not the Trail of Tears. If "voluntary flight" is misleading, then I ask for your help in coming up with a better title that says what I said above: that there are theories that state that the Palestinian exodus was a risk taken in the face of other (perhaps equally risky) choices. --GHcool 08:00, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
GHcool, the title should be the one that is already in the text: "Arab leaders endorsement...". Why? Because those who say that the flight was voluntary argue that palestinians left bcs they thought that the arab invasion would last for a short period and that therefore they could return soon. As you can see there is a reason here and the flight is not voluntary in the sense that there is a motivation and is not a decision taken out of context. Hope you understand the difference. Cheers. --Jorditxei 12:21, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Jorditxei, while I agree with you that the "Voluntary Flight" section should not exist, I have to say that I disagree as to the reason. I don't think you can say "no exodus could possibly be voluntary, therefore we should not create this section." If ample evidence were presented that this flight might have been voluntary, I would be in favor of including it. But right now all the evidence indicates that there was immense pressure on Palestinians to leave. The one notable exception would be the 30,000 members of the Palestinian elite, who left Palestine before hostilities even broke out (i.e. two-stage theory).
As for the accusation that this "is a usual argument of those who expel people from their country: blame them or say the left by their own will", I find this to be quite indicative of POV. Basically you are saying that Israel and/or Jewish militias expelled Palestinians from Israel in 1948. Not only is the evidence behind this shaky at best, but you have adopted the Transfer Theory of this article above any other. NPOV is of critical importance, and if you find it difficult to maintain, perhaps you should take a break from editing for a while. If you feel that you can maintain NPOV, I would be glad to continue editing with you. You have been an asset to this article, and have found many great sources. Screen stalker 13:32, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Well show me that any exodus in history has been voluntary and I will believe you. Until that, let me think that people don't flee without reason. I agree with you on the 30000, but even those did not flee voluntarily, they fleed bcs they had the money to do so, and bcs they wanted to avoid the conflict that would start in Palestine: had the conflict not been in sight, they wouldn't have been flight. Then, how can this flight be voluntary? Cheers. --Jorditxei 14:34, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Jorditxei, if I showed you an exodus that was voluntary you would say "That exodus could not have been voluntary, since an exodus by definition is involuntary. Show me one that is voluntary, and then I will believe you." This argument is circular, since you refuse to even recognize the possibility of voluntary flight, and define any cause of flight as compulsion. Screen stalker 18:17, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
I've already said that I'm willing and able to find a better title than the word "voluntary" because of the unwanted ideas it implies. Its unfortunate that Jorditxei is unwilling or unable to think of a better title. I propose the following titles for reviews (some are better than others):
  • "flight based on discretion"
  • "flight caused by perceived threats"
  • "unforced flight"
  • "deliberate flight"
  • "nonobligatory flight"
  • "theories that the flight was not compulsory" --GHcool 16:48, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
I really like the first two titles. Right now I think all the information we have to support the first one really deals with perceived threats, be they through propaganda or otherwise. If such a section is created (which I think would be a good idea), I would be in favor of the more specific title "Perceived Threats' Contribution to the Exodus." We are in agreement, after all, that perceived threats only contributed to the exodus, and did not account for the bulk of it. Screen stalker 18:09, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
In fact, we may consider creating both a "Flight Based on Discretion" section and a "Perceived Threats' Contribution to the Exodus" section. I have increasingly warmed up the former after reviewing a few pages in the book "The Case for Israel", which quotes Morris as writing the following:

A constant, growing shift of poulation from the countryside to urban shantytowns and slums [...] led to both physical and psychological divorce from the land. [They also] lost their means of livelyhood. For some, exile may have become an attractive option, at least until Palestine calmed down.

I need to find the whole quotation, just as I need to find the complete quotation for the following from the Arab Higher Committee (April 27, 1950):

The removal of the Arab inhabitants [...] was voluntary and was carried out at our request [...] The Arab delegation proudly asked for the evacuation of the Arabs and their removal to the neighboring Arab countries. [...] We are very glad to state that the Arabs guarded their honour and traditions with pride and greatness.

I am currently chasing down sources as fast as I can for a particular statistic which I posted in this article and was removed because of credibility concerns. Every book seems to reference another. So I would appreciate if someone else played source-tag on these quotations. If not, I will eventually find the original sources. It will just be a while. Screen stalker 19:11, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Screen stalker's suggestion is a good one. Thank you, Screen stalker. --GHcool 23:38, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] International reports show large scale beatings

I don't know this article well enough to know where the following material should go but I'm offering it as something that belongs:

There were few international observers to see what happened, but one exception was in the "Faluja pocket" containing two villages.

[edit] Eyewitness accounts, Al-Faluja

Al-Faluja and al Manshiya are unique in Israel, because they were meant to be protected by International Agreement - an exchange of letters with the United Nations and an annex to the Israel/Egypt armistice agreement of February 1949.

Under this agreement, the safety and property of the 3,140 Arab civilians (over 2000 locals, plus refugees from other villages) in the area was guaranteed. The agreement made was that "those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in Al-Faluja and Iraq al Manshiya (the two villages within the enclave covered by the letters) are to be permitted to do so. ... All of these civilians shall be fully secure in their persons, abodes, property and personal effects." [2]

The enclave was handed over to Israel as part of the Israeli-Egyptian armistice agreement, but few civilians left when the Egyptian brigade withdrew on 26th Feb 1949. Israel promptly violated the armistice agreement and began to intimidate the populace into flight. United Nations observers reported to UN mediator Ralph Bunche that the intimidation included beatings, robberies, and attempted rape. [3] Moshe Sharret (Israeli Foreign Minister) protested, and Quaker observers bore witness to the beatings. [4] Israeli historian Benny Morris writes that the decision to cleanse the "Faluja pocket" population was probably approved by Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion [5]. The last civilians left on the 22nd April and the order to demolish these (and a string of other) villages was made 5 days later by Rabin. [6]

The modern Israeli city of Kiryat Gat was established in 1954 on the land of the village of 'Iraq al-Manshiyya and it has expanded from there to reach al-Faluja. Shahar, Noga, Nir Chen and Nehora were established in 1955 and 1956 on the lands of al-Faluja.

In 1996, all that remained of al-Faluja were the foundations of the village mosque and fragments of its walls, along with a dilapidated well and a cistern. Israeli government offices and an airport have been built on the surrounding land. PalestineRemembered 10:26, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Although this information in the first three paragraphs above is interesting, I don't think it belongs in the section on the Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus article. This seems more like an Effect of or Process of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. The claims in the fourth and fifth paragraphs are highly debatable and certainly unrelated to the causes of the Palestinan exodus. --GHcool 17:14, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
It would be a serious injustice to this article and the victims of the Nakba to try and suggest that the Palestinians were not faced with eviction by sustained brutality. And provide examples, that's exactly what we do in other articles. Even with international observers present, a specific promise from the Israeli government and the support of the Israeli Foreign Minister, almost the only people we were specifically watching were beaten from their homes. Moshe Dayan said: "Nahal arose in the place of Mahlul; Kibbutz Gvat in the place of Jibat; Kibbutz Sarid in the place of Huneifis; and Kfar Yehushu'a in the place of Tal al Shuman. There is not one single place that did not have a former Arab population." PalestineRemembered 17:50, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
No argument here. We are in complete agreement. However, the information you are requesting belongs in the Palestinian exodus article and not in the Causes of the Palestinian exodus article. --GHcool 01:38, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
I think the information is relevant. However, it deals with such a tiny fragment of the Palestinian refugee population (less than half a percent) that, in my opinion, it deserves a short reference at most. These four paragraphs are way too much. I would be in favor of including the following reference:

In the case of the towns of Al-Faluja and Iraq al Manshiya, UN mediator Ralph Bunche reported intimidation of 3,140 Arab civilians (over 2000 locals, plus refugees from other villages), including beatings, robberies, and attempted rape, perhaps designed to cause their flight.

You can use whatever source you find most appropriate to site (or multiple source, if it pleases you). That is my suggestion. Screen stalker 14:23, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
How about:
  • With the British withdrawing from Palestine and the UN only recently created there is little independent testimony of the circumstances of the exodus. But two of the villages were unique and did contain observers, since they were meant to be protected by International Agreement - an exchange of letters with the United Nations and an annex to the Israel/Egypt armistice agreement of February 1949.
  • Under this agreement, the safety and property of the 3,140 Arab civilians (over 2000 locals, plus refugees from other villages) in the area was guaranteed. The agreement made was that "those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in Al-Faluja and Iraq al Manshiya (the two villages within the enclave covered by the letters) are to be permitted to do so. ... All of these civilians shall be fully secure in their persons, abodes, property and personal effects." [7]
  • The enclave was handed over to Israel as part of the Israeli-Egyptian armistice agreement, but few civilians left when the Egyptian brigade withdrew on 26th Feb 1949. Israel promptly violated the armistice agreement and began to intimidate the populace into flight. United Nations observers reported to UN mediator Ralph Bunche that the intimidation included beatings, robberies, and attempted rape. [8] Moshe Sharret (Israeli Foreign Minister) protested, and Quaker observers bore witness to the beatings. [9] Israeli historian Benny Morris writes that the decision to cleanse the "Faluja pocket" population was probably approved by Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion [10]. The last civilians left on the 22nd April and the order to demolish these villages (and a string of others) was made 5 days later by Rabin. [11]
  • The modern Israeli city of Kiryat Gat was established in 1954 on the land of the village of 'Iraq al-Manshiyya and it has expanded from there to reach al-Faluja. Shahar, Noga, Nir Chen and Nehora were established in 1955 and 1956 on the lands of al-Faluja.
  • In 1996, all that remained of al-Faluja were the foundations of the village mosque and fragments of its walls, along with a dilapidated well and a cistern. Israeli government offices and an airport have been built on the surrounding land.
PalestineRemembered 18:33, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
The vast majority of information here is irrelevant to the causes of the Palestinian exodus. The only part of it that is relevant is allegations that Israel intimidated Arab residents of these two towns. Whether or not this was in violation of an agreement between Israel and Egypt, or Ben-Gurion was behind the order, or what not is irrelevant to this article. If these events involved 100,000 Palestinians, I would be all in favor of going into detail (although probably not as much detail as you would like). But we are only dealing with 3,140 refugees. If we devoted 363 words for every 3,140 refugees (which is what you're proposing), the article would be 81,000 words long. That's nine times longer than it is right now, and let's face it: no reader wants to read an article that is that long. I think the article is a little too long as it is (although right now it's tolerable). We need a short reference to Al-Faluja and Iraq al Manshiyah. Screen stalker 19:21, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
I agree wholeheartedly with Screen stalker's anaylsis. --GHcool 23:41, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
I think I also agree. Palestine Remembered, I think the best is that you include those eye-witness in List of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflict. Pedro spoke about introducing the causes of depopulation of each village and then bring or make a table with the causes geographically in User:Pedro Gonnet/Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. I think it is the best idea for the moment, otherwise we might be increasing too far the size of the article here, as Screen stalker and GHcool say. Cheers. --Jorditxei 01:28, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] International Development Advisory Board Report

I found the following reference in in From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine:

Some Arab leaders demanded the "return" of the "expelled" refugees to former homes despite the evidence that Arab leaders had called upon Arabs to flee [...] such as President Truman's International Development Advisory Board Report, March 7, 1951: "Arab leaders summoned Arabs of Palestine to mass evacuation ... as the documented facts reveal. ..."

I was unable to find any uncut version of this report on the internet. Any help in finding the full version would be appreciated. This would help the article out a lot. Screen stalker 18:15, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Joan Peters book was very thoroughly discredited. Even her supporters (this is Daniel Pipes) say things such as: "From Time Immemorial quotes carelessly, uses statistics sloppily, and ignores inconvenient facts. Much of the book is irrelevant to Miss Peters's central thesis. The author's linguistic and scholarly abilities are open to question. Excessive use of quotation marks, eccentric footnotes, and a polemical, somewhat hysterical undertone mar the book. In short, From Time Immemorial stands out as an appallingly crafted book." He goes on to state that the central thesis (basically that the Palestinians arrived at the same time as other immigrants) is genuine, but nobody seriously believes it. PalestineRemembered 18:32, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
I agree with PalestineRemembered and others who believe that From Time Immemorial is not a very good book. That doesn't necessarily mean that all of Peters's ideas are wrong or lies, and From Time Immemorial is still read and quoted by a variety of commentators to the extent that the ideas in it are still relevant. Of course, like all scholarly claims, it would be better to verify Peters's claims with her primary source or a 3rd party historian that agrees with her assessment of the facts, but I don't think quoting her in this article would be violate Wikipedia guidelines which state that all significant points of view should be presented. --GHcool 23:52, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
Personally, I would rather prefer that cites like those ones would be taken in the original version and in the context of that version, otherwise we just can't know whether it refers to the whole palestine, we don't know how did arab leaders summoned Arabs of Palestine nor which arabs are they referring to and so on and so forth. It's like the Falastin and the other Libanese newspaper (can't remember the name) cites', I have also tried to find the whole text but never have found it, only the two phrases repeated ad nauseam indicating that arabs endorsed the flight... I am not saying that they shouldn't be introduced, but to me (and this is an opinion as reader) they lack reliability. Cheers. --Jorditxei 01:33, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
I am not saying we should use this quotation from From Time Immemorial. What I'm saying is that I would like to find the original Truman-era report somewhere. I think the one sentence that is quoted is not sufficient information, and heaven only knows what went between "mass evacuation" and "as the documentation reveals." Can anyone help out with finding the original source? I am trying to hunt down too many sources as is. Screen stalker 15:01, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
I don't own a copy of From Time Immemorial, so I cannot easily check it for citation info, etc. If you have a copy, check the footnote. If it is a private letter or something of a similar archival source, then it probably will be virtually impossible (or very expensive) to get your hands on the original document. In that case, it would probably be ok to cite it by saying "Qtd. in Peters, Joan. From Time Immemorial: Blah Blah Blah." If the source is in a publically available book, then that would just require a trip to the library. --GHcool 18:57, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
All From Time Immemorial quotes is the one pathetic sentence herein quoted, and she cites it to the Truman-era report. That's all the information I have. I'm sure it's somewhere in the national archives, but I don't plan on traveling to DC to get it. Screen stalker 22:10, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
It must be pretty clear to everyone by now that "evacuation under Arab orders" accounted for only a small percentage of those leaving (and from villages, not from towns). Morris (Birth re-visited, 2004, p.xiv) has a list of 391 villages with dates and causes of abandonment. Just 5 villages are marked "A" for "Abandonment on Arab orders", plus Haifa is M/A (being Military Assault/Abandonment). 3 are "re-settled". 38 (ie 10%) are "Not Known". PalestineRemembered 23:02, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Schechtman Quotes

I've been gone on vacation for two weeks, so hello again! I see that User:Screen stalker has introduced a number of quotations from Schechtman. Schechtman is not a historian and his own biography on disqualifies him as a neutral source. He has also been thouroughly discredited by many academic sources.

Please, if you're going to use sources that Schechtman quotes, then please try to find the unparsed quote somewhere or a reference by a real historian. If you can't find the original quote or a supporting historian, please delete the references, or I will.

Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:09, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Which ones are you talking about? Screen stalker 13:49, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
Specifically references 21, 24, 25 and 26. It is rather odd to use Schechtman as the sole source of quotes while at the same time mentioning that Childers thoroughly discredited him for mis-parsing quotes:
Glazer (1980, p.102) acknowledges that Schectman offers quotes from the Lebanese weekly Kul Shay (in the section above), from al-Huda, a Maronite newspaper published in the United States, and several statements made by various Arab officials, among them Emil al-Ghoury, at the time Secretary of the Arab Higher Committee, and Msgr. George Hakim, Greek Catholic Bishop of Haifa and Galilee. These quotes and statements all imply Arab complicity in, if not initiation of, the exodus[39]. Nevertheless, the author cites the fact that Childers went back to these sources, checking them for the full meaning, and, he found that they were taken out of context. According to Childers, on closer examination, these statements were meant to indicate the opposite of what the Zionists tried to imply. According to him, what had in effect happened was that by carefully selecting those words which fit their story, these Zionist historians had edited history[40].
Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:11, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
I agree with Pedro concerning Schetchman.
I think also there are too much quotes in these articles.
Nevertheless there could be room later for these quotes because the way israeli historiography introduced what happened is I think an information that is interesting and relevant. Alithien 10:47, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
I have removed the Schechtman quotes in question. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 10:23, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Actual figures for "Causes of Exodus"

Benny Morris (Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem re-visited, 2004, p.xiv) lists 391 villages with dates and causes of abandonment. One of them (Walaja, al - M, 21 October 1948) is later transfered to Jordan and re-settled, (Two others, Kirad al Ghannama and Kirad al Baqqara are listed as "resettled", but are expelled again). This means the net number is 390.

Then Morris has 5 villages marked "A" for "Abandonment on Arab orders", plus Haifa is M/A (being Military Assault/Abandonment). Abandoned are Ma`dhar, 6 April, Hadatha, 6 April, 'Ulam, 6 April, Sirin, 6 April, (Arab) Haifa (M/A), 21 April - 1 May, Beit Nabala, 13 May (all in 1948). Then 38 are "Not Known".

This gives between 347 (89%) and 385 (98.5) villages cleared by C (Influence of nearby town's fall), E (Expulsion by Jewish forces), F (Fear of being caught up in fighting), M (Military assault on settlement), W (Whispering campaigns - psychological warfare by Haganah/IDF). At least 50% appear to be rated as "M - Military" or "E - Expulsion", though many are also "C - Influence" or "F - Fear". "W - Whispering campaign" accounts for 14, sometimes this effect alone or sometimes with other factors. (Elsewhere in his book, Morris speaks of "thousands of people" or "a few dozen villages" being ordered to evacuate, presumably they got back to their homes before they were finally expelled). Note, the figure of "90 to 98.5%" expelled is by number of villages, it's not by population.

Does anyone have different/better figures? Other sources list rather more villages than this, usually the low 400s. PalestineRemembered 23:27, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

I've waited 7 days to see what people think and not had any response, so I plan to enter the information into the article.
Unfortunately, none of the suggested causes include "Deliberate emptying", which is about what Benny Morris's work suggests. Hence, I'd need to create another section (presumably above the other 4). Anyone know what I should call it? PalestineRemembered 20:23, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
Please don't do anything so rash as putting content that has nothing to do with the causes of the Palestinian exodus into this article. --GHcool 04:01, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
I've provided an excellent RS to say that between 89% and 98.5% of the places were emptied due to some action by Israel, and less than 2% of places were evacuated due to "orders of Arab leaders". (The only caveat that has to be made is that this is %age of places, not %age of population). Non-Israeli options are almost certainly higher (unless you have better information to bring to the table).
On examining the options presented in the article, the nearest is the 'Transfer Principal' Theory, which needs to be moved to the top of the list and some reference made to "Israeli Military Action" being overwhelmingly the "Cause of the 1948 Palestinian exodus", with the other options making a pretty tiny contribution. PalestineRemembered 14:24, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
As you know, adding such information to this article will immediately be reverted since this data has to do with the process of the Palestinian exodus and not the causes of the Palestinian exodus. I hope this clears up the confusion once and for all. --GHcool 18:51, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
The article gives cause #1 as "The 'Arab leaders' endorsement of the refugee flight'".
That's clearly not the case, cause #1 (at least according to the RS I've presented), is Israeli/Yishuv military action.
If you have other information, then you should present it. I suspect you have no such information - if a top Israeli historian puts it at >90% the cause of the flight down to soldiers with guns, most other sources will put it higher, not lower. PalestineRemembered 19:17, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
The causes listed in the lead are in order of how they are presented later in the article. They are in no way ranked in order of how prevalently believed each cause is in relation to the other causes. I hope this clears up any lasting confusion once and for all. --GHcool 05:58, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
Then the whole article needs re-ordering. It's absurd for it have, at the top of it's list, a factor which appears to have only accounted for 1.5% of the exodus. (I take it you accept Morris's figures between 89% and 98.5% Yishuv military action). PalestineRemembered 19:27, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
Statistics are not so full-proof that I would refer to them as fact. For example, a statistic that I have read in several books (and am in the process of chasing down the original) says that 68% of Palestinians left Israel without so much as seeing an Israeli soldier. So I don't buy this statistical game that says at once that they were and were not expelled. The truth is numbers can be manipulated and perverted. With regard to the statistic you mention, I believe it is already mentioned in the article. I just moved it here. If this is not the statistic to which you are referring, please tell me the source for your suggested addition, and I will review it as soon as I can.
On a more general note, I understand that you want to get right down to editing, but it is important to read relevant sections of the article before suggesting additions. A lot of what you suggest is either already included, or--while not included per se--is very similar to what is already in the article. Screen stalker 22:20, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
Statistics are indeed a source of much misinformation. However, we don't have to worry too much about that, because we're in the business of writing an encyclopedia on the basis of "Verifiability not Truth". If one top Israeli historian finds just 5 villages were abandoned by the EoF (and there was a bit in Haifa) then we'd need some fairly good reason to ignore his claim and write the article as if EoF played a major (or even predominant part) as appears to have crept into this article.
I popped in here to say "Are Benny Morris's figures seriously disputed by anyone?". You don't appear to be disputing them atall - do I have that right? PalestineRemembered 18:47, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
Before I answer that question, I need you to provide me with a citation to Morris' book so that I can read his explanation for myself. I do not wish to dispute something that I am not well-educated about.
Bear in mind also that even if we accept that estimate that EoF contributed to 5% of the flight, 5% is a pretty large amount. Also bear in mind, this is only what has been documented. Much of the rest has been lost to history. Bear in mind also that you are placing a percent number by villages, not by population. About 8-10% of the entire Palestinian refugee population came from Haifa, which the Economist said was mostly due to the EoF. So 12%-15%, which I consider a minimum figure, is not a negligable cause of flight.
Finally, notice that Morris does not include in this list of five-and-a-half villages/towns that were evacuated due to EoF the town of Ein Karem, which Justice Douglas records as being evacuated at least partly due to EoF. I doubt that I just coincidentally found testimony about Morris' only mistake. The odds of that are one in 384. I am certain there were other towns, evacuated at least partly due to EoF, which your citation of Morris neglected to mention. I don't know if this is because of bias or negligence, but either way, it bodes ill for this statistic. Screen stalker 22:03, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
The reference is p xiv in the 2004 Second Edition of Benny Morris "Birth of". (The number of villages he gives has increased from 369 in Edition I to 391 in II, other sources have somewhat more).
I'm not sure on what basis you say "12 to 15%", that's not what the significant sources claim. Morris has 5% (I think his famous "I'm an expulsionist" interview has him saying "slightly more but in any case less than 10%").
Nor do we have any reason to disagree with him over Ein Karem - elders of the village took fright in fear of military attack and suggested moving off as a group - that's not "EoF". (Morris has "C = Influence of nearby town's fall" 10 and 21 April 1948; "M = Military assault on settlement" 16 July 1948). Another (undated) witness account using the word "leaders" is interesting but doesn't affect the conclusion of the historian. We risk taking part in a nasty piece of denial if we treat this source as changing anything. PalestineRemembered 07:17, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I consider a US Supreme Court justice just about as reliable a source as there is, and he quotes multiple eye witnesses who said that pressure by Arab leaders to leave was a key factor in causing the flight from Ein Karem. He also points out that there was no military assault on Ein Karem, further discrediting Morris' numbers.

Perhaps I am misrecalling, but didn't you yourself say that 5% was based on the number of villages, not on their population?

At any rate, I will review the source and get back to you with my opinion regarding the numbers. This may take a few weeks. For the record, I think that a discrepency of 22 villages (or roughly 5%) between the two editions shows something about the quality of Morris' research. Screen stalker 00:19, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

  • A Supreme Court Justice repeating what he's heard on a conducted tour of what we now know to have been a show village (one of the few not to be completely bulldozed) is an RS, but it cannot be given the same weight as the considered work of Israeli historians 40 and 60 years later.
  • By number of villages, the EoF accounts for less than 2%. By population it apparently accounts for around 5% (Morris later did an interview claiming to be a hard-line Zionist after all and verbally increased that figure, but still less than 10%).
  • What's this "discrepancy"? Morris had a figure of 369 villages in the first edition, becoming 390 (+ 1 to Jordan) in the second. Palestinian accounts put the number at over 400, however, they seem to count "tribes" as well. There are summer huts, there is winter lodging, there are two houses on either side of a stream, it's ridiculous even to expect a definitive count. Harping on about minor discrepancies like this is the same kind of thing the Holocaust Deniers do. (At least, I think it is, I scrupulously avoid looking at anything produced by racists and distorters). PalestineRemembered 14:54, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Pappé wrote this concerning Morris :
"I was fully aware — as he seemed to trust me — of his abominable racist views about the Arabs in general and the Palestinians in particular" [7]
So whether Morris is "racist" or Pappé is a "distorder".
Which one of these two historians will you not read any more ? ;-) Alithien 15:25, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm not aware of Morris making racist statements (though he is now in favour of transfer - which could be the same thing?). I don't believe his views are ever displayed in his historical writings. So he's much, much better than Schechtman on that score.
Morris has summararily raised the proportion of refugees leaving by EoF from 1.5% (by place names) to 5% (by population) in text to nearly 10% in interview, and he has been criticised by Finkelstein for distorting his views towards an Israeli-friendly point of view. However, none of those problems are anywhere near as serious as Schechtman, who appears to guilty of outright terminological inexactitudes.
Lastly, nobody at WP has suggested Morris is not an RS (unlike Schechtman). Is that explanation sufficient and satisfactory to you? PalestineRemembered 21:42, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
No. --GHcool 01:02, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
I appreciate you may struggle to understand what is so objectionable about Schechtman's words, since I just saw you state "Palestinians actually do manipulate the media and we have objective proof of this.". However, we're both appalled by racism and distortion from historians so I'm sure we'll reach an agreement that Schechtman doesn't belong in here. PalestineRemembered 10:22, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm not sure that how I voted in an AfD relates to Schechtman's place in the article. It seems to me that PalestineRememberd is trying again to shift the argument from a dispute over facts into a personal dispute. --GHcool 19:51, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Mitchell Bard Quotes

Bard's own Wikipedia entry, along with his well-documented track record regarding miquotes, pretty much disqualifies him as a reliable source. If nobody can/wants to find more reliable sources for these quotes, I will remove them. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 10:27, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Maybe yes, maybe not. It depends what you mean.
Everything from Bard should not be deleted. He is a very good source to get the current "pro-israeli" point of view.
Bard is reliable when he gives comments. When he gives a reference, it is true. Where there are problems is that he "selects" what he writes. Typically, he was an editor he would respect WP:VERIFIABILITY but not WP:NPOV...
Do you understand what I mean ?
What do you want to remove precisely ? Alithien 10:55, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
Specifically, quotes 20 and 27. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:52, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
It doesn't matter whether Bard is a reliable source or not because there are plenty of other scholars and commentators who reference the same quotations for footnotes 20[8] and 27[www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1389126/posts][9]. These quotes are here to stay. --GHcool 19:08, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
What?!? It does matter if he's a reliable source or not. That's what WP:ATT is all about. If you have a reliable source with the same quotes, please add them in place of Bard's. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 09:24, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
From my point of view :
  • the quote from Filastin is out of context. We should find it quoted in a secondary source from a scholar to use this or at least to have Bard's comments.
  • Abbas's quote is irrelevant. Abbas is not an historian.
Alithien 07:29, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
Alithien's opinion is noted. He/she reminded that, like Mahmoud Abbas, he/she isn't a historian either, but unlike Mahmoud Abbas, his/her opinion on the Palestinian exodus actually is irrelevant. --GHcool 04:32, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Flapan citations

There are two probelms with the Flapan citations:

  1. Whoever incorporated the contemporary historical quotations from Flapan's research into the article cited the a source he/she hasn't ever laid eyes upon (i.e. Ben-Gurion's diaries, etc.). Obviously the Wikipedia editor found the quotes in Flapan's book (certainly Ben-Gurion did not discuss about Flapan's 1987 opinion of Ben-Gurion's 1948 actions in his diary dated in 1948). It is the editor's responsibility to write a footnote along the lines of "Ben-Gurion, David. 1948. Quoted in Simha Flapan. 1987." This happens several times in the article and I've put "citation needed" tags where necessary.
  2. Simha Flapan published two works in 1987 that are cited in this article: The Birth of Israel and The Palestinian Exodus of 1948. It must be specified which work each of the quotes come from. An in-line citation such as "(1987, p.X)" is not specific enough since both works were published in 1987. I added "specify" tags where needed.

Thank you. --GHcool 06:33, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

I have fixed the citations. Thanks for pointing out the problem GHcool. Cheers.--Jorditxei 21:31, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] George Hakim

The fourth/fifth paragraph (depending on how you count paragraphs) in the "Criticism of Endorsement of Flight Theory" (beginning with "An interview frequently cited in Zionist historiography...") to me seems unnecessary. The only part of the entire article in which Hakim is quoted is the "Criticism of EoF Theory" section. Yet this paragraph essentially says "Hakim never supported the EoF Theory". While this may be true, I see no point in saying that someone didn't come out in support of a theory. I bet there were at least a hundred million people at the time who didn't come out in support of EoF, but did not oppose it either. So as long as we don't quote them as saying they supported it, why should we quote them as saying they never said they did. Specifically, why do we need to quote Hakim as saying "I never said EoF was true" if we're not even quoting him as saying "EoF is false"?

I would delete this paragraph myself, but I was reverted last time I did that, and so would like to discuss it. Screen stalker 22:09, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

The reason why I found interesting citing the "Hakim case" is that many sources had cited him in a misleading way, arguing he supported the idea that arab leaders had instigated the flight. This is one among several cases in which pro-israeli sources have quoted other authors/personalities' in a misleading way. The Hakim case in particular was quite sound because he himself said he had been misquoted. Introducing it just gives an example of what Glazer says about some of the "pro-israeli quotes": "Nevertheless, the author [Glazer] cites the fact that Childers went back to these sources, checking them for the full meaning, and, he found that they were taken out of context.". Cheers.--Jorditxei 22:30, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
In the first place, it is entirely possible that Hakim did make the statement he is quoted as making and later denied them because he forgt and/or succumbed to pressure from other Arabs. But this is irrelevant. The important part is that you agree that this paragraph is not in the article in order to criticize the EoF theory. It is there in order to lash out against people who quoted Hakim in opposition thereof.
I must admit that I see your point regarding the question of credibility of sources therein quoted. But this article isn't the forum to do that. I'm not saying we should quote unreliable sources (which I don't think is the case), but if we decide to include a source we shouldn't quote alleged cases of libel/lying/whatever on the part of these source unless they pertain directly to a portion of the source which is quoted in the article. A perfect example of a proper critique of source reliability which appears in this article is the other paragraph where Hakim is mentioned, since Childers questions the context of pro-EoFT sources in general. Screen stalker 00:18, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
There are two paragraphs in which Hakim is mentioned, one is Childers' the other Glazer. Both of them show the same thing: authors being misquoted by pro-israeli sources. The point is this: pro-israeli sources cite different sources to support the EoF theory but then Childers comes and considers that these quotes were "taken out of context to indicate the contrary of what they were really saying". In other words, the quotes offered by pro-israeli sources were not supporting the EoF (as they pretended) but to the contrary were indicating that there did not exist an EoF from the arab leaders. Personally, I clearly see the link with the "criticism of the EoF theory". As he did to dismiss the alleged arab calls for flight on the radio, Childers dismisses here (at least some) of the alleged calls to flee by the arabs. The pro-israeli misquoting of sources has been a constant and I think the article should say something about it, with examples where possible. Cheers. --Jorditxei 10:11, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm fine with the part about the radio broadcasts, because the article actually uses the broadcasts as evidence of EoF, so refuting that claim is legitimate criticism of EoF. That's why I said that I think they are a "perfect example of a proper critique of source reliability." But the paragraph that I would like to delete introduces Hakim's quotation, only to say that it isn't worth quoting. So it doesn't actually criticize EoF, it criticizes some people who support EoFT. Wouldn't you agree? Screen stalker 14:54, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
I think the point of the paragraph is not to see who refutes EoF are who supports it. The point is to show the fact that pro-israeli sources have misquoted other authors/sources, this is something that has happened many times, and therefore deserves two paragraphs in the article. Example: user Screen Stalker introduced a quote from Schechtman of the Kul-Shay newspaper but Childers himself went back to that quote and found it was taken out of context. What the two paragraphs are saying is precisely: "this is something pro-israeli authors have done recurrently" and then give some examples. It does have something to do with the question of whether did arab leaders endorsed the flight or not because if pro-israeli authors give misquotes as proof of EoF and many times these are taken out of context then those authors are not reliable. I hope this clarifies it. Cheers. --Jorditxei 17:40, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
You have made yourself perfectly clear, but we still disagree. As you said, the second paragraph is relevant, because the article quotes Kul-Shay. I am in favor of retaining the second paragraph! But the first paragraph is irrelevant, because it is intended to criticize pro-EoF authors, not the EoFT itself. I would like to get some other editors' opinions on this matter. Maybe I am being unreasonable (which I know I am capable of being), but I think it's perfectly reasonable to say that sources refuting the claims of pro-EoF authors should only be included if those claims are actually made in the article. Screen stalker 22:00, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
Honestly, I don't think this paragraph is very useful and for that reason, I would support its removal from the article. I don't think it harms the article nor does it violate any Wikipedia guidelines as far as I can tell. I just think its fat that can easily be trimmed. --GHcool 05:43, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
Jorditxei - it seems to me that if there are falsehoods (urban myths) floating around on certain topics, then it's very much the business of the encyclopedia to point out that they're either suspect or disproven. The article certainly shouldn't be re-publishing such dubious material without a health warning, even if it's still available in some respected and normally reliable sources. PalestineRemembered 19:14, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
I don't know about you, but I don't think the odds are high that the average reader (or even one reader out of a hundred) has read reference to Hakim's quotation, and needs the issue to be dispelled. Anyone that well educated on the subject has no doubt read Childers' analysis. I still think the paragraph is there in order to criticize pro-EoF authors, not EoF theory. Screen stalker 22:07, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm sorry, it takes a little while to bore down to what's actually written, and I see that Hakim's apparently invented quotation is not introduced "on its own merits", but in order to debunk it. My personal preference would still be to have Hakim in there, more or less in the current form - but checking Charles Darwin I see there is no reference to creationism, so maybe the encyclopedia doesn't work the way I thought it did! PalestineRemembered 07:33, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi,
Screen stalker asked me to comment this matter.
I think I see his point : the § is a criticism of israeli historiography more than of the theory itself. Jorditxei answers that the § is there to show pro-israli authors would have misquoted some people.
I think Screen stalker is right to say that this § is not at its right place and I think Jordixtei is right to defend the presence of this § in the article.
From my point of view, every scholar will agree there is a controversy about the fact/hypothesis that israeli authors/historiography would have mispresented facts to "fabricate" the call of flight theory. I think it would be good for the article to have an additional section, at the end, titled "controversies" where this controversy could be reported.
Alithien 06:42, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] EoF as first cited cause

What do you say to the figures at the earlier section in this Talk, which appear to show that the EoF is a trivial part of this event anyway? PalestineRemembered 19:18, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
I say that I disagree, and that the facts support EoF as a factor of major importance in the exodus. I established my reasons for this in the discussion above, to which you link. Screen stalker 22:04, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi PalestineRemember,
For what I read from Gelber and Morris, EoF (Arab leader call to flee) is not a significant cause of the exodus. But EoF has been considered a significant part of the exodus since 1948 by israeli and western historiography.
Some israeli historians today still defend that thesis.
For these reasons, I think NPoV asks us to :
  • introduce EoF in the cause
  • explain the controversy about this PoV
Does someone disagree ?
Alithien 07:19, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm concerned that this article introduces EoF as #1 "cause of the exodus", when the evidence certainly doesn't suggest that. It should be at the bottom of the list, not at the top.
In response to User:Screen stalker a few minutes ago I introduced the Charles Darwin WP article and the non-appearance of creationism in that article. In that case, my example proved me wrong and ScreenStalker right (ie George Hakim probably should not be quoted in the article or, not in the way he is, purely to debunk him, anyway). But over EoF, my example tends to back my "gut feeling" over the way the article should operate. Quite likely, EoF barely belongs in this article atall. It is true that many people will come to this article expecting to find it mentioned and bigged up (as many would go to Darwin and expect to find creationism given prominence), but it's a red-herring to any real discussion of the "Causes of the Palestinian Exodus". PalestineRemembered 07:49, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
I agree with PR: a "cause" that accounts for at most 5% of the refugees does not merit being mentioned first. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 11:34, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi PM,
Of course it should not be listed as the first cause given it is not considered as a relevant cause any more.
But you interfered here in another discussion between ST and Jordixtei...
Alithien 14:05, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
Firstly, many serious historians still do consider it a relevant and important cause. Secondly, it doesn't matter to me whether EoF is first or second on the list. If we are ordering the sections based on how "important" each cause is, my personal preference would be the following:
  1. Fear psychosis theory
  2. Two-stage theory
  3. EoF
  4. Transfer theory
  5. Master plan theory
I look forward to others' opinions on this ordering and if this is unacceptable to most editors, I am more than happy to compromise. --GHcool 04:57, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi GHcool,
Karsh. Who else ?
There is no "transfer" theory. Morris transfer's idea (idea !) concerns the context. He nevers wrote anywhere it was a cause and never cited that as a cause.
Two-stage analysis is not a theory either. It is just a way to introduce matters. The one used by Gelber's. Nothing in Gelber's 2-stage introduction is contradictory eg to Morris and he also talks about "fear".
And what is the "fear psychosis theory". All scholars talk about the fear but who introduces this as an ultimate cause ?
Alithien 06:26, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
GHcool -> Which historians still consider the EoF "a relevant and important cause" of the Nakba? Do you mean a "Major Cause", or would you carry on calling it "a relevant and important cause" even if it only accounted for 5% (or maximum of 10%) of the refugee flight?
Can we even know which historians think what, when historians who don't accept the EoF are quoted as if they support it? PalestineRemembered 16:16, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Fear Psychosis

I created a new section, to deal with the issue of fear psychosis. I placed those relevant paragraphs which I found under this section, but I am sure that I did not find them all. Please help out and place other appropriate paragraphs there. Screen stalker 16:39, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Justice Douglas on the Arab Exodus

Schechtman's book The Refugee in the World contains appendices, which include the following quotation from Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas in his book Strange Lands and Friendly People:

Ein Karem, an Arab village for hundreds of years, was the birthplace of John the Baptist. In the recent war it was never attacked by the Israeli army. It was indeed not on the path to Jerusalem. It had no apparent military value. Yet it was evacuated by the Arabs. Every man, woman, and child left—all except eight old women. The refugees put a few personal belongings and what food they had in their cupboards on the backs of donkeys. They walked out of their ancestral homes in Ein Karem, shut the doors, and turned to the east. They did this, though no shot was fired, though their village was neither encircled nor threatened …
I inquired why the exodus, and was taken to two of the old women in a mud hut on the edge of town. They were wrinkled, wizened, and shy, and hesitated to talk. But finally they gave the following explanation:
First, there was the massacre by an irresponsible, lawless element of the Stern Gang at Deir Yassin in 1948, when men, women and children—all but one in the village—were killed one night. The massacre struck terror in the hearts of villagers throughout the region.
"Some thought all of us in Ein Karem might also be killed some night," one old lady said as she twirled the ends of a black shawl.
Second, the villagers were told by the Arab leaders to leave. It apparently was a strategy of mass evacuation, whether or not necessary as a military or public safety measure.
"They all left during one week," said the other lady. "Every morning there were more who had gone. Finally only a few of us were left behind. We were too old and feeble to go." There were tears in her eyes and her face had a weary look.

I have ordered Douglas' book from my library, and will not place any of this into the article until I have had time to corroborate it with the original. But I wanted to open several things to discussion:

  1. How do we break this up? I think the first paragraph (or a drastically cut version thereof) belongs in "Criticism of the Master Plan Theory", the second through fourth belong in "From an Observer's Perspective," and the next-to-last belongs in "Claims by scholars that support..." I don't think the last paragraph should be included at all.
  2. How do we make transitions smooth, even though the quotation will be separated into multiple parts? For example, we will have to clarify at the top of the second paragraph that the exodus in question is just from Ein Karem, not from all of Palestine. That will involve the use of square brackets, which I know Pedro Gonnet hates. Pedro, would you be up to making an exception in this case?
  3. How do we cut this quotation? True, Ein Karem was a sizable village which played a relatively important role in the exodus, but this is still a very long quotation. Any ideas on how to cut it without loosing content?

Thoughts? Screen stalker 21:18, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

These claims that "villagers left because they were told to by Arab leaders" are meaningless. These "leaders" and people were victims of what we'd now call ethnic cleansing. They abandoned their grandmothers in genuine and justified terror of a murderous war-machine that they could never match.
But it's highly likely that other passages of Douglas's book make that clear - please tell us what you find. It would be despicable to cherry pick passages and treat the suffering of these people as if it was something they brought on themselves. PalestineRemembered 22:22, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
PalestineRemembered is WP:SOAPBOXing again. He knows full well that nobody is accusing Palestinians felahin of bringing the exodus upon themselves. The EoF theory clearly refers to Arab leaders. PalestineRemembered is trying to avoid the facts and change the discussion into an unsolvable, personal argument. It hasn't worked in the past and won't work now. --GHcool 04:29, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I'll be interested to hear what Douglas really said, since Schechtman sounds like a hard-line denier, eg The Israeli government was not indifferent to the plight of the refugees; an ordinance was passed creating a Custodian of Abandoned Property “to prevent unlawful occupation of empty houses and business premises, to administer ownerless property, and also to secure tilling of deserted fields, and save the crops...” (Joseph Schechtman, The Refugee in the World). As in this article (where we seem to be making Morris appear a supporter of the EoF) it's often quite easy to cherry-pick accounts to make them appear to say one thing when they say something quite different. Sadly, this is a problem that gets worse the more careful and complete the source (eg Morris) - and is a feature that may well apply to the observations and writings of Supreme Court Justices such as William O. Douglas too. Might it be possible to photograph the relevant pages in order we can be confident that Douglas really believed these people were not ethnically cleansed (or "transfered" in the language of the time)? PalestineRemembered 09:28, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

PalestineRemembered, time and again you strike me with just how in-line your rhetoric is with a propaganda machine. I am sure your heart is in the right place, but you are so blinded by your hate for Israel that you refuse to accept that sources like Schechtman may be reliable, or that even Morris can make mistakes. Don't get me wrong; I am not claiming that Schechtman is infallible and Morris is always wrong, but if there is a scholarly dispute, it must be considered as such. We cannot, in your words, "cherry pick" which sources we consider right in the dispute, and which wrong. This is true in particular if our criterion for analyzing this dispute is that we think all sources that support EoF are wrong, and all that oppose it are right. At any rate, I have received the book from Douglas, and will type it here.
As per the declaration that "These 'leaders' and people were victims of what we'd now call ethnic cleansing," I take issue with that. To a small extent, that probably is true. Of course, let's remember the historical context, where every nation was engaging in ethnic cleansing against whomever it had the will and power to oppress. This problem was not unique to Israel, and by comparison, I think Israel was downright spectacular (especially in comparison to the Arab population of Israel/Palestine at the time). Either way, the whole issue of who Arab leaders encouraged Arabs to flee is irrelevant. The question is why Arabs fled, and the answer here appears to be partly related to the exhortations of Arab leaders to do so. The passage:

We visited Ein Karem, a village of three thousand people about twenty miles from Jerusalem. It is a quiet, country village, built on a ridge at the head of a draw. The village is flanked by churches—a Franciscan church and school at one end; a Franciscan and a Greek Orthodox at the other. Olive orchards fill terraces that line the sides of the ravine. Tall, stately cypresses with their dark-green spires and pine of a lighter hue line the ridge. Father Carrol of the Terra Santa College (Franciscan) of Jerusalem, a bright-eyed, brilliant priest in his thirties, was our guide.

Ein Karem, an Arab village for hundreds of years, was the birthplace of John the Baptist. In the recent war it was never attacked by the Israeli army. It was indeed not on the path to Jerusalem. It had no apparent military value. Yet it was evacuated by the Arabs. Every man, woman, and child left—all except eight old women. The refugees put a few personal belongings and what food they had in their cupboards on the backs of donkeys. They walked out of their ancestral homes in Ein Karem, shut the doors, and turned to the east. They did this, though no shot was fired, though their village was neither encircled nor threatened. Some went through Jerusalem to Jericho down the corkscrew road on the east that drops off Judea. Most went around the Eternal City, seeking a path down the precipitous Judea Mountains, roding the Jordan, and climbing the hot and blistering ridge of Moab. We had met some of them in the refugee camp at Sukhneh.

I inquired why the exodus, and was taken to two of the old women in a mud hut on the edge of town. They were wrinkled, wizened, and shy, and hesitated to talk. But finally they gave the following explanation:

First, there was the massacre by an irresponsible, lawless element of the Stern Gang at Deir Yassin in 1948, when men, women and children—all but one in the village—were killed one night. The massacre struck terror in the hearts of villagers throughout the region.

"Some thought all of us in Ein Karem might also be killed some night," one old lady said as she twirled the ends of a black shawl.

Second, the villagers were told by the Arab leaders to leave. It apparently was a strategy of mass evacuation, whether or not necessary as a military or public safety measure.

"They all left during one week," said the other lady. "Every morning there were more who had gone. Finally only a few of us were left behind. We were too old and feeble to go." There were tears in her eyes and her face had a weary look.

I expected to see a ghost town. But as we started down the maim street of Ein Karem I heard singing.

"New arrivals from Europe," Father Carrol said.

In a few minutes we stod at the door of a large building transformed into a synagogue . A cantor was singing. A rabbi was bent over a lectern. Men and women bowed in worship.

We walked down the street. Another service was being held in another makeshift synagogue. We came upon yet another. The whole village had gone to church. An overflow of young people was in a class being conducted on the edge of an olive orchard near the center of town.

As we returned from a visit to the chapel of Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, on the far side of the village, one of the synagogues was emptying. People were going back to their new homes; children were doing a hop, skip, and jump along the road; a rabbi, bent in meditation, walked slowly through the village. The men and women pouring out of the synagogues had faces that were happy and relaxed.

"Not many months ago these people were housed in awful camps in Europe," Father Carrol said. "Many barely escaped death at the hands of Hitler's henchmen."

For them this was, indeed the Promised Land. Here refugees from terror and agonizing death and found security, freedom, a peaceful valley, and opportunity to work and live and worship as they chose. Their new freedom was reflected in their eyes in the spring in their walk, in the laugher of their children.

To them this village was a haven, a refuge. It did not then matter that Arabs at Sukhneh, some forty miles away, sat in tents dwelling with anger on the evacuation of Ein Karem and on the occupation of their ancient village by newcomers from Europe. For ein Karem had been won in war. The victorious Israeli Army that swept the village within its lines would defend it to the death.

To the newcomers at Ein Karem the Holy Land was a sacred place where scatterings of this ancient people would regather and reunited for the preservation of the race. Here they would bring a new civilization. Here they would return to the soil and rebuild a devastated land into a rich and flourishing garden. Here they would destroy the feudalism that had held the peoples of the region in slavery from time out of mind. The region would become a new home of democracy.

Those who reclaimed the land in this way would establish their right to it, their worthiness to survive.

This was a Cause, a Crusade. It swept all before it, including innocent Ein Karem. It moved on to Jerusalem. Like the earlier Crusades it traveled on the wings of tremendous enthusiasm. Its call summoned men from all parts of the world. There was fervor in those who faced toward Jerusalem, a fervor that would neither brook delay nor allow defeat.

In 1949 the contest for Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and as seat of the Arab government of Palestine was raging. As I have said, the Arabs held the Old City; the Jews the New. The Jews had not only pushed their front lines into Jerusalem, they had also brough a part of their government there. The Supreme Court of Israel, created in 1948, sat in Jerusalem. And on July 22, 1949, the first anniversary of its creation, I sat with it at a special session.

I did not begin from the very beginning of the chapter, but only the part that discusses Ein Karem. The rest of the chapter is about the meeting of the Supreme Court and some stuff about the Knesset, but in all is almost as long as what I have already typed. I did not judge it to be relevant, but if you would like me to type it up all you have to do is ask.

It appears also in my judgment that Douglas feels compassion and understanding towards both Israelis and Palestinians. I assure you it is possible not to feel animosity towards either side, since that is where I stand on the issue.

I still have much reading to do in this book, but it seems to me that Schechtman quoted Douglas precisely in the context in which the passage was intended to be quoted (who would have thought it?). I will therefore edit the article to reflect this. Screen stalker 01:02, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Thankyou very much for typing that in, you indeed have an RS there. (How the old women could have survived, other than by handouts from their oppressors to say what they were doing in a tourist spot, would of course be OR on my part - ditto to suggest Douglas was fed propaganda over the source of the immigrants). In justice, it should be presented side by side with Morris's quite precise claim for what happened to this village, "Jerusalem Corridor #360 'Ein Karim - "C = Influence of nearby towns fall", 10 and 21 April 1948; "M = Military Assault on settlement", 16 July 1948." Do we have a date for Douglas's visit (likely well after July 1948)?
Actually, I came to this section to quote race-hate words by Schechtman that I do not believe belong in the article "Until the Arab armies invaded Israel on the very day of its birth, May 15, 1948, no quarter whatsoever had ever been given to a Jew who fell into Arab hands". Not only is it race-hate, what he claims is nonsense. eg Jewish Virtual Library of the 1929 Hebron massacre - Nineteen local Arab families saved dozens, perhaps 100s of the Jews. Zmira Mani wrote of an Arab named Abu Id Zaitoun who brought his brother and son to rescue her and her family. The Arab family protected the Manis with their swords, hid them in a cellar along with other Jews who they had saved, and found a policeman to escort them safely to the police station at Beit Romano". PalestineRemembered 08:00, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
PalestineRemembered, I must admit that I had never heard of those cases of Arabs sheltering Jews during the war. They move me deeply. They really do. They make me think that maybe there is hope that peace may yet come to Israel and Palestine.
Still (back to the doom and gloom) I don't think that's what Schechtman meant by quarter. I think what he was saying was that any time an Arab army or militia would capture a Jew, they would (at best) mistreat him/her, and often kill him/her. That isn't to say there weren't Arab heroes who prevented this (you clearly point out that there were).
Unfortunately, I don't have a date for Douglas' visit, although I will continue to look through the book for one. With regards to how the women survived, it is entirely possible that Israelis (or "their oppressors," if you are so inclined to call them) provided them with sustenance. I don't see anything wrong with providing for the needs of a needy civilian population conquered during war. Actually, I am quite impressed that Israel (which itself had little if any food to spare) found enough to share it with hungry Arabs. With regard to Douglas being fed propaganda, this is always possible. But he was a Supreme Court Justice, and I think his skills of questioning and seeing through facades were probably perfected by the time he traveled to Israel. Screen stalker 14:23, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
There is a party that wishes us to believe that "the Arabs" were incurably anti-semitic and that that is the cause of all this trouble. We should re-publish as little as possible of that "material/evidence" because 1) it's nasty race-hatred and 2) it's broadly untrue. (I can provide you lots of evidence for that second statement, but I'll only be accused of soap-boxing - and I cannot put it into articles either, check out this diff and this link - note the summary under which my edit was reverted).
As regards Douglas's testimony I can't fault it as an RS - but Ein Karem was used as a show village. And we should not be using Schechtman (even if we think parts of his information is sound) for the same reason we'd not use quotes from the anti-semitic. Race-hatred is race-hatred - and Schechtman (at first glance) also appears to be an enthusiastic distorter. PalestineRemembered 16:12, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Why is it alright to use quotations from Morris and not from Schechtman? Does the fact that Morris is Israeli mean he can't have an anti-Israeli bias? Fact is, everyone is biased. But that is what NPOV is all about; realizing that all sources have a certain amount of bias, and including all the relevant theories/viewpoints on an issue, even the ones with which we don't agree (including racist ones). Personally, I haven't formulated an opinion as to whether or not Schechtman was racist. But the quotation that I advocate including is not racist; it is a fact that when a Jew fell into the hands of an Arab army he/she was mistreated and often killed. Schechtman (who I understand is not, in your eyes, a credible source, but has written SO many book on the matter that I think you can't deny his historical relevance) observed that fearing the same behavior on the part of the Jews catalyzed the exodus.
Notice that I am not making any statement whatsoever as to whether Jews did or did not give Arabs the same treatment. That question is irrelevant. The fact is that the fear that they would contributed to the Arab exodus.
Ein Karem was used as a show village? What? Not every example that disagrees with Morris is a piece of propaganda. Morris is not God, and he makes mistakes. I wouldn't put it past him to intentionally overlook some facts. But I am not in favor of excluding him from the article; I just think contradictory sources should be included in the article. Same for Schechtman; I don't think he should be removed from the article, but I think that if any reliable source claims that he is being untruthful in any statement in which he is quoted in this article, that source should be included. Screen stalker 02:39, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
Well said, Screen stalker. What people don't seem to understand is that although the New Historians provided an interesting and important lens through which to view the Palestinian exodus, that everything that everything and everyone that has conflicting evidence lying, propoganda, untrue, or in the process of being disproven. It is agreed upon by honest historians on both sides of the conflict that the Palestinian exodus was caused by different factors in different places. Anyone who says that there was only one cause of the exodus shows that they are either dishonest or not very literate in the history of the region. --GHcool 05:53, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
If I make any statements about anything, certain people will take them out of context and put them up on their UserPage in order to disparage my contribution.
And I've already made myself clear, so there's no excuse to apply what I've said about Schechtman to Morris.
There are "historians" found to have distorted history that we would never quote from - and Schechtman is (by what I can see) a great deal worse than any example I'm thinking of. We should not be using him. PalestineRemembered 22:39, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
Shall we all follow PalestineRemembered's example and tell which historians we don't want to quote from in this article? Or should we just use whichever historians are necessary and proper like we have been doing? --GHcool 01:23, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
The personalising carried on by some editors on their own UserPages puts a chill on actually putting information into TalkPages (and of course, the same applies to articles).
In the meantime, Schechtman (I think) is substantially worse, both on race-hatred and on distortion, than other "historians" who could never be quoted in Wikipedia. PalestineRemembered 10:27, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
The article is open to people who want to quote sources discrediting Schechtman on any information quoted within this article. So the reader is at least aware of questions regarding Schechtman's credibility. An article should provide a reader with relevant historical information, and notify him/her of possible imperfections in this information. If the reader becomes convinced, as you are, that Schechtman was untruthful, that is their right as a critical reader. But they may not share your sentiment. Either way, you shouldn't censoring their access to Schechtman altogether is not the way to go.
The Trojan War article cites The Iliad, and the American Civil War article cites Abraham Lincoln as a source. No one in their right mind thinks that these sources are neutral and accurate depictions of this conflict. But they are cited anyways, because their writings have become an insperable part of the history of these conflict. Screen stalker 16:41, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
This is not a matter of neutrality or "accuracy". It's a matter that Schechtman (at least from the quick glance I've taken at his work) preaches race-hatred and practises pretty blatant distortion of the historical record. We do not quote people who behave in this fashion, even if some of their work meets all the usual standards of being "historical".
A determined attempt was made to perma-block me for quoting from Garaudy, an author who (I'm informed) is a Holocaust Denier. It was only by great good luck I was able to prove that I definitely had the information from a genuine source, and that it pre-dated any such use by Garaudy. (I've still never had any form of explanation, retraction or apology for this vicious personal accusation against me).
Now, if I have this much trouble for (perhaps) quoting from racists and deniers, you need to sharpen up and stop doing the very thing I would have been perma-blocked for if I had been doing it. PalestineRemembered 18:24, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I am sorry to hear that there were some editors who found it appropriate to try to block you for that. As you'll notice their attempt failed. As far as I am aware, there is no policy in Wikipedia against quoting racists. That would be taking a POV against racism. That being said, let's draw a few distinctions between Schechtman and Garaudy:

  1. Garaudy was convicted of crimes including racial defamation, even in a country which is not known for its friendly feelings towards Jews (namely France). Schechtman insofar as I am aware has never been so much as tried for libel, slander, perjury, racial defamation or any other crime that would reduce his credibility. I don't think courts of law can alone determine the credibility of a source, but they are an indication.
  2. Garaudy has a long track-record of attacking the Jewish lobby, Israel and other Jewish institutions. He also denied the Holocaust. So while this doesn't necessarily make him a racist, it certainly raises questions. The most I have seen to indicate that Schechtman was a racist was that he said no quarter was given to Jews in Arab hands. Within the context in which he used it, that is 100% true.
  3. This is my most important reason: Garaudy denied the Holocaust, a well-documented event that no rational human being can deny. The evidence is simply too overwhelming for there to be any doubt. Anyone who can deny such an undeniable event does not deserve to be taken seriously, especially not as a figure of historical importance. Screen stalker 00:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
Schechtman published in many academic journals and has been reviewed in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, The Public Opinion Quarterly, American Sociological Review, The Journal of Modern History, Political Science Quarterly, Geographical Review, The Western Political Quarterly and International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) among others. FYI. HG | Talk 05:19, 17 September 2007 (UTC)


[edit] Citing Morris in EoF

I personally think that citing Morris, an author that has stated that EoF contributed (at most) to a 5% of the flight, in the EoF theory as "supporting" it is equivalent to misquoting him. In the past I personally accepted Morris' quote if a § was added just afterwards signalling that Morris (as well as New Historians) research has "dismissed" the EoF. I understand that such a § would not fit in the EoF support but then, the § in the "Criticism of EoF" already states that New Historians accept that EoF played a minor role in the exodus so I would delete Morris' quote from the support of EoF section. Cheers.--Jorditxei 20:13, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Jorditxei is forgetting that EoF is just one of the causes of the Palestinian exodus. This article is not about giving all the causes and letting the reader decide which cause is the "correct" cause. Rather, the article is about all the causes which, combined, resulted in the Palestinian exodus. For this reason, all evidence for EoF or any other cause given by any reliable historian is acceptable without qualification. --GHcool 04:35, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
It goes without saying that an encyclopedia article should not be distorting the views of its references. If Morris doesn't support the EoF (eg "it may fairly be said that all 700,000 or so who ended up as refugees were compulsorily displaced or 'expelled'.") then we should not allow a situation in which readers might think he was a supporter of EoF. PalestineRemembered 06:20, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
I share Jordixtei and PalestineRemembered's mind here.
Citing Morris as supporting this is a "misquotation".
It also proves why we cannot use primary source. If quoting Morris could make believe he supports that theory, how easy it is to quote Ben Gourion or any other to prove whatever.
We can only quote scholars analysis. Alithien 06:31, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
I also agree with Jordixtei -- cut him or add a qualifying statement. This discussion, by the way, speaks for re-organizing the article by specific causes and not by theories, but I've been saying that for far too long now ;) Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:13, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
From my side, I underlined that there transfer idea is not a theory concerning the causes of flight but a context ;-). The weight to give to this context is controversed. It is the same for the "2-stages theory". This is "personal research" to introduce Gelber's way of presenting events that way. There are only 2 theories in this matter : the "Master Plan" theory and the "Call of flight" theory. Alithien 09:47, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
I disagree. The master plan theory implies a lot more than what most historians (including most new historians) agree occured. As far as I understand it, the two most widely accepted and widely publicized theories are EoF and transfer. --GHcool 19:05, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
I don't say the contrary.
I just say what Gelber and Morris explains ie: there was a transfer idea and the things happened in 2-stages are not theories concerning the cause of the exodus.
And to close this debate : I don't agree seeing the word theory associated to anything if this is not sourced.
Concerning the relative importance what can be called theories according to me (ie master plan and EoF), I don't see how to decide which one would be more "famous" than the other one. Alithien 07:15, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
The criticism section does make it clear that Morris, overall, does not support EoF theory:
  • "Morris, too, did not find any blanket call for evacuation..."
  • "Morris, as well as the rest of New Historians coincide on the fact that Arab instigation was not the cause of a large part of the refugees flight. They do acknowledge that Arab instigation during December 1947-June 1948 may have caused around 5 percent of total exodus. As regards the overall exodus, they clearly state that the major cause of Palestinian flight was not Arab instigation but rather military actions by the IDF and the fear from them. In their view, Arab instigation can only explain a small part of the exodus and not a large part of it. Moreover, Morris and Flapan have been among the authors whose research has disputed the official Israeli version claiming that the refugee flight was in large part instigated by Arab leaders."
But he clearly thinks that EoF contributed to some extent to the exodus (even if the extent was small). So I see nothing wrong with quoting his work in support of the EoF theory with the caveat that he does not support it to the extent that most other authors therein quoted do. Screen stalker 14:41, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
To the extent that most other authors therein quoted do
Do or did ? Alithien 14:47, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Order and logic of sections

After so much effort in researching and drafting this article, it's not surprising that folks are standing back and asking these overarching q's, such as (1) which explanations (theories, contexts, causes) are suitable for parallel-construction Article sections, (2) what's the due weight and order given to each explanation, (3) and how to interpret Morris etc who may be relevant for multiple sections. Glancing it over, I gather that the current order of sections 1-4 is based on their order of appearance in historiographic discourse. Personally, I would like that because it shows how the causal explanations have developed, plus it allows the later historians to critique earlier explanation (thereby explaining why they felt a need to come up with a new approach). (#5 seems to be an emerging contribution that hasn't yet been put into the historiographic narrative). If my hunch is correct, then it is vital to tell the reader about this flow of the article. Currently, it says the opposite! That is: "explanations of the exodus (in no particular order)." You do have an order, and I think it is viable and encyclopedic! But even if you change it, let the reader know what to expect. What do you think?

An idea: Maybe what you need at the end is a neutral wrap-up. What is the common ground and the key points of disagreement? Which factual disputes could be determinative? Which theories seem most popular and why? Currently, Bernard Lewis is used for this purpose in the lead paragraphs ("No one single explanation stands out ..."). (BTW, are you using other book reviews or literature reviews by relatively uninvolved scholars?) Perhaps this lead can be backed up with your concluding wrap-up. Maybe here you assume the reader is a 17 year old (USA high school), who wants to learn, but couldn't quite follow the detailed academic theories. Could you write a neutral synthesis that goes beyond what you've said in the lead? Thanks for hearing me out. HG | Talk 15:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Both of HG's ideas are excellent. If I can find the time, I'll write a proposal for a "neutral synthesis." --GHcool 18:59, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
User:HG - I can't take the article in its current form very seriously. I agree with GHcool and Alithien that the two "causes of exodus" are Eof and/or Transfer. Transfer then breaks down into "Master Plan", 2 stage, 4 wave etc and the latter discussion is interesting (and probably more "live", "current", "historical" than the former). But rolling them all together makes sensible discussion impossible. PalestineRemembered 20:01, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
GHcool, thanks! PR -- I was working off the current structure, which I find coherent and rather typical for the presentation of soc-sci/humanities theories. I now see that Pedro Gonnet has worked on another structure, based on key "reasons" for the exodus. (While I see some problems ahead for Pedro's approach that I needn't address here, again I can't help but admire you all for your hard and intellectual work here.) If you can devise another structural scheme for the content here, like Pedro maybe you could set up a skeleton draft on a user subpage for others to consider.
N.B. For my mind, one beauty of the current chronological unfolding is that the Outline itself doesn't raise verifiability concerns. Conversely, PR, an analytical structure (e.g., your focus on EoF and Transfer) is based on a claim regarding the explanatory structure (i.e., your proposed breakdown) that itself needs to be argued for, verified and shown to be the major view. Still, maybe you're up to the challenge, go for it! (HG)
Anyway, I briefly looked at a series of literature reviews of the historiography. I'm not vouching for them, they have certain intellectual biases, but they seem on the up and up. I can't quite tell if you all have read these and, if not, where I should put these citations. Please move them as you see fit.
  • Blomeley, Kristen (2005) 'The 'new historians' and the origins of the Arab/Israeli conflict', Australian Journal of Political Science, 40:1, 125 - 139. //in JSTOR
  • Avi Shlaim "The Debate about 1948" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3. (Aug., 1995), pp. 287-304. //He seems able to look at his own biases. Peer reviewed, I think. in JSTOR
  • Shapiro, A. 1995. 'Politics and Collective Memory: The Debate over the 'New Historians' in Israel.' History and Memory 7(1): 9–40. Shapiro, A. 1996. 'Introduction.' In Essential Papers on Zionism, eds J. Reinharz and A. Shapiro. New York and London: New York University Press.//I didn't look at her stuff but they're both solid academic publications.
  • The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined, Dominique Vidal, in LeMonde diplomatique http://mondediplo.com/1997/12/palestine //This is not as academic, I think.
  • Kaiyal, Robyn. Rethinking history: From traditional Zionism to a new post-Zionist curriculum: An examination of Israel's new historiography and its application in American Jewish education.Dissertation. The Union Institute, 2001. ProQuest AAT 3013589. //See review of early Zionists then New Historians p.55ff.
Perhaps these will be useful. BTW, mostly they tell the historiographic story like your article, starting with the Zionists' "traditional" account, the New Historians, and so on. Anyway, I am encouraged to read your cool-headed, serious and open-minded Talk page, which gives me more confidence in Wikipedia's potential here. HG | Talk 02:27, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Chanced upon another review of the historiography by Dr. Philip Mendes. Thanks, HG | Talk 05:23, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
You have me at a disadvantage claiming this kind of setup is used for "soc-sci/humanities theories", I see no benefit or reason for that. And I see excellent reasons for not doing things chronologically - if we were to do that generally, creationism would have to come above evolution in any discussion. I think the "Major View" or largest proportion should be at the top. PalestineRemembered 15:04, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Neutral synthesis work

I agree with HG that the chronological order of accepted historiography is probably the best choice, but I don't expect to put up much of a fight if there are people who prefer a different order. The order doesn't matter to me as much as the content does.
After a long day at work, I'm too tired to put together a neutral synthesis. However, I'd like to offer some points that I think everyone involved would probably agree upon for such a synthesis (in no particular order):
  1. The Arab endorsement of the flight had some effect in some settings of the Palestinian exodus, though it is debated on to what extent and how far reaching this effect was exactly.
  2. It was in the best interest of the Zionists to have as few Arabs in the new State of Israel as possible.
  3. Forced expulsion from homes was had some effect in some settings of the Palestinian exodus, but to what extent in proportion to cases of voluntary flight (i.e. flight without ever seeing a single soldier) this occurred is debated.
  4. The Arabs of Mandatory Palestine were largely illiterate and therefore relied heavily on rumors and word of mouth than on reliable news sources. They told each other stories about Zionist atrocities, and the Zionists (perhaps purposefully) did not dispel these rumors. --GHcool 06:19, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Glad to see you kick this off, GHcool! Here's my 2 cents as a casual reader...
For #1, is it fair to say that EoF is an early theory that has been deprecated since the New Historians?
For #2, you presumably mean that the Zionists believed it to be in their best interest...
For #3, you may want to mention other plausible factors, e.g. fear, social disorder (Gelber) (anything from Pedro's list ?). Might say that expulsion is a (the?) key pt of contention betw A, B, C vs X, Y, Z analysts
For #4, is this a new point? If not in article yet, then it's not ready for a concluding synthesis.
Generally, sounds like you are trying to synthesize into an overarching picture of why the exodus. That's ok. Still, you might emphasize a synthesis of the flow of explanatory approaches, as long as that's the structure and much of the article. E.g., early Zionists said X, initial New Historians said Y, reactions, etc. HG | Talk 07:39, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
For #1, no it isn't fair. There is still considerable debate about the new historians' findings and how they fit in with the historical narrative.
For #2, yes.
For #3, agreed.
For #4, fair enough. --GHcool 18:08, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
  • 1. No, I don't agree. There is no more debate on that since Morris and the New historians's work. What is controversed in Morris's work concerns the transfer idea, not his statistics concerning what cause flight in each village. And his statistics rejected the conclusion that the calls to flight was a major cause. This can be found in Morris books but this is also what the historian Yoav Gelber (who is not a new historian) writes in the conclusions of ch.7 of, Palestine 1948 (2006), p.116 : Similarly, the Israeli traditional argument, blaming the Arab leadership for encouraging the mass flight, has no basis in the documentary evidence.. I permit myself to remind Gelber is the historian who claimed he would never publish any more in a review that would publish Pappé. Alithien 10:32, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
This is an analysis that I understand and respect, but I don't think represents a neutral POV by all concerned. Consider too that voluntary flight does not necessarily require Arab leaders' endorsement depending on your definition of who is an "Arab leader." Also, consider that the New Historians were working off recently declassified Israeli documents. To this day, there hasn't been similarly declassified documents from the Arab side. The "old" historians claim that if these documents were declassified, it would give the EoF theory much more weight. --GHcool 20:29, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
In other words there is no evidence at all to support EoF and the best that "old historians" can do is to say that they like to imagine there is evidence somewhere, even though, as Morris puts it "The Yishuv's intelligence agencies - HIS and its successor organisation, the IDF's Intelligence Service, and the Arab Division of the JA-PD, and its successor bodies, the Middle East Affairs, Research and Political departments of the Israel Foreign Ministry - as well as Western intelligence agencies all monitored Arab radio broadcasts and attended to the announcements of Arab leaders. But no Jewish or British or American intelligence or diplomatic report from the critical period, December 1947 to July 1948, quotes from or even refers to such orders." --Ian Pitchford 21:14, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
That's not what I said. I dislike Ian Pitchford's tone and question his skills at reading something and interpreting what he just read. --GHcool 21:41, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
You have told us you have no RS for a different conclusion to that reached by the "New Historians". I really feel that this article would be improved if we operated to regular WP policies, and depended on "Verifiability not Truth". PalestineRemembered 10:23, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi,
We can proceed a different way.
What historians after 1990 and discovering Morris'work wrote the "EoF" theory was something else than the "israeli traditionnal explanation" and that it was not a credible one any more.
For what I know, none (but I may be wrong, a source is needed) :

  • eg Karsh, in The Palestine War 1948 (p.90) writes that it is true that neither the AHC nor the Arab states envisaged a Palestinian dispersion of the extent that occurred, and that both sought to cointain it once it began snowballing.

Alithien 15:42, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] William O. Douglas, selective quoting

I must admit, I am a bit confused... User:Screen stalker introduces three quotes from William O. Douglas in three different places, from the same book regarding the same village, Ein Karem.

My problem is that the same quote is used to say three different things:

  • "the villagers were told by the Arab leaders to leave it" i.e. evacuation on "Arab" orders in the section "Claims by scholars that support the theory that the flight was instigated by Arab leaders",
  • "Yet it was evacuated by the Arabs. Every man, woman, and child left—all except eight old women. […] They did this, though no shot was fired, though their village was neither encircled nor threatened.", i.e. apparent causeless abandonment in the section "Criticisms of "Master Plan" theory",
  • "The massacre struck terror in the hearts of villagers throughout the region. 'Some thought all of us in Ein Karem might also be killed some night,' one old lady said as she twirled the ends of a black shawl.", i.e. fear of attacks in the section "From an Observer's Perspective".

The same quote used in three different places to push three different theories? I think not... Especially irritating is the fact that the Ein Karem article itself states that the village was evacuated in two phases, the second one being after attack by Israeli forces!

User:Screen stalker, I have removed the three occurrences of this quote. Please refrain from this type of editing in the future.

Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 06:46, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Pedro.
I would add that taking *1 village* as example in this article is not welcome. Douglas global analysis and conclusions could be interesting. His analysis for one village is not.
Alithien 09:00, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Pedro, in the first place I must say there are only two causes presented by Douglas: EoF and fear of attack. The lack of an actual military attack is not "causeless evacuation." It simply eliminates military action as a possible explanation. But can we not agree that there might have been two causes contributing to the exodus at the same time? Could not have fear of Israeli attack and exhortations by Arab leaders have both contributed to the flight? If not, we should edit our introduction, which says that "it is possible that all of the explanations are partially true of the exodus." I am aghast at the fact that you would be against including a source simply because its view of the world is not narrow-minded.
As for your statement asking me to "refrain from this type of editing in the future," I think that is a baseless and tasteless attack. I suggested adding this on the discussion board on September 3, and you did not voice your objections there. There is nothing wrong with "this type of editing," namely discussing, going back to the original source, and quoting a reliable person who was actually there at the time and place of the event. I don't even think it would have been wrong to add this source without discussing it. It is so bullet-proof, that I just could not have imagined that anyone would object to its inclusion.
I, too, find it "especially irritating" that the Ein Karem article says that military action was to blame for this event. I will change that article to reflect the facts at once. The wording that the Ein Karem article cites from Morris is quite vague about how many inhabitants fled in July, just saying "the rest" of them fled. As far as we know, that could be the eight old women that Douglas saw. So there is no contradiction between the sources. It may just be that ~3,000 people fled on the first wave of refugees, and another eight on the second.
Alithien, I understand your point regarding this being only one village. Frankly, I think it's the only solid point against including Douglas as a source. In light of that, I think it would be reasonable to cut the reference, but I think altogether excluding it would be a bad idea. My reasoning is that, while this source only applies directly to Ein Karem, it is unique in two ways: it gives us a glimpse of the local events from the perspective of a very credible and neutral individual who actually interviewed eyewitnesses in the area of the exodus, at the time of the exodus. Very few other sources give us that insight. Secondly, in the single village that Douglas examines he finds that the EoF by Arab Leaders was one of two factors that precipitated the exodus. Ein Karem is conspicuously absent from Morris' list of villages that left because of EoF. So Douglas here shows that Morris basically covered up the Arab leaders' involvement in the evacuation of Ein Karem. I don't find this surprising; I have not yet encountered a source on the matter which writes the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. One possible exception is Douglas, but I think I just haven't had the time to find what he's covering up.
Here is what I propose: including Ein Karem in Criticism of EoF and in Fear Psychosis. Unless I discover some need to include it in the "Criticism of the Master Plan" section, I will not place the relevant part of it there. Of course, I am not saying this in absolute terms. If I find that some source we quote in MP says that Ein Karem was emptied because of MP, I will think it necessary to reintroduce the quotation. Screen stalker 13:07, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Morris says (Revisited, p. 436):
The large village of 'Ein Karim, partially evacuated in April following the attack on Deir Yassin two kilometers to the north, was abandoned by its civilian inhabitants on 10-11 July and, on 14-16 July, by its militiamen after Jewish forces catured two dominating hilltops, Khirbet Beit Mazmil and Khirbet al Hamama, and shelled the village.
The village was evacuated, but there is not mention of it being forcefully evacuated under any orders. On page 177 he says:
Many of 'Ein Karim's Christian families also moved to the Old City, on 'the advice' of the local commander.
The source given in the book is an Israeli intelligence source. As can be read on pages 75 and 92, the village even had non-aggression agreements with the Israeli forces. They only evacuated women and chrildren after the Deir Yassin incident and the men only left after being shelled.
I am not against different causes at different times in different places, but I am against using the same quote on the same event, in the same place at the same time to justify three different exodus theories. This is also a bit annoying since, in an effort to keep the article short and sweet, many more notable quotes were cut with the argument of them being repetitious.
Lastly, Douglas may have been a very respectable person, but he is neither a historian or an expert on the Middle East. Does it say in his book if he even spoke Arabic? ISIKnowledge finds 14 citations of his book, none of which have anything to do with the middle east (one is a 1956 article in Science titled "Does Starvation Increase Sperm Count?") which doesn't make him much of a reliable source on the topic and thus a bad stick to beat Morris with.
Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 13:43, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
For starters, Douglas isn't supporting three theories of why the residents of Ein Karem left; he's supporting two, and saying that a third was not a cause of the exodus. Secondly, wouldn't you agree that it is possible that the Deir Yassin Massacre and Arab pressure to leave both contributed to the exodus of the residents of Ein Karem? I just don't see why you think there is a contradiction.
On the issue of when people left, notice that Morris doesn't say that the men left after being shelled, but that the militiamen left after being shelled. Those aren't necessarily residents of Ein Karem, and even those who were probably did not compose the entire male population of Ein Karem.
I understand your concerns with the fact that Douglas was not a historian. But first understand that there are about a thousand different William Douglases of historical significance, and it may be that it was not the US Supreme Court Justice who wrote the paper about sperm. Even if it was, being an authority on the nutritional impact on sperm count does not discount him as an authority on refugees. His book Strange Lands and Friendly People is all about refugees around the Middle East. He has a law degree, and taught law at Yale. He sat on the US Supreme Court for 36 years. I think he is credible enough of a source to write a historical account.
I am sorry for loosing my cool earlier today, but I'm sure you can see why I was unhappy with the last sentence of your first post. Screen stalker 13:59, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
The sperm article was the article citing Douglas' book. There are only 14 publications in ISIKnowledge that cite his book and none of them are on the topic of Palestinians/Israel/the Exodus, which makes him a not-so-good source.
As for who exactly stayed or who left for exactly what reasons, the only statement that can be made is that there is -- apart from Douglas -- no record of orders to evacuate Ein Karem. Even Israeli archives use the weak language of "advice" to leave. His book doesn't prove anything and is certainly not evidence that Morris is biased or otherwise wilfully negligent.
Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 14:35, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Douglas does not discuss orders either. He simply says that villagers were told by Arab leaders to leave. That to me seems like a perfect example of endorsement of flight by Arab leaders. You are right in saying this doesn't prove that Morris is biased or willfully negligent (although I think the former is already proven). But it does prove he excluded at least one village from his list of villages that left because of Arab leaders' exhortations. So he is not telling the whole truth. If nothing else, this challenge to his credibility must be included for the sake of fairness, since you have found it not only appropriate but necessary to include every possible challenge to the credibility of Schechtman and other pro-EoF authors. Screen stalker 14:45, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
No, Morris went to the trouble of looking into Ein Karem and found no orders, but advice. He went looking for orders and found none. Doulglas doesn't provide proof either ("told" vs. "ordered"), so what's the point? Don't compare this to Schechtman or the Al-Azm story... Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 15:04, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Why shouldn't I compare this to Schechtman? Regardless of whether or not there were Arab orders to leave Ein Karem, Arab EoF was a key cause leading to the evacuation of the village. After all, isn't that what this article is about? Screen stalker 02:28, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi Screen stalker,
You wrote : "So Douglas here shows that Morris basically covered up the Arab leaders' involvement in the evacuation of Ein Karem"
Does Douglas talk about Morris ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alithien (talk • contribs) 10:21, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
You cannot write Morris is "biased" or "lied" because there is a disagreement between him and somebody else concerning what happened in 1 village. Particularly when Morris gives his sources in details.
About his alleged bias : in the Birth revisited, p.263 in the conclusion of the 2nd wave, he writes :
(...) The AHC and the Arab leaders often encouraged villagers (and in some place, townspeople) to send their women, children and old people out of harm's way. Local political and military leaders also orders some villages to evacuate in order to forestall their (treacherous) acceptance of Jewish rule. In certains case (around Jerusalem, and along the Syrian border), the Arab states ordered villages to uproot for strategic reasons.
So, it is not just one village or Ein Karem for which he found evidence of some evacuation orders BUT this doesn't prevent him to conclude anyway :
There is no evidence that the AHC and the Arab states wanted a mass exodus [as it arose] or issued blanket orders or appeals to flee.
What he says precisely is cristal clear.
Now, the only way for historians that would not agree with this Morris conclusion would be, like he did, to provide other statistics than his owns and that would prove the contrary of what he states. And as far as I know, he has never been accused of lies concerning his statistics and nobody never provided others with relevant differences up to now.
Alithien 10:18, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Alithien, I have no way of knowing whether or not Morris made this mistake willingly or unwillingly, and I am far from convinced that he is a liar (although I do think he is biased, like just about everyone who writes about this topic). I was merely writing that to prove a point: that sources have disagreement, and that doesn't mean that one of them is lying (or both). It can just be a disagreement of sources. Clearly you agree, as you came out in defense of this idea. By the same token that we should give Morris the benefit of the doubt, we should do the same for Schechtman and other authors. We should include conflicting sources without assuming one is right and the other is wrong.

What is your opinion regarding the inclusion of Douglas' writings? Screen stalker 14:35, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

This article includes all of Schechtman's propaganda as though it's factual information, even though reliable historians like Khalidi, Gelber and Morris have found that the "Arab evacuation orders" story is false and most probably constructed by Schechtman himself. Curiously there is nothing at all about Schechtman's own role in promoting the idea of "transfer" to the Israeli government. Schechtman wrote a report arguing for compulsory transfer of the Arab population of Palestine to another country and concluded that "Palestine seems to offer a classic case for quick, decisive transfer action" and that "no constructive solution can be reached without large-scale [Arab] transfer." See Nur Masalha's Imperial Israel And The Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion. --Ian Pitchford 17:03, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
Ian, the article does not declare that anything that Schechtman says is true. It simply quotes him. You can't dismiss a scholar is propaganda simply because you don't like what he has to say. Also, you're overlooking the fact that the article does quote many scholars who challenge Schechtman's view of the exodus, including a reflection of your complaints. Besides, this is the wrong section to bring this up. Screen stalker 23:38, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
When leading historians identify a Revisionist politician as a propagandist and probably the source of a discredited explanation for the Palestinian exodus Wikipedia should not report that propaganda as if it is credible. Schechtman's own role should be explained in detail as it has a direct bearing on his credibility, or rather his lack of it. Do you understand Yoav Gelber's conclusion: "the Israeli traditional argument, blaming the Arab leadership for encouraging the mass flight, has no basis in the documentary evidence" or that of Morris "The Yishuv's intelligence agencies - HIS and its successor organisation, the IDF's Intelligence Service, and the Arab Division of the JA-PD, and its successor bodies, the Middle East Affairs, Research and Political departments of the Israel Foreign Ministry - as well as Western intelligence agencies all monitored Arab radio broadcasts and attended to the announcements of Arab leaders. But no Jewish or British or American intelligence or diplomatic report from the critical period, December 1947 to July 1948, quotes from or even refers to such orders." --Ian Pitchford 10:36, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi,
Before answering, I would like to be sure no more historian (not politician, historian even if biaised) considered after 1990 that EoF was still credible. Alithien 15:48, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm sorry, Alithien. I don't understand what you mean. Could you rephrase?
Ian, you are more than welcome to have a discussion on Schechtman's credibility. But please create a separate section to do that. This is a discussion on Douglas' work. Screen stalker 16:23, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
We should not be having this discussion - under no circumstances should we quote someone who writes "Until the Arab armies invaded Israel on the very day of its birth, May 15, 1948, no quarter whatsoever had ever been given to a Jew who fell into Arab hands." It's racist, and I've already produced one example of how untrue it was - 1929 Hebron. Ditto for Kfar Etzion March 1948 where, although there was a massacre there, other Jews were captured, held as POWs and returned some 9 months later. Schechtman should not be quoted for the same reason we don't quote David Irving. PalestineRemembered 13:37, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
PalestineRemembered, I don't think what he's saying is racist: its a statement of fact. Don't get me wrong; statements of fact can be false (in fact they are, by definition, either true or false). But this comment isn't an assault on Arabs, simply a statement that new quarter was given to Jews by Arabs in 1948. As for your examples to the opposite, I think they are outside the context of what Schechtman intends. In the first place, the Hebron example predates the timeframe with regard to which Schechtman wrote his work. Secondly, the example deals with individual Arabs helping Jews. That is not "quarter" in the military sense of the word. What Schechtman is saying is that Arab militias did not give quarter to Jews whom they captured. After all, quarter, by definition, only applies to a defeated or captured enemy. Also, receiving something in exchange for taking POWs instead of killing them is not called quarter. It's called negotiation.
Finally allow me to note that your comparison to David Irving fits the situation loosely at best. Irving is a racist. Period. He denies an event which is so thoroughly documented that it is undeniable by any rational human being. Schechtman's declaration, though less than palatable in your eyes, may conflict with various interpretations of the situation, but it isn't an outright lie. Screen stalker 11:22, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Compliment

I'd just like to tell everyone that I think this article is about a million times better than it was only a two months ago. That's not to say that our job is complete, but I think we are on the right track. Thank you to everyone involved. --GHcool 17:32, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Je suis d'accord! Screen stalker 18:28, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
I think it's terrible, gravely distorting what historians say about this business. We seem to have quotations in there from "historians" even less credible than David Irvine. We have historians who believe one thing quoted as if they believed the opposite - and editors claiming that that is a perfectly proper thing to do. PalestineRemembered 18:29, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
The Accusation: "We seem to have quotations in [the Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus article] from 'historians' even less credible than David Irvine [sic]."
The Reality: David Irving is the notorious English Holocaust denier and pseudo-historian exposed as a fraud and a racist in a court of law. He associates with neo-Nazis and served a prison sentence in Austria. Not a single reasonable person takes him seriously as an academic and a historian. The research of the historians referenced in the Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus (namely Joseph B. Schechtman and Shmuel Katz on the "traditional" side, and Benny Morris on the "revisionist" side) are controversial, but no reasonable person would claim that any of the above historians would be exposed as frauds and racists in a court of law, nor do they associate with underground groups dedicated to racism, race-supremacy, xenophobia, and violence. The comparison is embarrassingly falsifiable at best and offensive and disgusting at worst.
David Irving took out and lost a libel case attempting to protect his living and reputation as a "historian", which was in ruins because of his (known or alleged) racism and distortion. (He was later convicted and jailed for Holocaust Denial). We should not be quoting from Shechtman for the same reason that nobody on WP would have quoted from David Irving before his legal problems. (Well, unless you can demonstrate that the few clips I've seen from Schectman are not objectionable on the grounds I've given you, and there have been many chances to do that missed already).
It would seem strange indeed that you despise David Irving (and take vigorous exception to anyone even mentioning his disgrace), but seem to have learned none of the obvious lessons from his case.
Not only are we using "historians" we should not be using for very easy to understand reasons, we have historians who believe one thing being quoted as if they believe the opposite. Hence what I said, this article is terrible. PalestineRemembered 08:32, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Any reasonable person could differentiate between a controversial historian without a criminal record and a racist that denies the Holocaust, associates with neo-Nazis, and has been arrested. --GHcool 19:44, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Your "controversial historian without a criminal record" sounds to me as if he's very obviously a racist and very obviously a distorter of history. I could be wrong, of course, but when you despise Irving so much (quite properly) I expect you to be equally vehement in opposing the use of anything from Schechtman. The guy wrote "Israel Explores Deir Yassin Blood Libel, 1969", for goodness sake - that must be far worse than anything from Irving! PalestineRemembered 21:31, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
I admit I have't read every book and every opinion by Schechtman. Nevertheless, the key phrase in PalestineRemembered's last post was "I could be wrong." I suppose this is as far as we should expect PalestineRemembered to go in retracting his ignorant statement. --GHcool 21:54, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Everything I see about Schechtman seems to confirm that my first impression was correct, he was racist and distorted history - I'll not be retracting anything until I see evidence or at least indication to the contrary. But I'm glad I compared him with Irving, since I now know that you despise such people at least as much as I do. PalestineRemembered 22:08, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
I never read anything about him.
But I want to underline he is in Gelber's bibliography.
According to me, it is enough to "quote" him in wikipedia.
On the other hand, as I wrote before, I don't know any scholar who supported Schetchman point after 1990 (If I am wrong, who ?). So, what he wrote can be considered as a "former" or "traditionnal" old point of view and should be introduced in that sense.
The information is not Schetchman's theory.
The information is that -in the past- there was another theory : schetchman's one.
Alithien 06:53, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
If by "Schetchman's theory" Alithien is referring to the "fear psychosis" theory has been supported, specifically by Avraham Sela and Moshe Efrat, although Sela and Efrat do not use the same language as Schetchman, nor do they rely as heavily on the EoF as Schetchman did. What recent studies have shown is that the Palestinian exodus occurred less within a context of violence than in a context of fear. I suppose this could be characterized as the place where the "new" and "old" historiography meets. Of the theories that are listed in the article, Sela and Efrat probably fall most comfortably into the two-stage theory, but consider fear psychosis (Schetchman's words, not Sela's nor Efrat's) to be the driving force of at least the first stage.
What I am trying to say is that Schetchman's theory (however one defines it) has not been replaced as much as it has been modified by more recent studies. --GHcool 07:23, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
Good ! I understand and I agree.
More I underline both Morris and Gelber also talks about that "fear" factor in comparison with a "physical violence".
In that case, I would suggest a parallelism with Childers/Morris about transfer idea. The principle was first introduced by Childers but Morris developed this.
The fear psychosis was already introduced by Schetchman and Sela and Efrat still use this today.
What do you (all) think about this ? Alithien 08:45, 14 September 2007 (UTC)


[edit] @GHCool & Alithien

For the Bernard Lewis line, please see the bottom line of: [[10]] BTW: why change all to several?

@GHCool: 'at their own initiative' is not the same as 'without seeing an Israeli soldier'. They might be endorsed by Arab leaders, be fearfull of massacres or whatever, bombed by Israeli artillary etc.. None of the theories offers the 'own initiative' explanation.

--JaapBoBo 22:04, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Someone (I forgot who) correctly commented that the Lewis quote does not support that "all" of the causes were involved, so I changed it to "several."
To me, "without seeing an Israeli soldier" is a euphamism for "at their own initiative." I found the phrase "at their own initiative" in Sela and several other sources say more or less the same thing. Perhaps I should have attributed the phrase to him, but it didn't seem like a big deal to me. If you prefer "without seeing an Israeli," feel free to change it. --GHcool 22:14, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
Close to 1 million people fled Kosovo in 1999. I'm not sure any of them saw a soldier (I don't think the Serbian army was involved). Few of them probably saw "Serbian militiamen" either, they fled when they saw columns of smoke on the skyline and heard from other fleeing refugees. However, claims that they'd not been ethnically cleansed would be greeted with disgust and derision by almost everyone, the claim would be described as "denial", and the motives of the deniers impugned. What is it about the much greater suffering of Palestinians that doesn't entitle them to the same dignity? PalestineRemembered 07:34, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Apples and oranges, PalestineRemembered. But, GHcool, I must say that leaving without seeing an Israeli soldier is not the same as leaving of their own accord. Screen stalker 11:30, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
You deleted a correct version in the article(maybe not grammatically). They don't left "of their own accord" and "without seeing an israeli soldier" sounds strange... They left when the fightings approached. Alithien 13:00, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Agreement among modern historians

I modified this section. But I don't know how to deal with this... Alithien 11:04, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
NB: Screentalker removed my modifications... I can believe it was not grammatically very good. Alithien 12:56, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi. Looks like you and Pedro all are working on a neutral synopsis at the end. As GHcool did above, I'd suggest working on draft points and sentences here in Talk first. You might want to stay away from "majority of" historians language. Perhaps focus on the key points of each section, without trying to make new points. (Well, it's my sense that the traditionalist view has been strongly challenged by the New Historians, but you don't need to say that it's been refuted either.) Also, I think you're mostly giving an enclopedic summation to flesh out such sentences in the lead as "No one single explanation stands out and it is possible that all of the explanations for the exodus are partially true in general and perhaps even singularly "true of different places."[1]" Thanks! HG | Talk 15:28, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
The more I think about this and the more I think that the traditionalist view is not followed any more... Even Karsh in his book about the war of 1948 doesn't consider this relevant.
If no scholar used this explanation any more after 1990 and if no scholar attacked current historians for writing this explanations was not satisfying, I think it can fairly be considered as refuted and clearly indicates it is a "former" theory.
Is there a scholar that wrote after 1990 that most Palestinians left because they were asked by their leaders ? Alithien 15:55, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
As the article says, even new historians agree that EoF accounted for some percentage of the flight. However, I don't think anybody claims that the EoF accounted for the majority of the flight. On the other hand, some very serious historians claim that much of the flight was done by the Palestinian Arabs' own initiative (as opposed to an active "ethnic cleansing" campaign against them). --GHcool 19:28, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Concerning EoF : former historians claimed it was the main cause. After 1990, none dared to write this anymore (I think and would like confirmation).
Next, from a "main cause", it became "one of the numerous causes". This is important to specify this evolution of mind.
Concerning "voluntary flight" and "ethnic cleaning", that is also more nuanced.
Morris and Gelber say : before July, flight was Palestinian Arabs's own initiative (due to the war anyway and introducing the matter differently); after July, the main reason was expulsions (and massacres) by israeli forces and Gelber uses the words of "ethnic cleaning".
Palestinians historians and Pappé think that even before July, it was programmed and therefore claim the whole process was ethnic cleaning.
Karsh and some Israeli historians only consider what happens before July and claim they mainly left voluntary (due to the war) or due to arab calls...
Except concerning Plan Daleth, they all agree. Some just forget to talk about some periods of time and mix everything as a whole... Alithien 06:04, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
Allow me to explain why I deleted this section. My primary complaint was not the grammatical incorrectness (although I think it indicative of the quality of this section). My main reason for deleting it was that it was just about a textbook definition of synthesis. If there really were concensus among historians as to the causes of the exodus, this article would not be quite this long. Even if it were true that most authors agree on this point, we cannot say that is true unless we are citing someone who specifically says it. This source has to be reliable, and above all, neutral. Every historian will say that the concensus of the expert community rests with them. Obviously, not all can be right (which shows there is no consensus). In the unlikely event such a source is found, I will consider supporting this addition (but no promises). Until then, let's stick to the theory that exceptional claims require exceptional evidence. Screen stalker 21:08, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
When this section was proposed, I admit I was in favor of it. Since then, I've taken a similar opinion to Screen stalker's. Oh well. It was worth a try. --GHcool 05:23, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
I am not at ease with that section.
That is why I added the pov-flag and modified this content.
I think this must not be far from what historians think but this is a personal synthesis indeed. Alithien 14:34, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Removals by Screen Stalker

I don't like this comment by Screen Stalker: What the heck? Not only is this section grammatically incorrect and improperly capitalized, it also isn't true. Majority opinion? The intro should sound like an intro.)

If you find gramatical errors or improper capitalising you can correct it.

If some things are not true in your opinion, please specify them so we can discuss them!

Although apparently the intro does not conform to Screenstalkers idea of an intro that doesn't make it a worse intro than the previous one. Rather this on is better because it is shorter and it doesn't contain this really ugly sentence 'Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus are explanations offered ....

The first three lines of the present intro: The first and largest part of this article is devoted to theories that explain the causes of the expulsion or flight of Palestinian Arabs during the 1947-1948 Civil War in Palestine and during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. At the end of the article an attempt is made at offering an overview of what most modern historians do agree on. tell exactly what is in the article. What's wrong with that?

--JaapBoBo 13:52, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Indeed the grammar was bad. I corrected most. --JaapBoBo 14:30, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for your corrections ! :-) Alithien 14:51, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] No POV in section "Majority Views"

I have considerably fixed the English in section "Majority Views and Controversies Nowadays" without (deliberately) changing the meaning of any of it.

I see no reason for this section to be labelled POV - before I remove the tag, please provide any objections you have to the following text, being what is there now:

  • "The majority of modern historians (since about 1990) hold that: * There was no Zionist master plan for an expulsion prior to April 1948 and the second and main wave of the refugees. * The traditionnal Israeli explanations that Arab leaders were responsible for the flight is not relevant to what happened. * Before the first truce (July 1948) mass flights were mainly the result of the war, both offensives of the Israeli army and the action of irregulars. Around half of the total number of refugees left in this period. * After the second truce, there was very little or no spontaneous flight and those who became refugees were mainly expelled by the Israeli army. Quite a number of massacres were performed during this period. This is the second half of the creation of the refugees. There are several disagreements among historians: * Palestinian historians and Ilan Pappé still consider Plan Dalet to be proof of the existence of a master plan for expulsion of Palestinians. * The exact part played by the Yishuv authorities (and particularly its leader, David Ben-Gurion) is controversial. There are no written orders telling commanders to empty and destroy villages, though there are some indications that this was official policy. A decision was taken to prevent most of the refugees from returning, by demolition and other measures, but it is not agreed when this occurred."
PalestineRemembered 09:54, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
I found plenty of things I would have changed had we not already agreed that this section is WP:SYN and doesn't belong in the article. I'm sorry. It was a bad idea that seemed like a good one at the time. --GHcool 18:42, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
Clarify neutral synthesis idea. Hi. I respect your effort to try out my idea and I don't mind it getting deleted. Nevertheless, I do want to explain that it's a fine idea, consistent w/WP policy. WP:SYNTH is concerned with synthesizing original sources to favor a POV. My idea was to synthesize the preceding sections of our own encyclopedia article in a neutral manner. This could be accomplished in at least two ways. (1) Give a narrative summary of the key findings of the preceding sections, which are long and a bit hard to follow for less experienced readers. To do this, you all would have to make sure that each of the preceding sections somehow highlight their key points, which is always a good idea anyway. (2) Give a narrative summary of the historiography of the preceding sections, based on "literature reviews" (such as those I cited that cover the same ground in a neutral manner. I was not suggesting that Wikipedians independently adjudicate between the competing theories (which would be WP:SYN), but only recount the chronological development of the theories as detailed in the article and understand within the academy. Anyway, I'm fine w/dropping this idea for now (or later!).
Alternative idea. Maybe you all could focus on making sure that each section (e.g., EOF, Transfer, 2 stage) has a lucid intro and a clear wrap up, so the average reader knows what points to anticipate in the section and then ends knowing what points were made. Some sections end on quotes and/or criticisms, so it's hard for your novice reader to know what to take away from that section. In other words, you guys are enmeshed in the play by play of difficult theories, but the reader needs a simpler guide, ok? Hope you don't mind my input. HG | Talk 19:19, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
IMO, the bottom synthesis idea didn't work. I'm willing to try the introductory statement idea. Thanks, HG. --GHcool 21:49, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
I am quite open to writing an introduction and conclusion to each section. I am also not a great fan of the style of article whereby one encounters nothing but "Such and such said such and such..." So I am completely with HG on his second suggestion. Thank you for keeping an open mind, HG. Screen stalker 00:23, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I just created little summaries for each section based on HG's idea. I tried my best to be as NPOV (while being succinct) as possible. I hope nobody finds any serious errors with these opening paragraphs, but if somebody does, I'm more than happy to consider them. --GHcool 05:12, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi GHCool, Good idea, and quite well done, especially the first two. The 2-stage one was maybe done in a hurry, because it does not accurately reflect the contents of this theory. I made some improvements and replaced the 2-stage summary with the one in the introduction. --JaapBoBo 21:28, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] NPoV

JaapBoBo edits should be neutralized. Alithien 06:16, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
NB: nobody shows whatever. Not neutral -> deleted. Alithien 07:09, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Not-NPoV policy of Wikipedia: don't remove the pov, but neutralise it by adding the opposing pov yourself!!!!!! (BTW: this opposing pov is already there)
--JaapBoBo 21:48, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
Not exactly. When you write you don't give their pov, you write as if it were facts.
Learn to write a neutral way and learn to add all povs.
Alithien 06:41, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] start of Gelbers second phase

There were inconsistancies regarding this. According to [[11]]: 'Later waves of mass flight were the result of the IDF's counter offensives against the invading forces.' These counteroffensives started after the first truce, so I changed it according to that.

[edit] 68% didn't see an Israeli

In 'criticism of master plan' ScreenStalker added:

Peter Dodd and Halim Barakat affirm this in a study published in their 1969 book River without Bridges, published by the Arab Institute for Palestine Studies in Beirut. After surveying 37 Palestinian refugees from 1948, they found that 68% of them did not see any Israelis during the conflict.[12]

Right after:

The Continuum Poltical Encyclopedia of the Middle East states, "recent studies, based on official Israeli archives, have shown that there was no official policy or instructions to bring about the expulsion."[13]

I have two problems with this:

  • This is 'original research' (which is not allowed on Wikipedia), Dodd and Barakat do not say that this proves that there was no official policy
  • Statistically 37 is nothing. Maybe Dodd and Barakat spoke to 25 members of the elite who left already in December '47

I think the lines should be removed. --JaapBoBo 18:47, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I have a third problem - even if people were not directly and personally threatened, they were still effectively ethnically cleansed (or "transfered" in the more innocent language of the time). You'd likely find that few Kosovars saw Serbs with automatic weapons advancing on them in 1999. They fled when they saw the smoke of burning houses and saw streams of their neighbours passing their houses. Over and above my problem, both of your objections are also valid - it's WP:OR and it's statistical basis is wobbly. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 21:08, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Like belgian population fled when the German invaded Belgium but nobody never accused german army of cleaning ethnically belgium. The war produced their flee (of the 1st and 2nd waves). The real matter is that they were prevented to come back after and that after an real ethnic cleaning arose. Alithien 10:31, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
Look, I understand that 37 people is not a large statistical sample. That's why I posted the number together with the statistic, so that people can gauge the accuracy of the study. It could have been even more reliable, but I'm certainly not aware of any better study on the matter.
I absolutely cannot believe that the editors who have posted here think that the source implies that Israelis placed absolutely no pressure on Palestinians to leave. That's clearly not what the source is saying. The research simply stands against the theory that Israelis physically expelled Palestinians, i.e. the Master Plan theory.
Please stop making every section a referendum on the entire exodus. It's really exhausting me that I have to have this discussion every time. Seriously. This study isn't bulletproof by far, but it's done by the Institute for Palestine Studies, by a credible group of people. Screen stalker 23:18, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
BTW, I checked the margin of error on a sample of 37 out of 700,000 here. It's 16%, which I know it's very high. But even so, a majority of Palestinians did not see an Israeli in 1948, even within the MoE. I found out the edition that I have of River Without Bridges is the first. The second is a lot harder to obtain, but I'll try. It will probably have a broader statistical sample. Screen stalker 23:55, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
At the risk of getting bashed as an anti-Semite, how many Jews saw a Nazi before fleeing Europe in the 1930-40s? How many Bosnians packed-up and left before seeing Milosevic's merry men? How many people fled Hurricane Katrina without actually seeing it? I don't really care how significant these famous 37 are, the problem is in the weight given to the mainly rhetorical argument that very few Palestinians actually saw an Israeli (don't even get me started on the fact that Israel didn't even exist yet, meaning that the number of people who actually saw an Israeli was zero). We're getting lost in details and bogus rhetorical devices here and it's not helping the article.
User:Screen stalker, if you have some kind of point to make -- i.e. the Palestinians all fled because they thought the grass was greener in Egypt/Lebannon/Jordan/Syria or because they all decided to leave on vacation at the same time or whatever -- then make that point and add the quotes as backing. Just adding quotes, more quotes, and even more quotes that insiuate some point but don't explicitly state it is useless, confusing and -- frankly -- disingenuous. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:32, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
I bet you a whole heck of a lot of Jews saw Nazis in WWII. What's more, I bet you 100% of those who fled from Germany saw Germans, as did practically all those who fled from Poland. What you are asking me to do when you ask me to make a point is to present a POV. I don't have a point. The authors of this statistic do. They went to research the causes of both the 1967 exodus and the 1948 exodus, and found that 68% of 1948 refugees did not see any Israelis during the conflict (your point regarding them not being Israelis yet is interesting, but certainly you can admit that the intent of the wording is clear). If they did not see even a single Israeli, how could they have been forcibly evicted? That is the point. This statistic has nothing to do with Israeli massacres against Palestinians, or propaganda, or anything else that may or may not have contributed to Palestinian flight; just with the idea that Israelis physically came into Palestinian towns and forcibly evicted their residents.
This isn't an article about whether it was Israel's fault or the Palestinians' fault that the Palestinian exodus took place; it's an article about what caused the Palestinian exodus. This statistic refutes a possible cause. Please don't make this article into a political debate.
BTW, Pedro, I don't think your an antisemite. But I do think that you are exceedingly willing to bring in any quotation that supports the theory that Palestinians were ethnically cleansed, but eager to cast out any equally reliable piece of evidence that shows they weren't. Screen stalker 13:23, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
Pedro has let himself down quite badly over the "not seen a Nazi" statement, but the rest of it is genuine. Seeing or not seeing a soldier makes no real difference whether people were ethnically cleansed ("transfered" by the language of the time). It's entirely likely that many/most of the Kosovars fleeing in 1999 didn't see the paramilitaries who came for them, it's irrelevant. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 18:17, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
I agree completely with Screen stalker. I don't believe Pedro Gonnet is an anti-Semite either, but his question about whether Jews saw Nazis is displays profound historical ignorance and his question about whether New Orleans refugees saw the effects of the hurricane displays not only ignorance (because so many did), but also an astonishing willingness to bend and break logic to support a pov. Hurrican Katrina was all over the news so its effects and causes are clear to anyone with half a brain. A natural disaster cannot logically be compared to a political/military upheaval. --GHcool 16:52, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
It is depressing that Pedro didn't realise the Nazis were a major political party fighting an election in 1933 before any Jews had fled (surely someone could have informed/reminded him instead of this misleading commentary?), his Hurricane Katrina example is genuine.
People fled Katrina because they were told to do so, and because they were informed that Katrina would devastate their homes and lives. Palestinians fled because they were informed that the gunmen would attack even friendly villages at dawn with overwhelming armed force and massacre them. Most of them probably didn't see soldiers - but that makes no difference whatsoever to the fact that they were ethnically cleansed. We know what happened even to those whom Israel had guaranteed "All of these civilians shall be fully secure in their persons, abodes, property and personal effects" - see Al-Faluja and how these people were beaten from their homes regardless. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 18:28, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
If we cannot all agree that comparisons of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to Hurricane Katrina is baseless, illogical, and laughably ignorant, can we at least agree that such comparisons do not help improve this article in any way? --GHcool 19:06, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
We can easily agree that fleeing the destruction of these approaching phenomena does not depend on actually seeing the agents of destruction. In both Katrina and the Nakba, the predictions of the alarmists and the accuracy of the rumours/information proved to be excellent. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 19:44, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
PalestineRemembered seems to be trying to prove that either Hurricane Katrina was an ethnic cleansing campaign or that the Palestinian exodus was an unavoidable natural disaster. I've had my disagreements with PalestineRemembered in the past, but I never thought of him as delusional before. This is the most ridiculous argument I've ever been privilaged (or cursed) to be a part of. I've heard alleged human rights violations by Israelis compared to those of oppressive regimes in history before such as the apartheid era of South Africa and even to Nazi Germany before. This is the first time I have ever heard alleged human rights violations by Israelis compared to a meteorological phenomenon before! You've got to admire the creativity some of these guys have in thinking up new forms of disinformation. --GHcool 05:24, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
The Surreal Barnstar
To Pedro Gonnet and PalestineRemembered for originality, creativity, and boldness in the face of overwhelming logical, factual, and moral obstacles and basic common sense in comparing the Yishuv's actions in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to the severe weather patterns and atmospheric pressure during Hurricane Katrina. Your comments are certainly worthy of The Surreal Barnstar. GHcool 05:24, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Wow, what a response... I'm flattered. Yet you seem to forget that WWII and the Holocaust was not just a German affair, but involved most of Europe. I am very much convinced that most German Jews saw Nazis before they fled or were killed. Not so, however, Polish Jews, Austrian Jews, French Jews, Czech Jews, Yugoslavian Jews, etc... All those who fled before there country was occupied or annexed -- partially or entirely -- very probably never saw a single Nazi. Granted, they had definitely heard of them, read about them and maybe even seen newsreels about them, but what User:Screen stalker was inferring was actual face-to-face contact. The same goes for Palestinians before the exodus, as PR correctly points out: they heard, read and maybe even saw pictures of "Israeli" shellings, forced evicitions and even massacres and decided to leave before they too became part of the stories, pictures and newspaper articles to that effect.

As for the comparison to Hurricane Katrina, it is just as valid: Yes, they all knew what a Hurricane can do to you and your belongings and they had all seen the satellite images on TV, but they had not yet been face-to-face with Katrina herself, which was the point User:Screen stalker was trying to push.

GHcool, your Barnstar says more about your own flawed logic than about mine or PRs. It only shows that you are so obsessed with the Palestinians being the sole cause of their Exodus that you are unable to abstract or draw parallels to other events as it might dilute you somewhat crooked arguments. So just remove it and we'll close this discussion thread. As you mentioned, it is not helping the article.

Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 07:30, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

If Pedro Gonnet and PalestineRemembered are so inclined to compare the 1948 Palestinian exodus to Hurricane Katrina, I recommend that they create an article similar to Allegations of Israeli apartheid and add reliable, NPOV, verifiable information there. Perhaps it could be called Allegations of Israeli storm systems. Whatever these two editors choose to do with their Hurricane Katrina analogy is up to them, but it doesn't belong here. The place for discussions of the comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany belongs at New antisemitism. I find it difficult to believe that Pedro Gonnet never heard of the death camps, cattle trains, and ghettos where a large percentage of European Jewry perished by the hands of the Nazis that they saw face to face on a daily basis. Please refrain from bringing up this non-starter again since it is does nothing to improve the article and is a disgrace to history and memory. --GHcool 16:47, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
Pedro has now explained what he meant about fleeing Nazis without seeing them, and his explanation is perfectly reasonable. (I still suspect he's wrong, but it's pretty bizarre behaviour to be harping on about it).
Meanwhile, his other analogy is perfectly reasonable, many Palestinians (perhaps) fled without seeing an Israeli soldier, just as many people fled New Orleans without seeing Katrina. And, of course, many Kosovars quite likely fled Kosovo without seeing their tormentors.
In other words, the point made by User:JaapBoBo at the beginning of this section is likely quite valid, and the clips could/should come out. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 19:49, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

You are drifting away from the original problem: In 'criticism of master plan' ScreenStalker added:

Peter Dodd and Halim Barakat affirm this in a study published in their 1969 book River without Bridges, published by the Arab Institute for Palestine Studies in Beirut. After surveying 37 Palestinian refugees from 1948, they found that 68% of them did not see any Israelis during the conflict.[14]

Right after:

The Continuum Poltical Encyclopedia of the Middle East states, "recent studies, based on official Israeli archives, have shown that there was no official policy or instructions to bring about the expulsion."[13]

As Screenstalker admits himself statistically this is nothing. And the 16% he indicates is for random sampling. If sampling is not random the reliability decreases further. It is certainly no affirmation that there was no master plan. As PedroGonnet and PR point out even if there were a master plan 68% of Palestinians could have fled without seeing an Israeli. --JaapBoBo 19:40, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

JaapBoBo, I must admit that my original segue was somewhat poorly worded. I hope you find the new wording more accurate.
PalstinRembred, and Pedro, I have tried to communicate this in every way that I can imagine, but I will try again. This piece of evidence does not, on its own, confirm or deny the possibility that Palestinians left Israel because of Israeli actions. It simply refutes the argument that they were physically expelled. This has no bearing on your position that they were ethnically cleansed, but it deals with a possible cause of the Palestinian exodus (i.e. direct expulsion). In other words, you are correct in saying that this doesn't factor into the question of who's to blame for the Palestinian exodus, but this still is part of the answer as to what caused it.
To use the Katrina analogy (sorry, GHcool), suppose we had an article titled "Causes of the August 2005 New Orleanian exodus," and one of the common explanations which was presented as a cause was that people were blown out of their homes by the winds and carried off to Houston (assume, for the sake of argument, that this is physically possible). If there was a statistic that said that 68% of New Orleanian refugees didn't even see Katrina, that statistic would be included in that article with no controversy. That isn't to imply that people didn't leave ahead of the storm, or because they liked Houston, or because they were kidnapped and their kidnapper left them in Houston, or whatever. Naturally, everyone who was blown away by Katrina's winds would have to have seen them. But that doesn't mean that everyone who saw them was blown away to Houston. So if only 32% of New Orleanians even saw the winds, that's a solid piece of evidence that indicates that blowing away to Houston may not have been a leading cause of the August 2005 New Orleanian exodus.
I just don't understand why it is so difficult to add evidence of a certain cause (or lack thereof) just because it doesn't prove that there was or wasn't ethnic cleansing against Palestinians in 1948. Last I checked, this wasn't the "Ethnic Cleansing against Palestinians" article. Am I making sense here, or should I find yet another way of trying to communicate the message that not every piece of historical evidence in this article has to be propaganda for one side of the other of the ethnic cleansing debate? Screen stalker 02:05, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
I appreciate the thought that you've put into the Katrina analogy and there is a definite nugget of solid reasoning/logic at the heart of it. (I'd need more discussion before I'd accept it as truly solid, but I'm well on my way there).
However, we make ourselves look as if we're tilting at windmills here - we're not trying to dispute the Nakba equivalent of "the common explanations which was presented as a cause was that people were blown out of their homes by the winds and carried off to Houston", we're an encyclopedia attempting to draw together the known facts.
And the 68% figure (whether it's true or not) sounds as if it's an argument that there was no ethnic cleansing (and the link almost certainly comes from a source using it in that fashion). On the one hand, it will tend to persuade a few people that there was no ethnic cleansing - on the other hand, most of the other readers will think "What an odd statement to make, sounds like an abuse of statistics". So it's either misleading or unencyclopedic (or both) and doesn't belong in the article. PRtalk 09:12, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
Are you saying that the Institute for Palestine Studies is trying to disprove ethnic cleansing against Palestinians? That's a little like saying that Schechtman is trying to prove the opposite.
PR, I'm glad we're coming close to being on the same boat here. But we still have some disagreement, which I suppose is a healthy thing to have in a user-edited encyclopedia. You yourself give examples of forceful eviction, such as Al-Faluja. In light of these examples, I don't see how you can claim that forceful eviction is not portrayed as a cause of the exodus.
And the 68% figure (whether it's true or not) sounds as if it's an argument that there was no ethnic cleansing... This statistic doesn't make the argument that there was no ethnic cleansing. It doesn't even touch upon the issue of ethnic cleansing. It simply shows that Al-Faluja was the exception, not the rule, to the causes of the Palestinian exodus. Why do we need to delve into questions of ethnic cleansing? That isn't what the article is about. Screen stalker 11:49, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
Since some pov's on the exodus hold that it was an ethnic cleansing, ethnic cleansing should probably be in this article in certain pov's/theories.
In my view this discussion is not about 'ethnic cleansing', but simply about the text you added. I see you have already removed the reference to the preceding statement. The disputed text is now:
Peter Dodd and Halim Barakat affirm that most Palestinians were not forcibly evicted in a study published in their 1969 book River without Bridges, published by the Arab Institute for Palestine Studies in Beirut. After surveying 37 Palestinian refugees from 1948, they found that 68% of them did not so much as see any Israelis during the conflict.[87]
Do Dodd and Barakat actually say that most Palestinians were not forcibly evicted or is this a conclusion that you are drawing from their example of 25 out of 37?
If it is your conclusion are you aware that:
  • this is not necesarrily a random sample; they could for instance have interviewed many Palestinians from the higher classes who left Palestine voluntarily (to sit out the storm abroad).
  • even if the sample is random statistically the number is much too low to make general statements
  • even if the general statement that 68% didn't see 'so much as' any Israelis is true, it cannot be concluded that most Palestinians were not forcibly evicted, because some could be forcibly evicted without seeing an Israeli, e.g. the people on the Market square in Haifa that were shelled and ran for the boats.
--JaapBoBo 19:39, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

This link will end the discussion: [[12]]. The full title of ScreenStalkers reference is ' River without Bridges : A Study of the Exodus of the 1967 Palestinian Arab Refugees' --JaapBoBo 20:48, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Actually, that link will not end discussion. You'll notice that I referenced that book by its full name. The reason for that is that the authors conducted surveys among both "New Refugees" (from 1967) and "Old Refugees" (from 1947-8), in order to compare their causes for leaving. The sample of "Old Refugees" yielded the 68% figure. Screen stalker 16:02, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
Okay, but what is your comment on my points made at '19:39, 26 September 2007' --JaapBoBo 18:46, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
The sample was not entirely random, as it was taken in a particular refugee camp. However, Barakat and Dodd explain in the first chapter of the book why that sample was representative of the general Palestinian population in Jordan. I do not have the time to type up that entire chapter, but it's certainly there. What's more, no refugee who had the means to live in the city would choose to live in a refugee camp. This fact, I would imagine, you will concede. So, although I do believe this sample is representative of the whole population, if there is any fault with the data it would over-represent the portion which saw the Israelis, not the portion which did not. As for the example of Haifa, the Arab residents of Haifa all saw Israelis. Maybe not during the shelling, but in a city that was split about 50-50 between Jews and Arabs, they could have hardly avoided seeing Israelis altogether.
I am not saying this statistic is perfect. But it's as close as any statistic has come out of that region. Frankly, I'm impressed that they managed to conduct such a study in circumstances as difficult as those of the refugee camps. Screen stalker 00:40, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
Screen Stalker, are you sure they refered to the 1948-exodus when they called the sample representative? I will believe you.
I do find that you are jumping to conclusions. My two other points remain:
  • the number is much too low to make general statements
  • even if the general statement that 68% didn't see 'so much as' any Israelis is true, it cannot be concluded that most Palestinians were not forcibly evicted, because some could be forcibly evicted without seeing an Israeli, e.g. the people on the Market square in Haifa that were shelled and ran for the boats; of course they probably saw Jews in their normal lives, but after Dec. '47 Jews and PAlestinians lived segregated, i.e. in different bneighborhoods; they were not very likely to have seen jews in the course of their flight; it is more likely than not that they didn't see a Jew in their last month in Haifa (Also they couldn't see any Israelis because Israel didn't exist yet at that time; it would be more accurate to speak of Jews or Zionists)
--JaapBoBo 06:39, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
I undid Screenstalkers reversal because he engages in 'original research'. From a sample of 37 Screenstalker concludes that it is representative for all refugees, and he makes this appear so in the article. However this conclusion is dubious and should only be included in the article if Dodd and Barakat drew this conclusion explicitly in their book. --JaapBoBo 21:12, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
JaapBoBo, I must admit that I do not know enough statistical jargon to know whether Barakat and Dodd are applying their reasoning specifically to the Old Refugees, but they say it applies to the entire sample. Allow me to address your points in order:
  • "The number is too low to make general statements." Well, I'll agree that this number is low. But it is the best statistic that I have seen yet on the matter. In fact, it's the only case I'm aware of where a statistician went into a refugee camp and interviewed its residents as to the cause of their flight. I've said that before and you still haven't responded to that point. Furthermore, the number is not so small that you cannot draw any conclusions from it. I think the best policy is to make the reader aware that this is a good but imperfect statistic.
  • "Even if the general statement that 68%..." Even if Haifa was segregated, surely its residents saw an Israeli. There is simply no way that they could not have seen a single one during the conflict. I understand the issue with "Jew" versus "Israeli", but I think the intent of the literature is clear (otherwise only 0% would have seen Israelis). Besides, let's remember that this study took place after the founding of Israel.
  • "This conclusion is dubious and should only be included if..." I have changed the wording in the article so that, hopefully, you find that it does not imply the conclusion that there was no Israeli pressure on Palestinians to leave. If you are interested to the disection of this statistic in the literature, here is what the authors have to say:

Of the Zeezya sample 48% reported that they had seen and observed Israeli soldiers or civilians. About half of the sample, in other words, had had actual contact with the enemy forces. This fact is relevant to the question of mass panic. It is clear that these families, at least, did not flee before an unknown enemy. They did not leave their homes before the enemy arrived. They observed the occupying forces arrive, and then decided to leave their homes. The old and new refugees differ in this respect. The majority of the old refugees (68%) left without seeing the Israelis. By contrast, 42% of the new refugees did so. This fact may be seen in Table 5-1, which summarizes the refugees' description of their experiences during the war.

I think the source draws the conclusion that Old Refugees largely fled "before an unknown enemy." That is not my OR.
On a more general note, why do most editors involved in this dispute require a towering burden of proof for evidence in favor of the traditional Israeli interpretation of the exodus, but opt to include even the slimmest shred of evidence in favor of the traditional Arab interpretation thereof? If all editors employed the same amount of scrutiny in examining pro-expulsion, or anti-EoF sources as they do in examining anti-expulsion and pro-EoF sources, the unnecessary Hakim paragraph would not longer be in this article (and it is only one example out of many).
I just don't see the reason to censor valid, important historical documents from the reader while filling the article with irrelevant material that is loosely connected to the causes of the Palestinian exodus, but very related to the wordless wish of undermining Israel's image. I'll readily admit; I am pro-Israel in my views, and I am certain that that translates into my edits. But, seriously, I have not tried to prevent any editor from bringing a legitimate piece of evidence, event if it is antithetical to my view. By the way, I am also very pro-Palestinian. I don't think there is a contradiction.
I challenge the other editors involved in this article to confess that they, too, are biased, and to try their best not to let that interfere with the quality of this article. Screen stalker 22:30, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
Dear ScreenStalker. I certainly have to confess that I am biased in what I add, i.e. I add more pro-Palestinian stuff than pro-Israeli stuff. However I am not applying different standards of quality etc. In fact I think I have higher standards for pro-Palestinian stuff.
Thx for giving the quote from the book. Let me tell you my interpretation:
When academics write on the one hand they want to draw as many conclusions as possible, but on the other hand they are very carefull with drawing conclusions (I can know because I am an academic and have faced similar choices although in an entirely different field). This means that Dodd and Barakat's conclusion is very likely to be as far a conclusion as can be drawn but not further. To state their conclusion as I interpret it, in my words: This fact is an indication that mass panic was a more important cause in 1948 than in 1967. In no way it warrants the statement in the preceding sentence in the article: there was no official policy or instructions to bring about the expulsion.
The way you changed it now ('In fact ...') still refers to the preceding sentence.
I agree that the 68% fact is in the article in the way PR and I put it: In their book River without Bridges Peter Dodd and Halim Barakat surveyed 37 Palestinian refugees from 1948 and found that 25 of them did not so much as see any Israelis during the conflict.
--JaapBoBo 23:07, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
That's fine. You'll noticed I changed 25 to 68% in order to report the figure in the way that it is published in the book. Also, I made a minor error; the authors interviewed 37 families, not 37 Palestinians. Screen stalker 23:28, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
You get your point. Still I feel I'm admitting very low standards here for pro-Israeli material. The citation from the book clearly shows that Dodd and Barakat didn't connect this with the master plan. Rather they suggest that in 1948 Palestinians in villages under Jewish attack fled earlier than in 1967, i.e. in 1967 more waited until the IDF had actually entered the village. In order to make the inhabitants flee the Jews probably used psychological warfare: mortar barrages, loudspeakers, infiltration by night etc. So you see the 68% says nothing about a masterplan and actually shouldn't be in that section. --JaapBoBo 12:18, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

The authors seek to explain the causes of the exodus. In so doing they inquired as to whether or not people saw Israelis during the conflict. If they didn't think the two were linked, they would not have published that result along with a paragraph tying it to causes of the exodus. The authors concluded that this proves the 1967 refugees had a better knowledge of their enemy than the 1948 refugees. Clearly, this relates the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. Just because the book doesn't use the words "Transfer Principle" doesn't mean that isn't relevant in this section. The message of the authors is clearly that the Palestinians fled from an enemy that they didn't even see. Screen stalker 22:05, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

I maintain my own interpretation: it has nothing to do with the master plan. --JaapBoBo 22:30, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
I respect your right to your opinion, but it doesn't change mine. Screen stalker 02:40, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

[edit] quote from the book

Of the Zeezya sample 48% reported that they had seen and observed Israeli soldiers or civilians. About half of the sample, in other words, had had actual contact with the enemy forces. This fact is relevant to the question of mass panic. It is clear that these families, at least, did not flee before an unknown enemy. They did not leave their homes before the enemy arrived. They observed the occupying forces arrive, and then decided to leave their homes. The old and new refugees differ in this respect. The majority of the old refugees (68%) left without seeing the Israelis. By contrast, 42% of the new refugees did so. This fact may be seen in Table 5-1, which summarizes the refugees' description of their experiences during the war.

JaapBoBo's interpretation: Barakat's conclusion is very likely to be as far a conclusion as can be drawn but not further. To state their conclusion as I interpret it, in my words: This fact is an indication that mass panic was a more important cause in 1948 than in 1967. In no way it warrants the statement in the preceding sentence in the article: there was no official policy or instructions to bring about the expulsion. --JaapBoBo (talk) 22:28, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

[edit] ' Criticisms of Morris's 'transfer idea' '

@GHCool: okay, let's first discuss it here. I have some points:

Alithien removed the comments by Finkelstein on Morris because in his opinion it is not neutral. I agree with that, but criticism can never be neutral. What should be neutral is the overall article. That can be achieved by adding other pov's. So instead of deleting it Alithien should have added other pov's.

No. I removed them because you are untable to write a neutral way.
This has nothing to deal with pov to introduce or not.
I don't mind any mind when it is written properly.
I will delete anything you write until you undersand. Alithien 06:46, 19 September 2007 (UTC)


I myself am having second thoughts: part of Finkelstein's critique is not on the transfer principle as such, but on the transfer principle as Morris sees it (according to Morris it excludes the masterplan theory). This is according to the current title: ' Criticisms of Morris's 'transfer idea' '. A better title would be: ' Criticisms of the 'Transfer Principle' '. In that case Finkelsteins critique is better placed as criticism on the criticism of Morris on the masterplan theory.

Furthermore I think part of Karsh's criticism is criticism on Morris and not on the 'transfer principle'. E.g.:

  • Efraim Karsh claimed that 'Morris engages in five types of distortion: he misrepresents documents, resorts to partial quotes, withholds evidence, makes false assertions, and rewrites original documents" (Karsh, Efraim. Benny Morris and the Reign of Error. The Middle East Quarterly. Vol. 4 No. 2, 1999.[13])
  • Karsh has criticised Morris accusing him to "seek to create an impression that Ben-Gurion endeavored to expel the Arabs out of Palestine when, what he discussed, was resettlement within Palestine". The author cites evidence ....
Better would be:
  • Karsh cites evidence ....
  • Karsh has also criticised the fact that while Morris concedes that "the Yishuv and its military forces did not enter the 1948 war, which was initiated by the Arab side, with a policy or plan of expulsion," he argues that lack of an official policy made little difference, since "thinking about the possibilities of transfer in the 1930s and 1940s had prepared and conditioned hearts and minds for its implementation in the course of 1948.[78]" In Karsh view, "Morris cites no evidence to support this claim nor could he, for there was never any Zionist attempt to inculcate the "transfer" idea in the hearts and minds of Jews.
The above does not have a start that is relevant for criticism on the transfer principle. Better would be:
  • According to Karsh there was never any Zionist attempt to inculcate the "transfer" idea in the hearts and minds of Jews.
  • Karsh considers that the "mass of documentation also proves beyond any reasonable doubt that, far from being an act of expulsion, the mass Arab flight was a direct result of the fragmentation and lack of cohesiveness of Palestinian society, which led to its collapse under the weight of the war it had initiated and whose enormity it had failed to predict"[82]. Further, the author considers[83] that a number of scholars have already done outstanding work showing the faults of the new history. In his opinion, Itamar Rabinovich (of Tel Aviv University, currently Israel's ambassador to the United States) has debunked the claim by Shlaim and Pappé that Israel's recalcitrance explains the failure to make peace at the end of the 1947-49 war[84]. Again, he claims that Avraham Sela (of the Hebrew University) has discredited Shlaim's allegation that Israel and Transjordan agreed in advance of that war to limit their war operations so as to avoid an all-out confrontation between their forces[85]. The author claims that Shabtai Teveth (David Ben-Gurion's foremost biographer) has challenged Morris's account of the birth of the Palestinian refugee problem[86]. In his opinion, Robert Satloff (of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy) has shown, on the basis of his own research in the Jordanian national archives in Amman, the existence of hundreds of relevant government files readily available to foreign scholars[87], thereby demolishing the new historians' claim that "the archives of the Arab Governments are closed to researchers, and that historians interested in writing about the Israeli-Arab conflict perforce must rely mainly on Israeli and Western archives"[88] and with it, the justification for their almost exclusive reliance on Israeli and Western sources.

I suggest these changes are made.

--JaapBoBo 23:19, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Upon an initial reading, I don't have any major problems with the above except for the Finkelstein material. However, I reserve the right to change my mind if somebody else makes a good counter-argument against the material above. --GHcool 04:25, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
JaapBoBo can introduce any criticism that is sourced.
If an historian wrote that Karsh doesn't understand anything, then he can write "XXX considers Karsh doens't understand anything".
There is no room for his personal analysis.
The same for any other scholar or historians.
Concerning Finkelstein, the word SHOW is unappropriatte.
JaapBoBo can introduce the material if he likes, but a neutral way with the right terms. Alithien 06:51, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Missing Theory

It seems to me that the five theories are not covering all the opinions held by historians on the causes of the exodus. Of course that is inevitable, but there seems to be one especially large omission: the causes of the exodus in Gelber's first stage. According to Morris the main cause already before April '48 was attack by Jewish forces and fear of such attack. This is different from Gelber's theory of 'crumbling of social ... etc.'. How can we handle this?

Some suggestions:

  • Split Gelbers theory into two (a theory for the first stage and one for the second)
  • add one or two theories, e.g. 'attack and fear of attack theory', 'expulsion theory'
  • add a chapter with alternative causes for the first and second wave

--JaapBoBo 00:07, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I think things are about as good now as they'll ever be. No need to heavily rock. --GHcool 04:26, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
According to Morris, the main cause of the 2nd wave was the "attack by Jewish forces and fear of such attack" due to the weakness of the palestinian society. And according to Gelber, the main cause was the "collapse of the palestinian society" that was not prepare to the war and the jewish offensives.
They have the same mind.
Nevertheless, this not before April 48 but after.
For the good ans simple reason there were no such attacks before april 48.
All historians (from Pappé to Karsh) explain between Dec'47 and Mar'48 ~ 100,000 palestinians left voluntary because of the degrading situation and increasing violence hoping to come back after the combats.
Alithien 06:58, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
Concerning the first wave, could you explain from where you deduce what you write. Alithien 07:02, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
@Alithien:
  • Deduced: Read the Birth ... Revisited, p.125 about Jerusalem: 'the major precipitant of the flight ... were Jewish military attacks and fear of attacks' and p. 138: 'the Arab evacuees ... left largely because of Jewish ... attacks or fear of impending attack, and from a sense of vulnerability.'. So Morris supports 'attack and fear of attack' as the main reason ('largely') already for the first wave.
  • Expulsions in the first wave: Morris' Birth revisited, p125, about villages: 'Several communities were attacked or surrounded and expelled by Haganah units and several others were deliberately intimidated into flight by IZL operations'. Pappe (in 'the ethnic cleansing of Palestine') also mentions about five villages evicted in the first wave.
--JaapBoBo 20:38, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
JaapBobo,
p.125 : it is at Jerusalem, right ! Why do you write it is for all the 1st wave ?
p.125 : 5 villages is all Palestine ?
p.139 : I read "largely" and not "mainly" but
p.140 : why do you forget to quote the former paragraph ? : "The spiral of violence precipitated flight by the middle and upper classes from the big towns" and why do you forget the "only an extremely small, almost insignificant number of the rufugees during this early period left because of Haganah or IZL or LHI expulsion orders or feceful 'advie' to that effect."
but even more funny : p.140 given you have the source, why don't you mention "Many more, especially women, children and old people - left as a result of orders or advice from Arab military commanders and officials"...
If I were not respecting wikipedia policy I would say that you don't add because you are not a good editor for this article; you just want to push one pov. But I respect wikipedia policy and I just conclude you are not able to read a book.
Let me just learn you something basic : in a book, there are "conclusions" and in the conclusion chapter, the only thinkg Morris writes about the 1st wave period is (p.591) : "Daily, week in, week out, over December 1947, January, February and March 1948, there were clashes along the 'seams' between two communities in the mixted towns, ambushes in the fields and on the roads, sniping, machine-gun fire, bomb attacks and occasional mortaring. Problem of movements and communication, unemployement and food distrubtion intensified, especially in the towns as the hostilities drew out. There is probably no accounting for the mass exodus that followed without understanding the prevalence and depth of the general sense of collapse, or 'falling apart' and of a 'centre' that cannot hold, that permeated Arab Palestine, especially the towns, by April 1948. In many places, it would take very little to nudge the masses to pack up and flee.
So what ? If we pick up the sentence you decided to pick up, we can have this strange feeling Morris considers as soon as the first stage jewish militias terrorized Palestinians and attacked them. If, like Mitchell Bard, we would chose the one concerning the arab orders, we would have the feeling Morris say EoF theory is the right one. But quite strangely neither you nor pro-israeli propagandists thought it could have been a good idea to go and read Morris... conclusions :-).
I don't mind you consider Morris is not neutral (as you wrote -you- in front of an historian who spent 30 years studying the subject) but if you are not able to report his mind honnestly, I will revert you. Alithien 15:31, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Alithien,
The two refernces on page 125 are specific, not general, you're right there. But they do apply to the first wave, in which 'only' about 100.000 Arabs left their home. Furthermore 'largely' and 'mainly' have practically the same meaning.
Regarding Morris's conclusion. I find only one sentence explicitely stating a main (i.e. 'largely') cause of the first wave of the exodus; the one I cited. Is this conclusion reverted by "The spiral of violence precipitated flight by the middle and upper classes from the big towns"? Or is it supported by it? When Morris says: "Many more, especially women, children and old people - left as a result of orders or advice from Arab military commanders and officials" he refers to "only an extremely small, almost insignificant number", so that doesn't contradict his general conclusion. When Morris says "In many places, it would take very little to nudge the masses to pack up and flee." he might explain why 'attacks and fear of attack' prompted the Palestinians to flee.
Did you find another general statement on the main cause of the flight? If not, don't you think that at the only place in the book where he did give this general statement Morris must have thought it through very carefully? Some people noted that Morris tries to 'blur' some of his conclusions by adding a lot of insinuating comment that does not directly contradict his conclusions but does give an impression that things are more complicated. In other words: based on the facts Morris presented he had to draw this conclusion, but he doesn't like it so he tries to 'blur' it.
--JaapBoBo 22:04, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Morris doesn't try to blur anything. Why would he blur such details (!) when he writes about Lydda-Ramle 70,000 were voluntary chased and when he reveals 9 masssacres (!) were performed during operation Hiram and that events after july were the result of a voluntary policy of Yishuv authorities.
Even Pappé considers the first wave (he estimates to 70,000; not even 100,000 was voluntary).
You are looking for the main cause (of the 1st wave) when all historians explain there were many ones and that is the cumulative effect of all these ones that produceed the events.
You should stop reading Morris having in mind to find where he lies as the antisemite Finkelstein tries to make believe or where he proves to be racist as the politician Pappé tries to make believe. Just try to understand what he writes globally and focus on his synthesis. He just gathered informations. And for your information, they didn't say he would lie in the "facts" but they reproach him not to attribute explicitely to Ben Gourion to have lead an expulsion campaign and that he "only" suggests this.
Concerning the first wave, When Morris talks about the spiral of violence, he refers to the material I gave you in French (I know you don't understand-that is not a critic) and that describes that during Dec and Jan there were a civil war in Palestine that made 2000 deaths (it means 200 death per week on a population of 2,000,000 with 100,000 soldiers to try to control it - just compare with Iraq to have a picture of what it means with its 20,000,000 population, it would mean 2000 deaths per weak with 1,000,000 US soldiers there... so civil war in Iraq today is a kindergarden in comparison with Palestine civil war at that time). And these were not the results of Irougn attacks or campaign of (real) campaign terror, this was the results of the fights between all jewish militias and all palestinians and arab militias (mainly foreignt volunteers), with attacks, counter-attacks and reprisals...

I am not here to give my mind about the historians but be aware they agree on most main points and it is only some of them with some sort of political agenda (Karsh, Pappé and I refuse to cite Finkelstein in the historians) that try to descredit other on small details. None of the new historians deny the ethnic cleansing (but not all use the words and certainly not as an ultimate cause that doesn't exist or in trying to focus on ONE big guilty who doesn't exist either) Alithien 10:28, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
Alithien, FYI: the antisemite Finkelstein devotes 'Image and reality ...' to his parents, who both survived Nazi concentration camps. --JaapBoBo 11:12, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Undue weight

  • 2/3 of the material concerning the idea of transfer is from Flapan (based on an article of 1987 if I followed properly). As far as I know, the idea of transfer has been introduced by Childers and developed by Morris. Cerejota who introduced this material should summarize this. Flapan is one historian among many and more he is a small one. Or do we have to copy/paste the chapter of Morris book concerning this.

This article would earn a lot if people thinking they know what really happened must be revealed to the world should stop their game and start writing what all historians think about this (with some synthese). Alithien 10:33, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

  • Karsh's criticism of Morris is also too developed. Alithien 10:39, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I agree with your statement that Flapan is used too heavily in comparison with other historians. It doesn't make sense that he has more space on the page than Morris. I don't have a problem with Karsh's criticism of Morris, but it would be nice to add a few other reliable (i.e., not Finkelstein) historians' criticisms as well. --GHcool 17:58, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I also agree that Flapan is overused. Alithien, if you would be so kind as to change that, I'm sure the other editors would be as obliged to you as I am. Screen stalker 03:04, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
Dear Gentlemen,
If you knew how much I would like to edit these articles !!!
But my level in English is crazy poor and I simply cannot formulate the nuances properly !
I understand the nuances and focalizes much on them but cannot translate this. That is why I had asked somebody to translate to English 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
Be sure my "comments" are not "critics" but rather the expression of my frustration.
Kind Regards, Alithien 08:13, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
Alithien, you are doing a wonderful job. I didn't know until now that English isn't your first language. --GHcool 19:17, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Writing for the enemy

The guys who introduced material from Karsh against Morris transfer principle should have added the answers of Morris.
The guys who introduced material from Finkestein against Morris transfer principle should have added the answers of Morris.
Alithien 10:36, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

As best I can see, Karsh's criticisms of Morris's books are fairly trivial. Morris likely made a few real blunders (Karsh criticises him for correcting one of them), but Karsh seeks to undermine him over various quotes he's used, as for instance the Herzl diary entries. I don't see any great contradiction, Herzl intended his new state to be exclusive and get rid of all the poor people (at least), along with everyone else who can be bought out, while hold-outs are (effectively) just economically isolated. That makes him a transferist - and Morris is one himself. So what if Herzl intended this on South American Indians and not on Palestinians? (I've not examined Finkelstein's criticisms of Morris, I expect disagreement there). PalestineRemembered 13:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
PalestineRemembered knows that the addition of this kind of information will be irrelevant to the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus and would constitute a violation of WP:NOR if added. The question now is why he feels the need to also violate WP:SOAPBOX here. --GHcool 18:07, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I didn't read what Alithien wrote properly. The Karsh criticism can't possibly be left to stand as it is, it's absurdly undue weight. And there's bound to be a secondary source somewhere that states it's false. Ben-Gurion said many soothing things about living at peace with his neighbours - but he was also careless enough to tell people, on the record, that he wanted transfer. Karsh is simply wrong, and it can't only be Morris who has recognised it. PalestineRemembered 18:22, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
Keep in mind that we're writing an encyclopedic account, we needn't give every last blow by blow. There's the main argument by Morris et al., which has garnered attention (whether you agree or not), and some counter-arguments to Morris (e.g., Karsh). Karsh's counter should get less coverage from us. (However, if Karsh had fabulous points, his points might go into supporting another basic approach like EoF, or he would be seen as a refutation of Morris, who could then be scaled back. But, contra PR, Karsh hasn't been refuted, else he wouldn't show up in various literature reviews.) We might slightly mention Morris' rebuttals to Karsch. (However, if he has fabulous points, they can beef up the write-up of his main argument). So, lets not play ping-pong w/readers' heads. How about a rule of thumb for each section? 2/3+ on the main proponent(s), 1/3 or less on counter-arguments, and a sliver of rebuttals with recap/reminder to readers about the gist of this section. If counter-arguments grow, they likely need to be reflected in another approach. Make sense? HG | Talk 18:49, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I like the idea of a 2:1 ratio of theories to criticisms of theories. --GHcool 19:35, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm sorry, HG, I like your 2:1 ratio, but I'm struggling to take this article in it's current form very seriously. Nobody really believes that the Palestinians were anything other than ethnically cleansed. If the "Encouragement to Flight" (EoF) had amounted to a large proportion (Morris thinks it was just 5%, or maybe a bit more when he's in his cups) then the whole concept of "having an article and a discussion about it" is blown out of the water. (It's also completely irrelevant to any current issues, of course). PalestineRemembered 20:49, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
I'm starting to seriously question PalestineRemebered's good faith. We have asked him countless times to stop WP:SOAPBOXing on talk pages and he constantly ignores them. Its really rather frustrating. --GHcool 21:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
GHcool, I'm starting to get tired of your accusations of WP:SOAPBOXing against PM. You use this accusation pretty much every time PM says anything. If you really think this is such a serious issue, place a request for arbitration. If you don't think this warrants any administrative action, then please cut the accusations -- it is not helpful for the discussion here. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 06:17, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
I wrote a personal response to Pedro Gonnet on his talk page, which is where personal messages belong. --GHcool 07:00, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
Wikipedia advice:
An article can be written in neutral language and yet omit important points of view. Such an article should be considered an NPOV work in progress, not an irredeemable piece of propaganda. Often an author presents one POV because it's the only one that he or she knows well. The remedy is to add to the article — not to subtract from it. [[14]]
--JaapBoBo 21:13, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
If he proceeds so voluntary, no policy prevents anybody to revert him.
I will proceed that way. Alithien 09:50, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Finkelstein

I have reverted the deletion (by GHCool) of Finkelstein's comments on the transfer principle:

Furthermore Finkelstein argues that transferist thinking is close to the core of Zionist thinking. According to Finkelstein Zionism claims for the Jews a prevalent right to Israel, their historical homeland, and accedes the Arabs only rights as incidental residents.[15]. He writes: 'the mainstream Zionist movement never doubted its 'historical right' to impose a Jewish state through the 'Right of Return' on the indigenous Arab population of Palestine.'[16] and 'Zionism's claim to the whole of Palestine ... called into question any Arab presence in Palestine.'[17]

My reasons:

  • Finkelstein is a respected historian with an original pov
  • Finkelsteins pov, though not neutral, is presented in a neutral way

Furthermore GHCool says it was deleted already once. However that was a completely different text, criticising Morris's view on the transfer principle. This concerns a support for the transfer principle. I would like to ask GHCool to respect Wikipedia policy of handling npov disputes [[15]]:

An article can be written in neutral language and yet omit important points of view. Such an article should be considered an NPOV work in progress, not an irredeemable piece of propaganda. Often an author presents one POV because it's the only one that he or she knows well. The remedy is to add to the article — not to subtract from it.

--JaapBoBo 00:01, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to commend JaapBoBo for using the talk page rather than having a knee-jerk revert war. I wish more editors would follow his example.
That said, my reason for reverting the edit was exactly the opposite of one of JaapBoBo's reasons for adding it: Finkelstein is NOT a respected historian and he does NOT have an original POV. Norman Finkelstein's shameful academic career that includes: making repeated falacious charges of plagiarism and fraud on other academics,[16] that he has been kicked out of every university he has ever worked at (including most recently DePaul University),[17][18] is verbally abusive to students who do not share his warped politics,[19] is despised by serious academics in the field such as Benny Morris,[20] he never interviews people in his "research,"[21] he is an icon to neo-Nazi groups,[22] etc, etc, etc. Finkelstein's "research" (really opinions) are not fit for quotation in a serious encyclopedic article. --GHcool 05:25, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Well, as opposed to some other sources cited here (we have an entire section dedicated to Schechtman's "Fear Psychosis Theory"), Norman Finkelstein is actually a professional historian. The quality of his work is probably best described by the failure of every attempt to discredit him, notably the most recent by Alan Dershowitz. The problem with Finkelstein is that he is outspoken -- his academic work, however, is beyond reproach. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pedro Gonnet (talk • contribs) 07:46, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Let's not be naieve. We cannot put Finkelstein on the same level as other historians who studied the exodus.
It is not a topic he studied deeply. He "only" gave his mind about other works.
Nevertheless, he is known enough so that his "mind" is introduced in the article. Alithien 14:56, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
We can definitely quote Finkelstein as an expert on Zionism (which is what we're talking about here). Zionism is Finkelstein's speciality. His scholarship generally is top-notch, he gets into trouble exclusively because he takes aim at powerful figures, and such vast money-making machines. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 15:12, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Hi PR,
Thank you again for the material you sent me by email :-)
Don't you forget that he seems not be to in peace with holocaust industry and jewish matters in general ? If at least, once in his life he would have written something not to agressive about judaism jews or Zionism, maybe we could guess this guy is not ill... But I could be wrong... Did he ever write something not agressive concerning them ? Alithien 15:53, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Finkelstein was the first to identify "The Holocaust Industry" (I think). He defines it as systematic blackmail of European nations and banks for the benefit of Israel, not for the benefit of survivors (did his mum get a measly $3,000?).
Amongst scholars of the Holocaust itself, I think he's quite well regarded. The top man Raul Hilberg (sp?) has just died, but stated that Finkelstein's thesis on the blackmail and mis-appropriation was, if anything, understated.
As to "Jewish matters", you're falling into the very trap that Finkelstein has avoided - linking the crimes of Israel to the Jews. Such a practise is custom made to inspire hatred of the Jews, something that Finkelstein doesn't want to happen.
I'm not sure whether Finkelstein ever wrote anything nice about Zionism, I'm not sure it matters. I don't think we'd expect him to be well-rounded and NPOV about the people he believes have behaved so badly, and who have turned their bile on him. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 17:55, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Are we talking about the same Finkelstein? He wrote his PhD thesis on Zionism and he cannot have written his books without a deep knowledge of the incidents surrounding the exodus. He is very unpopular, yes, but he's an academic and a serious one at that. What stands out the most is that not one criticism of his work has stuck -- only personal attacks. Cheers, Pedro Gonnet 15:33, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Because writing a PhD thesis on Zionism makes you become a specialist on the palestinian exodus of 1948 ?
If I show you my PhD thesis, will I receive the right to give my own mind in the article ?
How could we compare Khalidi, Pappé, Morris and Gelber, who read archives or interviewrd people and Finkelstein whose only knowledge on the topic comes from reading these other historians work ? Even Schetchman, at least, lived the events.
Alithien 15:41, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Alithien - check out what's in the top line of this section "Furthermore Finkelstein argues that transferist thinking is close to the core of Zionist thinking." We've discovered that User:GHcool doesn't like Finkelstein's opinion on Zionism, but it has nothing directly to do with 1948. Personally, I think Finkelstein is just about the world leader on Zionism, and his clip should be in our article. I cannot understand why GHcool is so bitter about him. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 18:02, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
NB1: Pedro, about criticisms, did you read the recent material I added from Laurens on your talk page... Didn't you recognize Finkestein in the intentionalist that perform textual analysis. (nb: and Henry Laurens is an "arabist"). Alithien 15:43, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
NB2: Another argument enough to justify Finkelstein mind in the article is that one of his publication is in the bibliography of Morris (p.612 in Birth revisited). Note that Schetchman too (p.615)

Thx for your contributions guys (and girls)!! I didn't know all this, but it's sure interesting to know. Cheers, --JaapBoBo 19:08, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm willing to cut a deal. I'll accept the addition of any of Finkelstein's stuff as long as we also include any of Mitchell Bard's stuff. Both are considered respected experts in some circles and phonies with an agenda in other circles. Is this acceptable to the Finkelsteinites? --GHcool 19:57, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Hold on a moment, lets not shovel more nonsense into this article, we already have Schechtman and Katz. As best I can tell, Finkelstein's material is scholarly and excellent, and the violent objection we've seen to it probably comes from editors who are not fully up to speed on encyclopedic principles. However, we reach consensus on these people's credentials first before we use their material - and we do the same for Baird (of whom I know nothing). Point us to some of this material and lets see whether it's fit to be included. Finkelstein's work often glows with scholarship - lets see what you're proposing. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 21:34, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
I am referring to Mitchell Bard's book, Myths and Facts. The book is readily available. --GHcool 22:25, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
I think in deciding which stuff should be allowed we should be guided by the content of the stuff (and the criticism on the content of the stuff) and not by the author of the stuff (or the criticism on the author of the stuff).
--JaapBoBo 22:58, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Oh really? In that case, I'll add some of my own research from when I was in university. It satisfies both your criteria: the content of my work was sound and it was received favorably by experts in the field (professors with PhDs who wrote a books and academic articles on 19th-20th century Middle Eastern history). Or perhaps the criteria JaapBoBo lists is not strong enough for inclusion into this article ... --GHcool 23:22, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Articles would benefit greatly if editors unfamiliar with the ways of the encyclopedia were brought up to speed in good practise. (And I don't see anything that amounts to citations for the personal attack on Finkelstein). PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 17:07, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
I just added citations for what PalestineRemembered called my attempt at character assassination of Norman Finkelstein. He said I had no evidence to back up my allegations. I do and I provided them above. I do not expect PalestineRemembered to be able to do the same for Shmuel Katz nor for Joseph B. Schechtman. --GHcool 06:42, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
Finkelstein is quoted by other historians but ...Bard... is not.
I don't think his mind is relevant.
When somebody talked here above of Katz, I assume it was Teddy Katz :-) Alithien 09:49, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

GHCool wants to block Finkelstein references solely because of accusations against the person of Finkelstein, not against his opinions. I'm opposed to that. GHCool should give arguments or opinions against the content of what Finkelstein says. Only then can we take his objections seriously. --JaapBoBo 17:17, 23 September 2007 (UTC) GHCool says it is agreed here (in this discussion) that Finkelstein is not allowed. I read the opposite. --JaapBoBo 17:23, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I wish to block Finkelstein references solely because he has been publicly discredited as a reliable scholar. While I do not agree with Walid Khalidi's interpretation of the facts, I respect him as a legitimate scholar that has been challanged, but not wholely discredited. Had I been against Khalidi's inclusion in the article, I would understand JaapBoBo's concern that I wasn't being fair. Finkelstein's criticisms (despite how "good" or "bad" they are) are not of encylopedic value because Finkelstein is not a reliable scholar, certainly not in comparison to every other scholar quoted in this article. I would be equally opposed to if someone like Noam Federman were quoted here. I challenge JaapBoBo to answer the following question honestly: If Noam Federman were to write a book or an article in a journal in which he challenges Benny Morris's research, should references from that book, under any circumstances, be included in this Wikipedia article? If the answer is that Federman references should not be included, then it follows that Finkelstein references shouldn't either. --GHcool 03:47, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
There's nothing of the kind you describe on Finkelstein. He's highly regarded both as an academic and a researcher/author of history. He's been shamefully hounded from his last job by the most appalling outside interference, most people will count that as a feather in his cap. The only thing he's ever said that has needed "withdrawing" is accusing a top lawyer of plagiarism. (Some of Finkelstein's work comes across as "angry", which is a potential demerit, but then look at the disgusting and provably false way the memory of his mother has been treated).
I'm not sure why you introduce Noam Federman who appears to be a propagandist with no qualifications in history whatsoever (if he's written anything, it would appear not to be in English). His brother turned him in as a terrorist, perhaps that gives him some credibility (Israel has locked him up for 6 months but not charged or convicted him). PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 16:57, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
Finkelstein's qualifications (repeat: QUALIFICATIONS) are highly questionable and have been questioned time and again by reliable historians. His research is shabby at best and downright lies at worst. Feel free to present evidence that he is "highly regarded" in academic circles (and I by academic circles, I don't mean one or two people that admire his work, but that a large majority of serious scholars feel his work is on par with Benny Morris, Efraim Karsh, and the other real historians quoted in this article). --GHcool 17:58, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
Finkelstein's work is/was highly regarded by the recently deceased dean of Holocaust Studies, Raul Hilbert (sp?) who said something along the lines of "if anything, he's understated his case against the 'Holocaust Industry'". I'm not sure about his earlier problems, but his sacking from De Paul was undoubtedly due to outside interference and nothing to do with his scholarship or teaching reputation.
The most serious allegations against Finkelstein seem to have all panned out in his favour. Finkelstein's attitude to the work of others is most unorthodox and has caused him problems - but his attack on Joan Peters's book seems right on the mark (so much for his lack of qualifications). Likewise "Beyond Chutzpah" is head and shoulders above "The case for Israel".
No question that many people are upset by Finkelstein - but the gems of his scholarship keep flowing: "There is something wrong when the United States has a museum devoted to what Germany did to the Jews, but it does not have a museum devoted to what America did to its native population - the expulsion and extermination of the Native Americans. It does not have a museum devoted to what was done to Africans brought over here as slaves, yet it has a museum about what happened in Europe. What would Americans think if Germany, in its capital, were to create a museum commemorating slavery in the United States, commemorating the extermination of Native Americans, but no museum devoted to the Nazi Holocaust? Of course, Americans would say that's pure hypocrisy. Well, we are now guilty of the same hypocrisy." PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 20:04, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
Repeating Finkelstein's claims to fame doesn't make you any closer to proving your point that Finkelstein is a reliable source on the 1948 Palestinian exodus. I consider Hilberg to be a reliable, serious scholar, but I would never in a million years quote his opinion on the 1948 Palestinian exodus. Therefore, even if Raul Hilberg's analysis of The Holocaust Industry is correct (and I'm not saying it is), how does that prove that Finkelstein is reliable on other unrelated episodes of human history? PalestineRemembered has failed again to the challenge I proposed to him: to present evidence that Finkelstein's "research" on the 1948 Palestinian exodus is as respected in the field of Middle Eastern history as Morris's and Karsh's is. I implore him not to respond again to this topic until he satisfactoraly meets this challenge. --GHcool 20:49, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
You're not making a lot of sense. Finkelstein's speciality is Zionism - and that's exactly what the deleted clip (above) we're discussing referenced him to: Finkelstein argues that transferist thinking is close to the core of Zionist thinking. According to Finkelstein Zionism claims for the Jews a prevalent right to Israel, their historical homeland, and accedes the Arabs only rights as incidental residents."
And there's no serious doubt about the truth of what he's claiming there - Ben-Gurion (and others) spoke of living in peace with the natives many times - but that doesn't mean they weren't transferists. They (occasionally) slipped up and admitted or boasted of it.
Finkelstein is less well known for his "historical" authorship, but his "Holocaust Industry" book is well regarded. If people wished to mention his "Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict" (originally shared between him and Chomsky) then I'm quite sure the information would be leagues better than Schechtman (who is extensively quoted at the moment). PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 18:22, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
Once again, I fail to see how ad-hominem attacks on reliable historians and repeating Finkelstein's distorted claims prove that he is as reliable a scholar as the other scholar quoted in this essay. PalestineRemembered has failed to meet the challenge again. I shall repeat the challenge in hopes that he will respond to it satisfactorily next time: I challenge anyone to find definitive proof that Norman Finkelstein's scholarship is as reliable and verifiable as Benny Morris's, Efraim Karsh's, or any of the similarly well-regarded historians quoted in this article. "Putting down" the reputation of one of the quoted historians will not suffice because their reputations are not "on trial" here. Put downs of other historians will be treated for what they are: attempts to shift the dialogue away from change the actual subject which is Finkelstein's unreliablity. --GHcool 19:34, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
@GHCool: you want to bar Finkelstein, so you have to show he is not reliable. So far you have only come up with accusations which do not concern the reliability of the content of Finkelsteins books. Can you come up with such comments or can you not? If you cannot you should stop blocking references to him.
Anyway the text you want to block is: Finkelstein argues that transferist thinking is close to the core of Zionist thinking. According to Finkelstein Zionism claims for the Jews a prevalent right to Israel, their historical homeland, and accedes the Arabs only rights as incidental residents.. Do you think this text is unreliable? Do you have arguments for that?
--JaapBoBo 19:55, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
@GHCool: are there sources that disagree with the text you want to block?? --JaapBoBo 20:08, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

GHcool - The ad-hominem attacks I've seen have all been on Finkelstein, an academic and historian who is clearly well respected - far better than Katz, as I've detailed. I've seen nothing to indicate he is "discredited" as alleged - all I see is various sources being incredibly unpleasant to him (even attacking his dead mother with lies), apparently because they hate the rather credible things he claims.

Meanwhile, we have a different and even more dubious "historian" quoted in this article - Schechtman is apparently guilty of racism far more blatant than David Irving, along with the publishing of falsehoods far more blatant. (If I'm wrong, I'm sure you'll point it out).

As regards the reliability of Finkelstein's scholarship - I'd start with "The Holocaust Industry" - favourably reviewed by the dean of Holocaust studies, Raul Hilberg, who described it as "probably an understatement". PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 20:43, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

JaapBoBo is committing two logical fallacies: shifting the burden of proof and asking me to give a negative proof of Finkelstein's unreliability. It is he and PalestineRemembered that wish to change the status quo, and therefore the burden of proof is upon them. I cannot prove a negative (i.e. that the content of Finkelstein's research isn't true), but I can prove (and have already proven) the likelihood that Finkelstein's "research" isn't worth the paper its written on. Please play the game by established rules of logic and argumentation. --GHcool 20:54, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
So you admit that you "cannot prove ... that the content of Finkelstein's research isn't true". You cannot prove it despite the fact that it is much easier to prove some content untrue than to prove all content true. In fact you admit that you have no legitimate reason to bar Finkelstein references.
You also soften your accusations against Finkelstein. You don't state that his work is unreliable but only that you find it "isn't worth the paper its written on" and you further seem not to be sure of this but to accord it a certain "likelihood".
I want to add something positive (extra content), while you want something negative, i.e. to delete it. Since you want to bar Finkelstein the burden of proof is on you. (there is no status quo)
--JaapBoBo 22:51, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
JaapBoBo, you really need to take a class in critical thinking and logical argumentation. The burden of proof lies upon the person that wishes to change the status quo. You wish to change the status quo (i.e. that Finkelstein isn't currently quoted in the article), therefore the burden of proof lies upon you. Sorry. --GHcool 00:21, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
I already gave the proof: Finkelsteins books are reliable. As you admit yourself, you "cannot prove ... that the content of Finkelstein's research isn't true" --JaapBoBo 18:49, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
I also cannot prove that Santa Claus doesn't exists. Does that mean that Santa Claus does exist? JaapBoBo is making an appeal to ignorance which is yet another logical fallacy. --GHcool 19:18, 26 September 2007 (UTC) (Revised --GHcool 20:58, 26 September 2007 (UTC))
GHCool, despite your knowledge of types of logical fallacies, you seem to have problems with understanding them.
Actually, you are saying: 'I cannot prove that Finkelstein is unreliable. Does that mean that Finkelstein is unreliable?'. The answers are: no Santa Claus does not exist, and no Finkelstein is not unreliable! --JaapBoBo 20:40, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
Whoops. I made a mistake. What I meant to say was, "I also cannot prove that Santa Claus doesn't exists. Does that mean that Santa Claus does exist?" I just corrected the original statement above. I appologize for the inconvenience. --GHcool 20:58, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
No problem. So now you are actually saying: 'I cannot prove that Finkelstein isn't unreliable. Does that mean that Finkelstein is unreliable?'. The answers are: no Santa Claus does not exist, and no Finkelstein is not unreliable!
--JaapBoBo 22:25, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

It would be strange if any author that is refered to should be proven reliable first. I think the burden of proof is the other way around. If somebody wants to block an author he or she should prove that the books of the author are unreliable. So you should proof that Finkelstein is unreliable. --JaapBoBo 22:25, 26 September 2007 (UTC) By the way, GHCool, is this 'status quo'-argument (that you are using to give me the burden of proof) in line with Wikipedia policy? --JaapBoBo 18:43, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Replace Finkelstein by Schetchman and put the material deleted by Pedro Gonnet back. Alithien 18:46, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Schmuel Katz's book needs a "health warning"

We have a passage at the bottom of Criticisms of "Master Plan" theory which says: "Opponents assert that Israel did not compel Arabs to leave. Shmuel Katz, wrote in his book 'Battleground' "that the Arab refugees were not driven from Palestine by anyone. The vast majority left, whether of their own free will or at the orders or exhortations of their leaders, always with the same reassurance-that their departure would help in the war against Israel." Katz, 1976, p. 13.

We are misleading our readers if we treat Katz as if he was a historian. He's not. He was the chief propagandist for one of the groups that practised terror in 1948, became an advisor to Prime Minister Menachem Begin and apparently fell out with him over making peace with Egypt. Katz wrote one well regarded book about Jabotinsky (of whom he'd been a great admirer and colleague), but the rest of his work is polemic and frankly nasty. eg Katz, Shmuel (1973) Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine , p.36 ISBN 0933503032 "....... The economic interest of the individual Arab in the perpetuation of the refugee problem and of his free keep is backed by the accumulating vested interest of UNRWA itself to keep itself in being and to expand. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency is thought of as some Olympian, philanthropic body directed and operated by a band of dedicated humanitarians, devoted exclusively to the task of helping suffering refugees. The fact is that the organisation consists of some 11,000 officials of whom all but a handful are Arabs who are themselves inscribed on the rolls as "refugees." They perform the field work; they, that is, hand out the relief. The remaining handful consists of some 120 Americans and Europeans who man the organisation’s central offices. Since UNRWA itself is thus a source of livelihood for some 50,000 people, no one connected with it has the slightest interest in seeing its task end or in protesting the fraud and deception it has perpetuated for over twenty years. The myth continues to live and to thrive, feeding on itself."

If we have to quote Katz (and it may be useful in this case), we need to make it clear that he's not a historian, he practised whitewash when he was mixing with the most thuggish of the participants, and he's been doing the same thing in all his writings since. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 18:33, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

But he is a historian. He studies and writes respectable and reliable books about history. I know people (fairly) accuse Katz of being one-sided, but I have never heard anybody question Katz's research (at least not in the same way the Finkelstein's research has been). Once again, PalestineRemembered's accusations are fraudulent on the most basic level. --GHcool 20:59, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Katz was a propagandist member of a violent gang that specialised in terror tactics, attacking the undefended (both Arabs and Jews in 1948, see here). His later written work look exactly like propaganda (at least from what I can see, as above). He appears to be less of a historian than the utterly discredited David Irving. He almost certainly launches unpleasant personal attacks on anyone who presents sound arguments that tend to undermine the things he believes in. That last factor alone should tell you his ways are fundamentally criminal and cannot bear scrutiny in the light of day.
This article quotes two right-wing propagandists (Schechtman and Katz, at least one of them with a propensity for violence) posing as historians - it's difficult to take it seriously under those conditions.
(PS - the above is evidence-based, quite unlike the attack on Finkelstein earlier on this page). PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 21:27, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
As for the accusations above, Katz's name is not even mentioned in the article you provide as "evidence" for his alleged terrorist history, and even if it were, JFJFP is hardly a reliable source. I can find mountains of real, reliable evidence against Finkelstein from real reliable sources (though I can't right now because I'm at work on a break). PalestineRemembered has not met the challenge he sets up for himself. He has not provided actual evidence for Katz's alleged terrorist activies. He also set up a new challenge for himself: to prove that Katz's research has been publicly exposed as a racist fraud in a court of law and that Katz served a prison sentence and that he currently associate with underground groups dedicated to racism, race-supremacy, xenophobia, and violence just like David Irving, which PalestineRememberd alleges is a more credible historian. Until PalestineRemembered proves both allegations, it should come to no surprise to him that people do not trust his research abilities (or motivations). Finkelstein was fired from several universities for using similar tactics. --GHcool 22:11, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Don't try and drag this discussion down with attacks on the motives of other editors. You know as well as I do that Shmuel Katz was a top commander and spokesperson for Irgun, one of the two groups described by Albert Einstein as "Within the Jewish community they have preached an admixture of ultranationalism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority. Like other Fascist parties they have been used to break strikes, and have themselves pressed for the destruction of free trade unions. In their stead they have proposed corporate unions on the Italian Fascist model. ... By gangster methods, beatings window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the (Jewish) population and exacted a heavy tribute."
And it's very obvious that Katz is not a historian, otherwise he'd not be writing as he does. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 19:01, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
Albert Einstein's opinion of the Irgun (which I happen to agree with to some extent) has nothing to do with Katz's reliability as a historian. His books are well regarded despite the fact that they are unpopular among Palestinian propogandists (they are popular with the rest of society). --GHcool 19:06, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
The fact that Katz was the propagandist for a bunch of fascists tells most people that the historical worth of his writings is essentially zero (though the biography of his colleague Jabotinsky is well considered). Take a look at Google Scholar, "Battleground" from Katz is cited 5 times (one of them a duplicate, and one of those is Bard!). Compare that with Finkelstein - "Holocaust Industry" is cited 68 times and "Image and reality" 26 times. As I said at the beginning, we are seriously misleading our readers if we treat Katz as a historian. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 19:21, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Gelber proposes 'three stage theory'

Reading [[23]] I get the impression that Gelber proposed three stages. The familiar first and last (starting July '48). But there seems to be one in between:

In the last six weeks of the British mandate, the Jews occupied most of the area that the UN partition plan allotted to their State. They took over five towns and 200 villages; between 250,000 to 300,000 Palestinians and other Arabs ran away (so far, they were not driven out) to Palestine's Arab sectors and to neighboring countries.
This rapid and almost total collapse astonished all concerned.
(...)
Unlike the pre-invasion period, certain Israeli Defense Force (IDF) actions on the eve of and after the invasion aimed at driving out the Arab population from villages close to Jewish settlements or adjacent to main roads.
(...)
The Israelis held the Palestinians responsible for the distress that the invasion caused and believed they deserved severe punishment
The local deportations of May-June 1948 appeared both militarily vital and morally justified. Confident that their conduct was indispensable, the troops did not attempt to conceal harsh treatment of civilians in their after-action reports.
Instead of saving the Palestinians, the Arab armies' invasion doubled their territorial losses and the number of refugees. Later waves of mass flight were the result of the IDF's counter offensives against the invading forces.
(...)

This is different from The Palestinians' precarious social structure tumbled because of economic hardships and administrative disorganization. and collapse of Palestine Arab political institutions that ensued upon the flight of the Arab leadership So I think a second stage started in the beginning of April '48.

What do you think, should we change this?

I propose we do!

--JaapBoBo 21:29, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I think you're missing the point - we cannot "invent" 3 stages, unless that's what the literature tells us.
Furthermore, Deir Yassin was April 9th, and it was in none of the "militarily justifiable" categories. It was miles outside the new Israeli state, it wasn't strategic (despite attempts to make it appear as such) - and it was friendly. In fact, Meir Pail's account suggests it was attacked "because it was friendly and unarmed". So the move to offensive operations is much earlier than what you're saying.
I can see the point of having 2 stages, and that's in some of the literature (though I don't believe the differences were very great). I cannot see the point of having 3 stages, and I don't believe that is in the literature. PRtalk(New Sig for PalstinRembred) 21:50, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Does Gelber himself call his theory the 'Two stage theory' or was this name introduced by a Wikipedia editor? If it was introduced by a Wikipedia editor then there is no objection to changing it to 'Three stage theory'.
What about the names of the other theories, were they introduced by editors or were these names given by the historians who proposed tham?
Dear PR: Please realise that there is a difference between a theory and the truth. A theory is an attempt to describe the truth. We should aim at presenting Gelbers theory as sincere as possible. In my view the two stage theory as it is described now is not NPOV. As it is described it says the causes for the exodus in April-June '48 were 'collapse of Palestinian structures etc. etc.'. Gelber said what I cited above (you can also read the reference ('know your enemy!')).
The reference [[24]] clearly distinguishes three stages. The first two correspond to Morris's first two waves/stages, the last stage of Gelber includes the remaining waves/stages of Morris. As to the causes of the waves/stages of the exodus, and the opinions of historians about them I think it is good to distinguish between the three stages proposed by Gelber.
--JaapBoBo 22:39, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
The words theory have been introduced by a wikipedia editor and should be removed (as for all other so called theory)
You are right that one could find some contradictions in Gelber's words when he claims there was only 1 phase in the exodus before july but this is what he considers because his mind is that during dec47 and july48 palestinian society collaposed mainly because it was not ready to withstand the war and he considers everything that arose during this period is common to all wars.
In this period he doesn't distinguish 2 but 3 phases : (1) dec47-mar48 - (2) 6 last weeks of the mandate and the civil war - (3) 7 first weeks of arab-israeli war.
The fusion he made between first 2 phases can be found in the conclusions of ch.7 - Palestinian society collapse of his book "Palestine 1948". Alithien 10:06, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
So then you do acknowledge that Gelber's first stage is not represented in a right way right now. Only the part up to the end of March '48 is included. --JaapBoBo 10:58, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
Not exactly.
What is written about Gelber in the article today was based on a summary of his book he wrote himself. (I think the source of the synthesis is given - I check). There, he introduced his analysis that I basically synthetise as follows : according to him, what happens before july was the result of the war (like any war) and is due to the unability of the Palestinian society to withstand a war with offensives, atrocities, ...; what happend after july is an organised expulsion of palestinians with numerous massacres.
But it is clear in his book, he is more subtile and precise and he follows events chronologically and describe the 3 phases of his first stage.
Alithien 09:03, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
Thx for the info. I think all three phases of the first stage should be described on WP. --JaapBoBo 20:12, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
I wonder if the "2 stage theory" wordings would not have been "invented" by wikipedia. Alithien 09:48, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] 1st phase (of 1 stage)

n his book Palestine 1948, Yoav Gelber distinguishes several causes to the beginnings of the Palestinians' mass flight that occurred during the civil war period from December to beginning of April :

  • the generally deteriorating conditions, the unstable economic situation and growing unemployement (p.75 ; p.78);
  • the Haganah, Irgoun and Lehi retaliations that terrified the Arabs (p.76)
  • the fear of a some purely palestinian conflict spread by rumours that Husseinis were planning to bring in bands of fallahin to take over the towns in a domestic terrorism like in 1936-9 (p.76) or due eg to Muslim Brethren enforcement of some strict code of behaviour (p.80)
  • the bad exemples given by the flight of the leaders (p.76)
  • the fear of repreasals to the Army of Liberation's attacks (p.77)
  • the economical situation in the cities (p.78)
  • the Haganah's campaign of propaganda (p.79)
  • the gathering of population in main villages and towns (p.79)
  • systematical evacuations of civil population near the borders and performed by the Army of Liberation (p. 79)
  • some ponctual actions as the evacuation of 3,000 children from Haifa organized by local national comittee (p. 81).

He emphasizes 3 points :

  • "The flight during this phase of the civil war still resembled previous reactions to anarchy in Palestine, as in the Middle East in general. No one expelled the escapees or occupied their homes and lands, excpt for their own quasi-administrations" and "no massacres or deliverate intimidation of any kind took place yet" (p.82).
  • All arab authorities (local national comittees, Arab Higher Comittee and Arab Liberation Army) took many measures to prevent or stop the flight (p.81).
  • "Until April 1948, Ben Gourion regarded the escape as a calculated withdrawal of non-combattant population upon the orders of Arab commanders and out of military considerations" (p.82).


aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -