Cases before the International Criminal Court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
As of May 2008, the International Criminal Court has launched investigations into four situations: Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Darfur (Sudan).[1] The Court has issued public arrest warrants for twelve people; six of them remain free, two have died, and four are in custody, awaiting trial.
As of 4 October 2007, the Office of the Prosecutor had received 2889 communications[2] about alleged crimes in at least 139 countries.[3] After initial review, however, the vast majority of these communications were dismissed as “manifestly outside the jurisdiction of the Court”.[2]
| Situation | Referral (date) |
Investigation opened |
Public arrest warrants issued |
Surrendered to the ICC |
Trial commenced |
Status |
| Northern Uganda | Government of Uganda (December 2003) |
July 2004 | Joseph Kony | Fugitive | ||
| Vincent Otti | Died in 2007 | |||||
| Raska Lukwiya | Died on 12 August 2006 | |||||
| Okot Odhiambo | Fugitive, rumoured to have died in April 2008 | |||||
| Dominic Ongwen | Fugitive | |||||
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) | Government of the DRC (March 2004) |
June 2004 | Thomas Lubanga | 17 March 2006 | In ICC custody, awaiting trial | |
| Germain Katanga | 17 October 2007 | In ICC custody, awaiting trial | ||||
| Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui | 6 February 2008 | In ICC custody, awaiting trial | ||||
| Bosco Ntaganda | Fugitive | |||||
| Central African Republic (CAR) | Government of the CAR (December 2004) |
May 2007 | Jean-Pierre Bemba | In Belgian custody | ||
| Darfur, Sudan | UN Security Council (March 2005) |
June 2005 | Ahmed Haroun | Fugitive | ||
| Ali Kushayb | Fugitive |
Contents |
[edit] How an investigation is opened
The Prosecutor may open an investigation under three circumstances:[4]
- when a situation is referred to him by a state party;
- when a situation is referred to him by the United Nations Security Council, acting to address a threat to international peace and security; or
- when the Pre-Trial Chamber authorises him to open an investigation on the basis of information received from other sources, such as individuals or non-governmental organisations.
Of the four situations the Prosecutor has investigated to date, three were referred by states parties and one by the Security Council.
[edit] Active investigations
[edit] Northern Uganda
| Lord's Resistance Army insurgency |
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Events
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Ralated articles
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In December 2003, the government of Uganda, a state party, referred to the Prosecutor the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda.[5] The Prosecutor decided to open an investigation into this matter on July 29, 2004, and on July 5 the situation was assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber II.
On 8 July 2005, the Court issued its first public arrest warrants for five senior leaders of the LRA alleging:[6]
- Leader Joseph Kony committed the crimes against humanity of murder, enslavement, sexual enslavement, rape and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of murder, cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians, pillage, inducing rape and enlisting child soldiers
- Kony's deputy, Vincent Otti, committed the crimes against humanity of murder, sexual enslavement and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of inducing rape, attacking civilians, enlisting child soldiers, cruel treatment of civilians, pillage and murder
.jpg/180px-Joseph_Kony,_Oti_and_egeland_(296444800).jpg)
- Army Commander of the LRA, Okot Odiambo committed the crime against humanity of enslavement and war crimes of attacking civilians, pillage and enlisting child soldiers; Odiambo reportedly led an attack on Barlonya refugee camp in February 2004 when more than 300 people were massacred.
- LRA commander Raska Lukwiya committed the crime against humanity of enslavement and the war crimes of cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians and pillage
- LRA commander Dominic Ongwen committed the crimes against humanity of murder, enslavement and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of murder, cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians and pillage
None of the indictees have yet been arrested but Lukwiya was killed in fighting on 12 August 2006,[7][8] and Otti was killed in 2007, apparently by Kony.[9] The other three suspects are believed to be either in Southern Sudan or the northwestern Ituri Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The government of Uganda is currently in peace talks with the LRA. The LRA's leaders have repeatedly demanded immunity from ICC prosecution in return for an end to the insurgency.[10] The government of Uganda says it is considering establishing a national tribunal that meets international standards, thereby allowing the ICC warrants to be set aside.[11]
[edit] Democratic Republic of the Congo
In March 2004, the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a state party, referred to the Prosecutor “the situation of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court allegedly committed anywhere in the territory of the DRC since the entry into force of the Rome Statute, on 1 July 2002.”[12][13] On June 23, the Prosecutor decided to open an investigation into the matter and on 4 July the case was allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber I. In February 2008, at the time of the arrest of the third suspect, the Prosecutor announced that this arrest had closed the ICC investigations in Ituri. [14]
[edit] Thomas Lubanga
On 17 March 2006, Thomas Lubanga, former leader of the Union of Congolese Patriots militia in Ituri, became the first person to be arrested under a warrant issued by the court; he will be the first suspect to face trial at the ICC. A sealed (secret) warrant had been issued for his arrest on 10 February 2006 for the war crime of using child soldiers. He was flown to the court the same day in a French military aircraft.[15] The prosecutor has stated that his trial will only be on the allegation of using child soldiers, and other allegations will be followed up in a subsequent prosecution.[16]
[edit] Germain Katanga
On 17 October 2007, a second suspect, Germain Katanga, the former leader of the Ngiti-majority Front for Patriotic Resistance of Ituri militia, was transferred to the Court by the Congolese authorities.[17] He is charged with six counts of war crimes and three counts of crimes against humanity under a warrant issued on 2 July 2007.[17][18] The charges include murder, sexual slavery and using children under the age of fifteen years to participate actively in hostilities.[17]
[edit] Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
On 6 February 2008, a third suspect, Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, was arrested by the Congolese authorities and surrendered to the Court.[19] Ngudjolo allegedly led forces of the National Integrationist Front (FNI), including child soldiers, who attacked the village of Bogoro in the eastern Ituri region in 2003, the court said. The Court found there was "reasonable grounds to believe" that his forces murdered about 200 civilians, mutilated others and captured women and girls to use as sex slaves. Like Katanga, he is charged with six counts of war crimes and three counts of crimes against humanity, including murder, sexual slavery and using children under the age of fifteen years to participate actively in hostilities.[19]
[edit] Other cases
In August 2007, the Office of the Prosecutor reported that it was "in the process of selected a third case" and it "continued to monitor the overall situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and collected information on the movement and activities of armed groups on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo".[20]
[edit] Central African Republic
In December 2004, the government of the Central African Republic, a state party, referred to the Prosecutor “the situation of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed anywhere on the territory of the Central African Republic since 1 July 2002, the date of entry into force of the Rome Statute.”[21]
On 13 April 2006 the Court of Cassation of the Central African Republic investigating charges or murder and rape committed by former President Ange-Felix Patasse and Congolese Vice-President Jean-Pierre Bemba said that they could not secure the arrest of the suspects, despite international arrest warrants, and requested the ICC to take responsibility. The allegations against Bemba date to when his Movement for the Liberation of Congo rebel army was invited by Patasse into the capital Bangui to fight rebels who were fighting against Patasse. Also referred to the court were the cases of a French policeman and two aides of Patasse who were all involved in the alleged crimes, which human rights groups allege had about 400 victims.[22]
Local activists from the Union of Central African Journalists (UJCA) have also accused the President, François Bozizé, of committing genocide against the inhabitants of northern Central African Republic - who supported the former regime - after seizing power in 2003, and asked the court to prosecute Bozizé.[23]
In November 2005, the Office of the Prosecutor held meetings with the government, judiciary authorities, civil society and international community representatives in CAR to gather additional information for the preliminary analysis.
In September 2006 the government of the CAR filed a complaint with the court saying the Prosecutor had failed to decide within a reasonable time whether or not to investigate. In response the pre-trial chamber ordered the prosecutor to submit a report by 15 December 2006 as to the current status of the investigation and an estimate of when a decision on whether to investigate will be made.[24]
On 22 May 2007, the Prosecutor announced his decision to open an investigation,[25][26] focusing on allegations of killing and rape in 2002 and 2003, a period of intense fighting between government and rebel forces.[27] The case has been allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber III.
On 2008-05-25 Jean-Pierre Bemba, the former Vice-President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was arrested during a visit to Belgium under a sealed warrant under accusations of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in CAR[28]
[edit] Darfur, Sudan
| War in Darfur |
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| Timeline |
| International response |
| AMIS |
| Combatants |
| SLM |
| JEM |
| Janjaweed |
| Other articles |
| History of Darfur |
| Bibliography |
On 31 March 2005, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1593, referring “the situation prevailing in Darfur since 1 July 2002” to the Prosecutor.[29] The Prosecutor opened an investigation into this situation on June 6, and the case was allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber I.
In February 2007 the Prosecutor announced that two men — Sudanese humanitarian affairs minister Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb — had been identified as key suspects, accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.[30] On 2 May 2007, the Court issued arrest warrants for the two men.[31] However, Sudan claims the court has no jurisdiction over this matter,[30] and refuses to hand over the suspects.[31]
Two more arrest warrants are expected to be issued by the end of 2008.[32]
[edit] Other complaints received
As of 4 October 2007, the Office of the Prosecutor had received 2889 communications[2] about alleged crimes in at least 139 countries.[3] After initial review, however, the vast majority of these communications were dismissed as “manifestly outside the jurisdiction of the Court”.[2]
In addition to the four situations where the Prosecutor has opened investigations, several other situations have been subjected to "intensive analysis", including Côte d'Ivoire[20], Kenya, Afghanistan and Colombia.[33] [3]
[edit] National proceedings under complementarity
The Court is designed to complement existing national judicial systems: it can only exercise its jurisdiction when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute.[34] States Parties are expected to implement national legislation to provide for the investigation and prosecution of crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the Court.
[edit] Democratic Republic of the Congo
In February 2008, a Military Tribunal in Mbandaka sentenced Botuli Itofo, a policeman, to twenty years imprisonment after his conviction under ICC implementing legislation for the crime against humanity of mass rape and other "serious human rights violations". Over fifty women and girls had complained that they had been raped as a part of a "punitive operation" by police sent to the area to restore order in March 2006. [35] [36]
[edit] Germany
Under the German complementarity law, crimes against humanity as defined in the Rome Statute can be prosecuted by German courts even if they are outside the jurisdiction of the court because they occur in a country that has not ratified the statute. This is under the principle of universal jurisdiction.
In December 2005, activists from Uzbekistan submitted a complaint against Uzbek Interior Minister Zokirjon Almatov in connection with the Andijan massacre. Almatov was visiting Germany at the time for hospital treatment. The prosecutor declined to act, saying the chances of a successful prosecution was "non-existent" as the government of Uzbekistan would not cooperate in the gathering of evidence.[37]
[edit] United Kingdom
In 2007, Corporal Donald Payne, became the first British person to be convicted of a war crime. He pleaded guilty under ICC implementing legislation for inhumane treatment of Baha Mousa, an Iraqi detainee following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He was sentenced to one year in jail and dismissed from the army. Three other soldiers were acquitted of war crimes in the same trial. [38] [39] [40] [41]
[edit] References
- ^ International Criminal Court, 2007. Situations and Cases. Accessed 31 May 2007.
- ^ a b c d International Criminal Court, 18 October 2007. Report on the activities of the CourtPDF (91.8 KiB). Accessed 25 November 2007.
- ^ a b c International Criminal Court, 10 February 2006. Update on communications received by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICCPDF (236 KiB). Accessed 22 June 2007.
- ^ International Criminal Court. Office of the Prosecutor. Accessed 21 July 2007.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 29 January 2004. President of Uganda refers situation concerning the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the ICC. Accessed 2007-01-11.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 14 October 2005. Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders. Accessed 2006-12-05.
- ^ "Ugandan rebels mourn leader", Business in Africa, 14 August 2006
- ^ International Criminal Court, 11 July 2007. Decision to Terminate the Proceedings against Raska LukwiyaPDF (2.74 MiB). Accessed 24 January 2008.
- ^ BBC News (23 January 2008). Uganda's LRA confirm Otti death. Accessed 24 January 2008.
- ^ Associated Press, 30 May 2007. Human Rights Watch: Ugandan rebels must face justice, even if not before international court. Accessed 24 January 2008.
- ^ Agence France-Presse, 23 January 2008. Uganda's mato oput ritual: forgiveness for brutal 20-year war. Accessed 24 January 2008.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 19 April 2004. Prosecutor receives referral of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Accessed 2007-01-11.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 23 June 2004. The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opens its first investigation. Accessed 2007-01-11.
- ^ ICC-Africa 8th Edition, Coalition for the International Criminal Court]], 2008-02-01, accessed on 2008-03-21
- ^ International Criminal Court (17 March 2006). "First arrest for the International Criminal Court". Press release.
- ^ International prosecutor says Congolese warlord may face additional war crimes charges, First Global Select, 2006-08-07.
- ^ a b c International Criminal Court, 18 October 2007. Second arrest: Germain Katanga transferred into the custody of the ICC. Accessed 18 October 2007.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 2 July 2007. Warrant of arrest for Germain KatangaPDF (202 KiB). Accessed 18 October 2007.
- ^ a b International Criminal Court, 7 February 2008. Third detainee for the International Criminal Court: Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. Retrieved on 7 February 2008.
- ^ a b International Criminal Court (31 August 2007. Report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations for 2006-2007. Accessed on 18 October 2007.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 15 December 2006. Prosecution's Report Pursuant to Pre-Trial Chamber Ill's 30 November 2006 Decision Requesting Information on the Status of the Preliminary Examination of the Situation in the Central African Republic (PDF). Accessed 2007-01-11.
- ^ Hague referral for African pair, BBC, 2006-04-14.
- ^ Bangui accused by NGOs of protecting impunity (French), Jeune Afrique, 2006-03-22.
- ^ ICC-01/05, International Criminal Court, 2006-11-30.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 22 May 2007. Prosecutor opens investigation in the Central African Republic. Accessed 2007-05-31.
- ^ International Criminal Court, 22 May 2007. Background: Situation in the Central African Republic (PDF). Accessed 2007-05-31.
- ^ Nora Boustany, 23 May 2007. “Court Examines Alleged Abuses in Central African Republic”, The Washington Post, p. A16. Accessed 2007-05-31.
- ^ Congo Ex-Official Is Held in Belgium on War Crimes Charges, AFP, 2008-05-25
- ^ United Nations Security Council, 31 March 2005. Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan, To Prosecutor of International Criminal Court. Accessed 2007-01-11.
- ^ a b International Court Names Top Suspects in Darfur War Crimes, Voice of America, 2007-02-27, accessed on 2007-02-27
- ^ a b Alexandra Hudson, 2 May 2007. ICC judges issue arrest warrants for Darfur suspects. Reuters. Accessed 3 May 2007.
- ^ SudanTribune article : Sudanese officials to be charged with war crimes in 2008: ICC prosecutor
- ^ Kenya: Spokesman - ICC Analyses Country's Situation, Hirondells News Agency via allafrica.com, 2008-04-22
- ^ Articles 17 & 20 of the Rome Statute. Accessed 2006-12-04.
- ^ Human Rights Monthly Assessment: February 2008, MONUC, 2008-04-16
- ^ Court announces verdict on the massive rapes of Waka and Lifumba, MONUC via Congo Planet, 2008-02-20
- ^ Germany: Prosecutor Denies Uzbek Victims Justice, Human Rights Watch, 2006-04-06, accessed on 2007-02-03
- ^ Colonel and three of his men cleared over abuse of detained Iraqis, The Guardian, 2007-02-15, accessed on 2007-12-11
- ^ Courts martial for QLR soldiers, This is Lancashire, 2006-09-04.
- ^ RAF man 'saw troops abuse Iraqis', BBC, 2006-10-26.
- ^ UK soldier jailed over Iraq abuse. Channel 4 (30 April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
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