Austrian nobility

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Main article: Nobility

Aristocrats gathering around Emperor Franz Joseph at a ball in the Hofburg Imperial Palace, painting by Wilhelm Gause (1900).

Historically, the Austrian nobility (German: österreichischer Adel) was a privileged social class in Austria. The nobility was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Former noble families and their descendants are still a part of Austrian society today, but they no longer retain any specific privileges. Austria's system of nobility is very similar to Germany's system, as both countries were previously part of the Holy Roman Empire.

Any noble living in the Habsburg-ruled lands, and who owed their allegiance to the dynasty and the Emperor of Austria, were also considered part of the Austrian aristocracy. This applied to any member of the Bohemian, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, and other nobilities in the Habsburg dominion. Attempting to differentiate between ethnicities can be quite confusing, especially for nobles during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A noble from Galicia, for example, could call himself a Polish noble, but he also rightfully belonged to the Austrian nobility.

Religion, just like ethnicity, was also not used for any categorisation purpose. Austrian nobility could belong to any of the religions within the Habsburg empire, such as Roman Catholic nobles in Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia and Poland, Protestants in Bohemia and Transylvania, Greek Catholics in eastern Galicia, Orthodox Serbs in Vojvodina, as well as nobles of Jewish faith.

When speaking of "Austrian nobility", two categories can be made: 1) the historic nobility that lived in the territories of the Habsburg empire and who swore allegiance to the dynasty, which included everyone until 1918; 2) the present, post-1918 Austrian nobility, specifically those who today retain Austrian citizenship, whose family originally come from Austria proper, Bolzano-Bozen (Italy)and Burgenland, or who were ennobled at any point under Austrian rule and identify themselves as belonging to that class.

[edit] History

From 1453 onwards, the Archduke of Austria had the right to grant nobility to non-nobles, as did the Archbishop of Salzburg, as Salzburg remained an independent territory. Besides the Holy Roman Emperor (an office which was almost uninterruptedly held by the Archduke of Austria from 1438 to 1806 anyway), only a few territorial rulers within the Empire had this right. In an era of Absolutism, the nobility residing in the cities slowly turned itself into the court-nobility (Hofadel). Service at the court became the primary goal of the nobility. This in turn initiated an interest in education and the interests of the court. Within the court, a close inner circle, called the 100 Familien (100 families), possessed enormous riches and lands. They also had great influence at the court and thus played an important role in politics and diplomacy.

After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Habsburg rulers, who were Austrian Emperors from 1804 onwards, continued to elevate deserving individuals to nobility until the end of the monarchy in 1918. Some of the noble families even earned themselves the right to be hereditary peers in the House of Lords (Herrenhaus) in the Imperial Council (Reichsrat) of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Nobles from previously sovereign monarchies such as those in northern Italy also had their noble rights confirmed and were allowed to keep their titles.

[edit] Jewish nobility

Because of the Patent of Tolerance (Toleranzpatent), which was decreed in 1781 by Emperor Joseph II, Jewish bankers and later entrepreneurs and industrialists could also be ennobled for their services and loyalty. Jews who were elevated into the aristocracy were allowed to keep their religion. Although the elevation into the aristocracy meant recognition for the work and services and a rise in social status, it could not hide the fact that Jews were for the most part still only being "tolerated". Jews could not freely choose the place and duration of their stay and had to regularly ask for permission from the authorities. This placed a huge burden on Jewish families. If the head of the family died, all his relatives had to leave the city. The right to purchase real estate was forbidden to Jews, even if they belonged to the nobility. This regulation stayed in place until 1860, when it was abolished by Emperor Franz Joseph I and Jewish citizens were given equal rights. But almost a century before the banker and protector of arts, Karl Wetzler [Wetzlar as well] von Plankenstern was created a Freiherr by Empress Maria Theresia, he converted to Catholicism. His son Raimund was well known in Vienna for being one of the most prominent protectors of Mozart, he lived in a palace at Hohe Brücke 412 (now no. 17). His grandson Alexander was a close friend of Ludwig van Beethoven. His great grandson Gustav Alexander Freiherr Wetzler von Plankenstern; was a commander of an ArmeeKorps (FmLt; VIII.-IX.1866 (interim). The family is extinct in Austria but there is a branch in Bavaria and Argentina.

Despite these difficulties, by 1821 there were at least nine ennobled Jewish families living in Vienna. Their elevation was due to their industrial and economic contributions. Some of the very wealthy included the Rothschilds, Arnstein, Eskeles, Gomperz, Kuffner, Lieben, Auspitz, Schey von Koromla, Todesco and Wertheimstein, Wetzlar or Wetzler von Plankenstern families. For example, in the case of the Rothschilds and Todescos, the secret of their personal economic success was their quick ability to adjust and innovate to the changing global economic situation. They founded banks that financed companies and infrastructure projects in a time of great economic and industrial growth in the late 19th century. Their contributions made it possible for Austria-Hungary to keep up with the international economic developments.

The elevation into nobility also hastened the process of assimilation of Jewish families into the higher society. Some converted to Christianity in order to become fully accepted, but many kept their Jewish faith.

[edit] Burgenland

On the former status of nobility in Burgenland, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1921, see Hungarian nobility.

[edit] Abolition of nobility in 1919

The Adelsaufhebungsgesetz of 1919 (Law on the Abolition of Nobility) abolished nobility as well as all noble privileges and, other than those in Germany, noble titles and names. Thus, no citizen of Austria can have any noble titles or even particles such as von and zu in his or her name. For example, the name of the grandson of the last Austrian emperor is simply Karl Habsburg. Similarly, Friedrich von Hayek became Friedrich Hayek and Kurt von Schuschnigg became Kurt Schuschnigg.

This may sometimes be confusing, as descendants of nobles are sometimes referred to with noble names abroad, even though this is not legally accurate with respect to Austrian citizens. Also, different members of noble families often hold different citizenships, such as in the case of Otto von Habsburg (the son of the last Austrian emperor and father of the Karl Habsburg mentioned above), who is also a citizen of Germany, where this Austrian law does not apply to him. The law does not apply to artistic, performer's, or "stage names," where the von is sometimes used, as in the case of conductor Herbert von Karajan or the musician Hubert von Goisern. However, stage names are never recognized for official purposes.

Members of the lower nobility especially (such as the civil servants) found this radical step of abolition degrading and humiliating, since working towards and finally earning a nobility title was a way for them and their families to rise within society. Members of the higher nobility were able to absorb the formal abolition more easily. They lost their titles and their privileges, but they still kept their social manners and standing and were allowed to keep their riches. Federal President Michael Hainisch called the official abolition

The law was never repealed, even during the period of Austrofascism (1934–1938). Following the Anschluss to Nazi Germany (1938-1945), this law remained active, although it was not enforced, allowing Austrian nobles to freely use titles again.

Although the noble titles and the particles von and zu are not officially kept any more, some persons are still referred to with their titles in a private function. For example, Karl Schwarzenberg will occasionally still be referred to as Fürst Schwarzenberg (Prince Schwarzenberg) in the media; he holds Czech and Swiss citizenship, not Austrian. As opposed to nobility in Bohemia, Poland, Russia, or the former Prussian territories, the Austrian nobility never had its lands and riches confiscated. Social measures were introduced by the republican government in order to create more equality amongst the citizens and finance public projects, which put a strain on the traditional land-holding gentry and aristocracy, resulting in the forced sale of many palaces and lands, due to the expense of the upkeep. However, there was no measure by the government to specifically target only nobility and take away their possessions.

To many Austrians, the abolition of nobility, its privileges and titles was and still is an important element of a democratic and republican state, where individuals are treated equally and thus should hold any titles of honour solely by their individual merit. The abolition of noble titles has been replaced with an almost obsessive usage of and fascination with academic titles and titles of office. Regardless, the nobility today are sometimes still treated slightly differently than ordinary citizens. Austrian nobility still plays a large part in movies made after World War II (for example Sissi and Sound of Music), and is still featured regularly in the media and literature. The social events of nobles are still spread large and far in tabloids. Besides, the law is gladly broken at many chances when members of the nobility are addressed at various events. Especially at the annual birthday celebration of Emperor Francis Joseph in Bad Ischl, present members of the Habsburg family are addressed as "Imperial and Royal Highnesses".

Apart from the loss of the titles, which hit the lower nobility harder than the higher nobility, most have fared remarkably well in modern Austria and still belong to some of the richest families, such as the Esterházy, Mayr-Melnhof, or Mautner-Markhof. Many members of the Austrian nobility today work in the traditional fields of diplomacy, politics, have business and financial interests, or are philanthropists or socialites.

It was estimated that there were about 20,000 Austrian nobles in 2005. That year, an association was founded, the Vereinigung der Edelleute in Österreich (Association of Austrian Nobles, or V.E.Ö.). It sees itself as the successor of the Vereinigung katholischer Edelleute in Österreich, which was founded in 1922 and banned under the Nazis in 1938. Until recently, all of the various attempts at revival were blocked by Austrian authorities.

[edit] Noble titles

The Austrian nobility was divided up into two categories, the higher nobility (hoher Adel), and the lower nobility (niederer Adel). To the higher nobility belonged the princes and counts, the lower nobility was made up of the rest:

(English titles with German equivalents)

• Duke/Duchess (Herzog/Herzogin)
• Prince/Princess (Fürst/Fürstin)
• Count/Countess (Graf/Gräfin) ¹
• Baron/Baroness (Freiherr/Freifrau and Freiin) ²
• Knight (Ritter) (no female version existed)
• Edler/Edle (roughly equivalent in meaning to "Sir" or "Dame", but not a common translation)

Non-ruling members of the imperial family were given the title of Archduke/Archduchess (Erzherzog/Erzherzogin) and styled Imperial Highness (Kaiserliche Hoheit); only the Crown Prince was addressed as Imperial and Royal Highness (Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit). The wife of the emperor bore the title of Empress (Kaiserin) and styled Her Majesty.

Agnates of the imperial family, who were excluded from the line of succession, were created dukes and duchesses or princes and princess and addressed as Highness (Hoheit) or Serene Highness (Durchlaucht).

Below is an incomplete list of Austrian noble families, listed by rank of title^[2]. Note that some members of a family were sometimes given higher titles by the emperor because of merit. Titles, styles, and rights could only be conferred by the monarch. In some cases, they could even be revoked because of fall from favour.

Note 1: For a Countess not being married, the title Komtesse was used, borrowed from the French language Comtesse.

Note 2: In German, a distinction between baronesses exists, a Freifrau being a baroness by marriage and Freiin being a baroness by birth.

[edit] Erzherzog / Erzherzogin (Archduke / Archduchess)

• of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
• of Austria-Este (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, dukes of Modena & Este)

[edit] Großherzog / Großherzogin (Grand Duke / Grand Duchess)

• of Tuscany (House of Habsburg-Lothringen, archdukes of Austria)

[edit] Herzog / Herzogin (Duke / Duchess)

• of Babenberg extinct 1246
• of Hohenberg (Wife and children of Successor to the Throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
• of Modena & Este (House of Habsburg-Lothringen, archdukes of Austria-Este)
• of Reichstadt (see Napoleon II)
• of Teschen (House of Habsburg-Lothringen, archdukes of Austria)

Because of the abolition of the prepositions, many families were forced to completely reinvent their family names. This brought in many complications. The following list of the non-Habsburg nobles shows the pre-1919 family names or preposition in brackets, followed by the standard appearance today. Noble families could have the preposition "von", "zu" or a combination of it ("von und zu"). Non-German-speaking nobility, however, preferred to use "de", such as in Bohemia, Hungary, and Galicia, as they felt that it was less Germanic-sounding. Since Austria-Hungary was a multiethnic empire, both versions could be officially used and were recognised by the government.

Conversely, family names using prepositions like "de" and "de la" could not replace the preposition with the Germanic "von". For example, the family "Sanchez de la Cerda" originally came from Spain, therefore the preposition remained as in the original. The same exception applies to other families such as "Schönburg-de Laserna" and "de la Fontaine und d´Harnoncourt-Unverzagt". The latter is an interesting combination of French- and German-language prepositions, which again is a reflection of the colourful multiethnic history of the Austrian Empire.

Often, family names with a predicate were written "von X-Y", even though the correct form is "X von Y".

[edit] Fürst / Fürstin (Prince / Princess)

See: List of princes of Austria-Hungary

[edit] Graf / Gräfin (Count / Countess)

A young countess of the Schönborn family posing for an artistic photo. Countess Marietta Silva-Tarouca with her daughters at the horse races in Prague. The Countess Clam-Gallas (left, wearing an ermine coat) arriving at the Votivkirche in Vienna for the wedding of one of her seven daughters, (right couple) Countess Gabrielle Clam-Gallas to Adolf, Prince of Auersperg. The high aristocracy tended to intermarry, making weddings a spectacular social event for all. During the baroque era, the nobility started to move into the cities and built themselves lavish residences called Palais. The Palais Kinsky in Vienna, belonging to the princely Kinsky family, is one of the most outstanding pieces.

The style of address is, in most cases, Erlaucht (Illustrious Highness). Also used was Gräfliche Gnaden (Comital Grace).

[edit] Freiherr / Freifrau / Freiin (Baron / Baroness)

There was no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr", "Gnädige Frau", or "Gnädiges Fräulein" were common forms of address. Although strictly speaking the title was "Freiherr", the usage of "Baron" in written and verbal communication was very common, even if incorrect. The title "Freiin" was also often replaced for "geborene (née) Baronin", which was strictly speaking also incorrect since a "Baronin" would have been wed already.

Alphonse, Baron de Rothschild, member of the famous Rothschild family. Already in his lifetime he was known to be the living epitome of a "perfect gentleman".

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• Abele von Lilienberg
• Adamovich (de Csepin)
• (von) Arnstein
• Apfaltern
• (Arz von Straussenburg)
• (von) Auspitz
• (von) Bach
• Bakonyi
• (von) Baselli
• (Berger-Waldenegg)
• Berlakovich
• (von Bienerth)
• Blomberg
• (von) Blumencron
• Chledowski(von)Pfaffenhofen
• (von Columbus)
• (von) Cornaro
• Cseszneky de Milvány
• (von) Drasche-Wartinberg
• Eötvös de Vásárosnamény
• (von) Eskeles
• (von) Ferstl
• Fraydt (von) Fraydenegg
• (von Fries)
• (von) Froelichsthal (or von Frölichsthal)
• (von Gagern)
• (von) Gomperz
• (von Ghetaldi-Gondola)
• (von) Haas
• (von) Hagenauer
• (von) Helfert
• (von) Hess
• (von Hofkirchen) extinct 1692
• (von Isbary)
• (Jörger von Tollet) extinct 1772
• (von Marguti)
• (Kalchegger von Kalchberg)
• (Kay von Bebenburg)
• (Kiß von Ittebe)
• (von) Kubinzky
• (von) Klimburg
• (von) Kuffner
• (von) Laudon
• (von) Leitenberger
• (Leonhardi)
• (von) Lieben
• (von) Ludwigstorff
• (von) Lütgendorff
• Matz von Spiegelfeld
• (Mayr von Melnhof) Mayr-Melnhof
• (von) Mensshengen
• (von Miller zu Aichholz) Miller-Aichholz, also carried title
• Milutinovich-Milovski
• (Nadherny von Borutin)
• (Nagy von Töbör-Ethe)
• Obenaus von Felsöház
• (von) Oppenheimer
• (von) Pereira-Arnstein
• (von) Pfanzelter
• Anton von Poljak (Croatia)
• (von Prandau)
• (von) Quiqueran-Beaujeu
• Reitzes (von Marienwerth), sometimes also "de Reitzes-Marienwerth"
• (von) Riefel
• (von or de) Rothschild, normally used the title Baron
• (von) Ringhoffer
• (von) Schey
• Schmeltzern (von) Wildmannsek((See Die Gothaischen Genalogischen Taschenbucher des Adels))
• (Schey von Koromla)
• (Sebottendorf von der Ronse)
• Seiller-Tarbuk
• (von) Silber
• (von) Sina
• (von Skrbensky)
• (von) Schmeltzern
• (von) Smeltzern zu Wildemannsek
• (von) Smeltzern Wildemannsek
• (von) Spaun
• (von) Stipsicz de Ternova
• (zu) Stübing
• Sypniewski Ritter von Odrowaz (1480)
• Thavonat-Thavon
• (von) Todesco
• Wadenstierna
• (Jäger von) Waldau
• (von) Waechter
• Wetzler von Plankenstern
• (von Widmann)
• (von) Wildmannsek, Schmeltzern
• (von Weigelsperg)
• (von) Wertheimstein
• (von) Westenholz
• (Zeidler-Daublebsky von Sterneck)

[edit] Ritter (Knight)

There was no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr" was a common form of address. The title was for males only; no female version exists. Female members of a family with the title Ritter however were often addressed as "Edle von", which was totally incorrect, unless the family already carried the "Edle" honour before being raised as into the "Ritter" class.

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• Bloch (von Brodnegg), ennobled in 1915
• (von Brasseur)
• (von) Ephrussi
• (von) Epstein
• (von) Doderer
• (Friedmann, Ritter von) Prawy
• (von) Ghega
• (von Grumpenberger)
• (von Hauslab)
• (von) Karajan
• (von) Klinkosch
• (Korybut de Ostoja)
• (von Kriegelstein), carried the title Reichsritter as well as Edler von Sternfeld
• (La Rénotiere, Ritter von Kriegsfeld)
• (von Klaudy)
• (von Kriehuber)
• Launsky (von Tieffenthal)
• (von) Leeb
• (von) Mallmann
• (von) Wildemannsek, Schmeltzern
• (von) Maurer (also Mauerer)
• (Mautner von Markhof) Mautner-Markhof
• (von) Merkl
• (von Miller zu Aichholz) Miller-Aichholz, also carried title Baron
• (von) Nadherny
• (von Nahujowski)
• (von Neumann)
• (von) Pellendorf
• (von Premerstein)
• (von) Ponteuxin
• (von Rumpler)
• (Schönwies von) Schönowsky
• (von Schwarz)
• (Skrebeciowicz de Sielecki, or von Sielecki) Sielecki
• (Stermich von Valcrociata or von Kreuzenthal) de Stermich di Valcrociata: also carries the title of Edler von Valrociata or von Kreuzenthal
• (von) Trapp
• (von) Wertheim
• de Weryha-Wysoczański
• (von) Winiwarter
• (von) Wessely

[edit] Edler / Edle (Sir / Dame)

There was no official style, but "Gnädiger Herr" or "Gnädige Frau" were common forms of address.

• (Fedrigoni von Etschthal)
• (von Günner)
• Hofmann von Hofmannsthal
• (von) Holzmeister
• (von) Khol
• (von Korbuss)
• (Milutinowits von Gottesheim)
• (von) Mises
• (von Nespern)
• (Schallber von Schalberg)
• (von Schuppler)
• (Sepp von Seppenburg)
• (von Sternfeld), also carried the title Reichsritter von Kriegelstein
• (von) Sypniewski, also carried the title "Baron Sypniewski"
• (von) Thurneyssen
• (von) Webenau
• (von) Weingartner

[edit] Erbsälzer

• (von) Lilien
• (von) Papen

[edit] Untitled noble families or status unknown

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Adel

• (Anthony von Siegenfeld)
• (von) Adlgasser
• (von) Benda
• Bielka-Karlstreu
• (von Brenner)
• (von or de) Chledowski
• (von) Doblhoff
• (Dobner von Dobenau)
• (von) Eidlitz
• (von) Einem
• (von Ernst)
• (von Fischer)
• (Fischer von See)
• (Froschmayr von Scheiblenhof)
• (von Fürstenmühl)
• (von) Gaupp
• (von) Gauster-Filek
• (Gelb von Siegesstern)
• (von) Gera
• (von Göhausen)
• (von Greschke)
• (Grognet d’Orleans)
• (von Hellenau)
• (von) Holbein
• (von) Hornbostel
• Jakabffy (von Nemeshetes und Zaguzsen)
• (Korper von Marienwert)
• (von Lambort)
• (von) Lennkh
• (Levasori della Motta)
• (Lippich von Lindburg)
• (von) Lónyay (Hungarian Count Elémer Lonyay married Archduchess Stephanie, widow of Crown Prince Rudolf, and was elevated to Prince (Fürst))
• (von Löwenthal-Linau)
• (von) Mendelssohn
• Müller-Hartburg
• (von) Neumann
• (von) Ofenheim
• (von Pechmann)
• (von) Prausnitz
• (von Praxenthaler)
• (von Preradovic)
• (von) Radak
• (von Remenyik)
• (von) Rigel
• (von) Rottal
• (von) Saar
• (de) Saeger (since 1731)
• Schiff (von Suvero)
• (von) Scholten
• (Schönburg-de Laserna)
• Schumacher (von Marienfrid)
• (von) Strachwitz (the German Franz Graf (Count) Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz gained Austrian citizenship without having to eliminate his title or the "von")
• (von Stremnitzberg)
• (Suchy von Weißenfeld)
• (Toscano dell Banner)
• (Tuschner von Hirschberg)
• (von Ürmenyi)
• (von Zepharovich)
• (von) Zumbusch
• (Zeßner-Spitzenberg)

[edit] Marquis

• Gozeni di St. Georges (came from the Austrian parts of northern Italy)

[edit] See also

• Bohemian nobility
• German comital titles
• Hungarian nobility

[edit] References

1. ^ ..ein kindisches Beginnen, schon deshalb, weil man gar nicht diejenigen traf, die man hatte treffen wollen. Ich sprach einmal mit der ebenso feinen wie klugen Fürstin Fanny Starhemberg über diesen Punkt. 'Uns', sagte sie, 'macht die Aufhebung des Adels nichts, wir bleiben mit oder ohne den Titel immer die Starhembergs. original (German) text, on the German wikipedia
2. ^ Source: Der Gotha
3. ^ http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/TNA/HO_45_13725.htm
4. ^ http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LHKBWAz9MMQC&pg=RA3-PA290&lpg=RA3-PA290&dq=Count+D'Alton&source=web&ots=6s2qvSn0qO&sig=aeN2v7S02WXxc9jR5D_BTWXomYM&hl=en

[edit] Literature

• Binder-Krieglstein, Reinhard. Österreichisches Adelsrecht 1868-1918/19. Peter Lang, Vienna 2000, ISBN 978-3-631-34833-8

• Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard. Adel. Vienna. 1923.

• Frank-Döfering, Peter. Adelslexikon des österreichischen Kaisertums 1804–1918. Herder, Vienna 1989. ISBN 3-210-24925-3

• Lieven, Dominic. The aristocracy in Europe. London 1992.

• Siegert, Heinz. Adel in Österreich. Vienna 1971.

• Stekl, Hannes. Adel und Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004. ISBN 3-486-56846-9

• Walterskirchen, Gudula. Blaues Blut für Österreich. Amalthea, Vienna 2000. ISBN 3-85002-452-0

• Walterskirchen, Gudula. Der verborgene Stand. Adel in Österreich heute. Amalthea, Vienna 2007. ISBN 3-85002-428-8

• Der Gotha. Supplement. Der "Österreich-Gotha". Mit Ergänzungswerken zum deutschen Adel. Saur, Munich 1997. ISBN 3-598-30359-9

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Nobility of Austria

• Vereinigung der Edelleute in Österreich Homepage of the Association of Austrian Nobles
• Österreichisches Familienregister Database of all Austrian noble families
• Tiroler Adler Database of all Tyrolean noble families
• Stiftung Seeau | Lexikon Adel Online encyclopedia about nobility in Austria
• Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft ADLER Wien Homepage of Heraldic Genealogy Society EAGLE in Vienna