Abhidhamma Pitaka
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The Abhidhamma Pitaka (abhidhammapiṭaka) is the last of the three pitakas, that is, baskets, constituting the Pali Canon, the scriptures of Theravāda Buddhism. It presents a more formal, abstract, systematic form of teaching than the others.
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[edit] Nature of abhidhamma
Abhidhamma has been variously described as philosophy, psychology, metaphysics etc. According to the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004),[1] it started out as elaboration of the suttas, but later developed independent doctrines. L. S. Cousins, described by Professor Richard Gombrich as the leading authority on the field in the West,[2] says that the abhidhamma methodology looks at things in terms of occasions or events instead of sequences or processes.[3] Tradition says that the abhidhamma is the absolute teaching whereas the suttas are adapted to particular hearers.
[edit] Origins
According to the scriptures themselves, the abhidhamma was taught by the Buddha himself. Tradition[4] says that he thought it out immediately after his enlightenment, but only taught it some years later, to the gods. He then repeated it to Sariputta, who handed it on to his disciples. Scholars generally date these works to around the third century BCE, but Cousins says[5] that the abhidhamma methodology goes back earlier, perhaps to the Buddha himself.
Dr Rupert Gethin, Lecturer in Indian religions in the Department of Theology and Religious studies, co-director of the Centre for Buddhist Studies at the University of Bristol and current (2008) President of the Pali Text Society, also says important elements of abhidhamma methodology probably go back to the Buddha's lifetime.[6] A. K. Warder, Professor Emeritus of Sanskrit at the University of Toronto,[7] and Dr Peter Harvey of the University of Sunderland[8] both suggest much earlier dates for the matikas on which most of the abidhamma books are based.
[edit] Contents
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The Abhidhamma Pitaka consists of seven books.
- Dhammasangani (-saṅgaṇi or -saṅgaṇī)
- Vibhanga (vibhaṅga)
- Dhatukatha (dhātukathā)
- Puggalapannatti (-paññatti)
- Kathavatthu (kathā-)
- Yamaka
- Patthana (paţţhāna)
[edit] Dhammasangani
This book begins with a matika (mātikā, literally, matrix), listing classifications of dhammas, variously translated as phenomena, ideas, states, etc. It starts with 22 threefold classifications, beginning with good/bad/unclassified, and follows this with 100 twofold ones according to the abhidhamma method. Many of these classifications are not exhaustive, and some are not even exclusive. The matika ends with 42 twofold classifications according to the sutta method, which are used only in this book, whereas the other 122 are used also in some of the other books.
The main body of the book is in four parts. The first of these goes through numerous states of mind, listing and defining, by lists of synonyms, factors present in them. The second deals with material form, beginning with its own matika, classifying by ones, twos and so on, explained after. The third explains the book's matika in terms of the first two parts, as does the fourth, by a different method, and omitting the sutta method.
[edit] Vibhanga
This book is in 18 chapters, each dealing with a different topic; for example the first deals with the five aggregates. A typical chapter (there are a number of divergences from this pattern) is in three parts. The first explains the topic according to the sutta method, often word-for-word the same as in actual suttas. The second is abhidhamma explanation, mainly by lists of synonyms as in the Dhammasangani. The third uses questions and answers, based on the matika: "How many aggregates are good etc?"
[edit] Dhatukatha
This book covers both the matika and various topics, mostly from the Vibhanga, relating them to the 5 aggregates, 12 bases and 18 elements. The first chapter is fairly simple: "In how many aggregates etc. are good dhammas etc. included?" The book progressively works up to more complicated questions: "From how many aggregates etc. are the dhammas dissociated from attention etc. dissociated?"
[edit] Puggalapannatti
This book starts with its own matika, which begins with some standard lists but then continues with lists of persons grouped numerically from ones to tens. This latter portion of the matika is then explained in the main body of the work. Most of the lists of persons and many of the explanations are also found in the Anguttara Nikaya.
[edit] Kathavatthu
This book consists of more than two hundred debates on questions of doctrine. It does not identify the participants. The commentary says the debates are between the Theravada and other schools, which it identifies in each case. These identifications are mostly consistent with what is known from other sources about the doctrines of different schools.[9]
[edit] Yamaka
This book consists of ten chapters, each dealing with a different topic; for example, the first deals with roots. A typical chapter (there are a number of divergences from this pattern) is in three parts. The first part deals with questions of identity: "Is good root root?" "But is root good root?" The entire Yamaka consists of such pairs of converse questions, with their answers. Hence its name, which means pairs. The second part deals with arising: "For someone for whom the form aggregate arises, does the feeling aggregate arise?" The third part deals with understanding: "Does someone who understands the eye base understand the ear base?"
[edit] Patthana
This book deals with 24 conditions in relation to the matika: "Good dhamma is related to good dhamma by root condition", with details and numbers of answers.
[edit] Place in the tradition
The importance of the Abhidhamma Pitaka in classical Sinhalese Buddhism is suggested by the fact that it came to be furnished, not only, like much of the canon, with a commentary and a subcommentary on that commentary, but even with a subsubcommentary on that subcommentary.[10] In more recent centuries, however, Burma has become the main centre of abhidhamma studies.
[edit] Translations
The first five books and part of the seventh have been translated by the Pali Text Society[1]. For these and other translations see separate articles.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ pages 1, 4
- ^ The State of Buddhist Studies in the World 1972-1997, ed Swearer & Promta, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 2000, page 182
- ^ "Pali oral literature", in Buddhist Studies, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3
- ^ Malalasekera, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, India Office, 1938, reprinted Pali Text Society, Bristol, volume I, page 138
- ^ op. cit.
- ^ Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 1998, page 48
- ^ Indian Buddhism, 3rd ed, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2000
- ^ Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990
- ^ Bareau, Les Sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule, Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient, Saigon, 1955
- ^ Hinüber, Handbook of Pali Literature, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996
