हरियाणा

विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोष से

हरियाणा
ਹਰਿਆਣਾ

भारत के प्रान्त
राजधानी	चंडीगढ
सबसे बड़ा शहर	फरीदाबाद
जनसंख्या	२१,०८२,९८९
- घनत्व	४७७ /किमी²
क्षेत्रफल	४४,२१२ किमी²
- जिले	२०
राजभाषा(एँ)	हिन्दी
प्रतिष्ठा	१९६६
- राज्यपाल	ए आर किदवई
- मुख्यमंत्री	भूपेन्द्र सिंह हुड्डा
- विधानसभा	द्विसदन
आइएसओ संक्षेप	IN-HR
haryana.gov.in

यह पृष्ठ किसी और भाषा में लिखा गया है। आप इसका अनुवाद करके विकिपीडिया की मदद कर सकते हैं।

हरियाणा उत्तर भारत का एक प्रांत है जिसे पंजाब से १९६६ में अलग किया गया था। इसकी सीमायें उत्तर में पंजाब एवं हिमाचल प्रदेश, पश्चिम तथा दक्षिण में राजस्थान से, एवं पूर्व में उत्तराखंड, उत्तर प्रदेश तथा यमुना नदी से बंधी है। भारतीय राजधानी दिल्ली के तीन तरफ भी हरियाणा की सीमायें लगी हैं जिसकी वजह से राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र दिल्ली का एक बडा हिस्सा हरियाणा में शामिल है। हरियाणा प्रदेश की राजधानी चंडीगढ है जो केंद्र शासित प्रदेश होने के साथ साथ पंजाब की भी राजधानी है।

प्रति व्यक्ति आय के हिसाब से हरियाणा पूरे भारत में सिर्फ गोआ एवं दिल्ली से पीछे है। हरियाणा की प्रति व्यक्ति औसत आय 29,887 रुपये/वर्ष (वर्ष 2006) है। .^[१] हरियाणा को पूरे भारत के विकास का अग्रदूत समझा जा सकता है।.^[२] हरियाणा औद्योगिक उत्पादन के मामले में देश के सबसे अग्रणी राज्यों में से है जिसकी बानगी नीचे दिये गये उद्योगों में हरियाणा की भागीदारी से सहज देखा जा सकता है:^[३]

50% पैसेंजर कार
50% मोटरसाइकिल
30% रेफ्रीजेरेटर
25% ट्रैक्टर
25% सायकिल एवं सफाई के सामान
20% देश से बाहर निर्यात होने वाले वैज्ञानिक उपकरण
3सरा स्थान देश के साफ्टवेयर निर्यात में

गुड़गांव शहर सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी और ऑटोमोबाइल उद्योग के एक प्रमुख केंद्र के रूप में उभर रहा है। यह निर्माण क्षेत्र का भी एक प्रमुख केंद्र है यह मारुति उद्योग लिमिटेड, जो की भारत की सबसे बड़ी ऑटोमोबाइल निर्माता कंपनी है, और हीरो होंडा लिमिटेड, जो दोपहिया वाहनो के दुनिया के सबसे बड़े निर्माता हैं का घर है। पानीपत , पंचकूला और फरीदाबाद भी औद्योगिक केन्द्र हैं, पानीपत रिफाइनरी दक्षिण एशिया में दूसरी सबसे बड़ी रिफाइनरी है। हरियाणा राज्य में इस्पात और वस्त्र उद्योग भी बडे़ पैमाने पर कार्य कर रहा है। हरियाणा के नाम का ही अर्थ है " यह परमेश्वर का निवास " से हरि ( हिंदू देवता विष्णु ) और आयन ( घर ) [ 4 ] . ^[४].

अनुक्रम

१ इतिहास
२ भूगोल
३ जलवायु
४ वनस्पति
५ जनसाँख्यिकी
६ हरियाणा की संस्कृति
- ६.१ हरियाणवी सिनेमा एवं संस्कृति
७ सरकार एवं राजनीति
८ अर्थव्यवस्था
९ प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था
१० शिक्षा
११ खेलकूद एवं युवा विकास
१२ संदर्भ
१३ यह भी देखें
१४ बाहरी कड़ियाँ

[संपादित करें] इतिहास

इन्हें भी देखें: पंजाब क्षेत्र and पंजाब का इतिहास

हालाँकि हरियाणा अब पंजाब का एक हिस्सा नहीं है पर यह एक लंबे समय तक ब्रिटिश भारत मे पंजाब प्रान्त का एक भाग रहा है, और इसके इतिहास में इसकी एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है।

[संपादित करें] वैदिक काल

सिंधु घाटी जितनी पुरानी कई सभ्यताओं के अवशेष सरस्वती नदी के किनारे पाए गए हैं। जिनमे नौरंगाबाद और मिट्टाथल भिवानी में, कुणाल, फतेहाबाद मे, अग्रोहा और राखीगढी़ हिसार में, रूखी रोहतक में और बनवाली सिरसा जिले में प्रमुख है। प्राचीन वैदिक सभ्यता भी सरस्वती नदी के तट के आस पास फली फूली। ऋग्वेद के मंत्रों की रचना भी यहीं हुई है। कुछ प्राचीन हिंदू ग्रंथों के अनुसार, कुरुक्षेत्र की सीमायें, मोटे तौर पर हरियाणा राज्य की सीमायें हैं। तैत्रीय अरण्यक 5.1.1 के अनुसार, कुरुक्षेत्र क्षेत्र, तुर्घना ( श्रुघना / सुघ सरहिन्द, पंजाब में ) के दक्षिण में, खांडव ( दिल्ली और मेवात क्षेत्र )के उत्तर में, मारू ( रेगिस्तान )के पूर्व में और पारिन के पश्चिम में है। [ 5 ] ref>Agarwal, Vishal: Is There Vedic Evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India? (PDF) </ref>

कुरुक्षेत्र के महाभारत का एक दृश्य

भारत के महाकाव्य महाभारतमे हरियाणा का उल्लेख बहुधान्यकऔर बहुधनके रूप में किया गया है। महाभारत में वर्णित हरियाणा के कुछ स्थान आज के आधुनिक शहरों जैसे, प्रिथुदक (पेहोवा), तिलप्रस्थ (तिल्पुट), पान्प्रस्थ (पानीपत) और सोनप्रस्थ (सोनीपत)मे विकसित हो गये हैं। गुड़गाँव का अर्थ गुरु के ग्राम यानि कि गुरु द्रोणाचार्य के गाँव से है। कौरवों और पांडवों के बीच हुआ महाभारत का प्रसिद्ध युद्ध कुरुक्षेत्र नगर के निकट हुआ था। कृष्ण ने अर्जुन को गीता का उपदेश यहीं पर दिया था। इसके बाद अठारह दिन तक हस्तिनापुर के सिंहासन का अधिकारी तय करने के लिये कुरुक्षेत्र के मैदानी इलाकों में पूरे भारत से आयी सेनाओं के मध्य भीषण संघर्ष हुआ। जनश्रुति के अनुसार महाराजा अग्रसेन् ने अग्रोहा जो आज के हिसार के निकत स्थित है, मे एक व्यापारियों के समृद्ध शहरकी स्थापना की थी। किवंदती है कि जो भी व्यक्ति यहाँ बसना चाहता था उसे एक ईंट और रुपया शहर के सभी एक लाख नागरिकों द्वारा दिया जाता था, इससे उस व्यक्ति के पास घर बनाने के लिये पर्याप्त ईंटें और व्यापार शुरू करने के लिए पर्याप्त धन होता था।

[संपादित करें] मध्यकाल

After ousting the Huns, king Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century AD. After his death, the kingdom disintegrated. The region, however, remained strategically important for the rulers of Delhi, as it lay in the path of invaders from the northwest. Prithviraj Chauhan established a fort at Hansi in the 12th century. Muhammad Ghori conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept in Delhi Museum which refers to this region as The heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region.

The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat. The first battle took place in 1526, where Babur, the ruler of Kabul defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate, through the use of field artillery. This battle marked the beginning of the Mughal empire in India. In the second battle of Panipat (November 5, 1556), Akbar's general Bairam Khan defeated Hemu, and paved the way for Akbar's reign. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau of Pune. Ahmad Shah won decisively, on January 13, 1761.

[संपादित करें] ब्रिटिश राज

During the British Raj, most of Haryana formed part of the Punjab province. Some parts were ruled by the princely states of Loharu, Nabha, Jind and Patiala. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, several leaders from this region, including Rao Tula Ram, participated actively. Later,during the Indian Freedom fight people from Haryana took part actively and fought a lot of battles with them. A lot of battles were fought by not only the Kings of territories but by the farmers also. British army was defeated at a lot of places. Some most important fights were from Sonipat , Rohtak , Sirsa and Hissar. In Sirsa the famous battle of Chormar was fought.Later, leaders like Sir Chhotu Ram played an important role in the politics of the Punjab province.Rao Tula Ram was one of the most important leaders of the 1857 revolt.

[संपादित करें] हरियाणा का गठन

On 1 November, 1966, Haryana was carved out on the basis of that the parts of Punjab which were to be Haryana's "Hindi-speaking areas."Same example was followed in creation of Himachal Pradesh as well. Haryana state was formed on the recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September 1965. On 23 April, 1966, acting on the recommendation of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the boundaries of Panjab and Haryana.The commission gave its report on 31 May, 1966. According to this report the then districts of Hissar, Mahendergarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the Tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur) Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhari were also included. The commission recommended that Tehsil Kharar (including Chandigarh) should also be a part fo Haryana.^[५] The city of Chandigarh, also a Punjabi speaking area of district Rupnagar was made a union territory to serve as capital of both these states. Chandigarh was due to transfer to state of Punjab in 1986, according to the Rajiv-Longowal Accord, but the transfer has been delayed pending an agreement on which parts of the supposedly Hindi speaking areas of Abohar and Fazilka, currently part of Firozpur District of Punjab, that should be transferred to Haryana in exchange.

[संपादित करें] भूगोल

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is located between 27°37' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 to 3600 ft (200 metres to 2 kilometres) above sea level. An area of 1,553 km² is covered by forest. Haryana has four main geographical features.

The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state
The Shivalik Hills to the northeast
Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest
The Aravalli Range in the south

हरियाणा की नदियां: The river Yamuna flows along its eastern boundary. The ancient Saraswati river was thought to have flowed throw Haryana but it has now disappeared. The river Ghaggar is its main seasonal river. It rises up in the outer Himalayas between the Yamuna and the Sutluj and enters Haryana near Pinjore, district Panchkula. Passing through Ambala and Hissar it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs a course of 290 miles before disappearing in the deserts of Rajasthan. The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna. A seasonal stream like the Ghaggar, it originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana near Ambala. During monsoons, this stream swells up into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati. An important tributary is the Tangri. The Sahibi originates in the Mewat hills near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in Rajasthan. Gathering volume from about a hundred tributaries, it reaches voluminous proportions, forming a broad stream around Alwar and Patan. On reaching Rohtak it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into the Yamuna. There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south.^[६]

[संपादित करें] जलवायु

Climate of Haryana is similar to other states of India lying in the northern plains. It is very hot in summer (up to a high of 50 deg Celsius) and cold in winters (down to a low of 1 deg Celsius). The hottest months are May and June and the coldest being December and January. Rainfall is varied, with Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season (July-September) and sometimes causes local flooding.^[७]

[संपादित करें] वनस्पति

पूरे राज्य मे कँटीले शुष्क पर्णपाती वन और काँटेदार झाड़ियों मिलती हैं। मानसून के दौरान सारी पहाड़ियों घास से ढक जाती हैं। शहतूत,सफेदा ,चीड़,कीकर, शीशम बबूल के अतिरिक्त कुछ अन्य वृक्ष भी यहाँ पाये जाते हैं। जानवरों मे यहां काले हिरण,नीलगाय, तेंदुआ, लोमडी़,मोंगूज़, सियार और जंगली कुत्तेपाये जाते हैं।

[संपादित करें] जनसाँख्यिकी

2001 की जनगणना के अनुसार हरियाणा की जनसंख्या 21144000 है, जिनमे 11364000 पुरुषों के साथ 9781000 महिलाऐं हैं। जनसंख्या घनत्व 477 व्यक्ति/वर्ग किमी है। हरियाणा मे पंजाब की तरह विषम लिंग अनुपात है यानि 1000 पुरुषों के पीछे महिलाओं की संख्या मात्र 861 है। कन्या भ्रूण हत्या इस विषम लिंग अनुपात का एक प्रमुख कारण है बेटे की चाह मे लोग बेटियों को गर्भ मे ही मार डालते हैं। राज्य मे हिंदुओं की जनसंख्या 88.2% है, जबकि सिखों की 5.5%, मुसलमानो की 5.8% , जैन और बौद्ध क्रमशः 0.3% और 0.01% के अनुपात मे हैं। मुसलमान मुख्ततः महेंद्रगढ़ जिले मे केन्द्रित हैं , जबकि ज्यादातर सिख पंजाब से सटे जिलों में रहते हैं। कृषि और कृषि से संबंधित उद्योग स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था की रीढ़ है। हाल के वर्षों में मुख्य रूप से बिहार, बंगाल और नेपाल के प्रवासियों की संख्या मे वृद्धि हुई है। ^[८]

[संपादित करें] हरियाणा की संस्कृति

Haryana is proud of a rich cultural heritage that goes way back to the Vedic times. The state is rich in folklore. The people of Haryana have their own traditions. The age old customs of meditation, Yoga and chanting of Vedic Mantras, are still observed by the masses. The seasonal and religious festivals glorify the culture of this region. The dance is said to be the mother of all arts. Music and poetry exist in tune, painting and architecture in space. The dance is just not a form of recreation but something needed to release the physical and emotional energy. Folk dances, like other creative art, helps in sublimating the performer's worries and cares.

Haryana has always been a state of diverse races, cultures and faiths. It is on this soil that they met and fused into something truly India. The people of Haryana have preserved their old religious and social traditions. They celebrate festivals with great enthusiasm and traditional fervor. Their culture and popular art are Saangs, dramas, ballads and songs in which they take great delight.

With Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu and English forming the main languages, there are numerous dialects which are spoken in Haryana. However, almost all of them have their base in Hindi with a smattering of Urdu and Panjabi thrown in. Sanskrit is also taught in most of the schools in Haryana. In towns and cities, English is still to be adopted as the household lingo, but is spoken in a hazy mixture of Hindi. The most striking feature of Haryana is its language itself; or rather, the manner in which it is spoken. Popularly known as Haryanavi, Bangaru or Jatu (language of Jats), it is perhaps a bit crude, but full of earthy humor and straightforwardness. With rapid urbanization, and due to Haryana's close proximity to Delhi, the cultural aspects are now taking a more modern hue.

[संपादित करें] हरियाणवी सिनेमा एवं संस्कृति

After Independence films have become one of the most powerful medium of entertainment in India. At present India is one of the top-level country in the field of film making. Hindi films are not only popular in India but also throughout the world. Besides these films, a remarkable progress has been made in regional films. South India and West Bengal have attained a remarkable position in producing regional films, depicting the cultural heritage of the various regions. However, the progress of making regional films in the Hindi belt of North India remained slow due to the fact that the Hindi knowing people of the various provinces of the Hindi heartland have been getting entertainment through Hindi films. Hence, the production of films in Gujarati, Rajasthani, Avdhi and Bhojpuri is a development of recent period. But as compared with regional films in South Indian languages, Bengali and Marathi, the progress has been slow.

In the context of Haryana, the film remained very few till 1984. In the 70s, only two pictures called as Haryanvi were released Harphool Singh and Beera Shera! Both the films failed in catching the imagination of Haryanvis because they did not represent the true culture of Haryana. After the failure of these two Haryanvi films, nobody dared to produce a Haryanvi film for a decade. However, in 1980 some youngster having interest in the production of Haryanvi films approached Devi Shankar Prabhakar to help them in the cause.

When Chandrawal was released in March, 1984, it created a stir in the film industry. Chandrawal has broken all records on the box office in Haryana, Western U.P., Delhi and parts of Rajasthan of the great-hit Hindi films like Sholay and Bobby. The entire cost of the film was recovered from the window of Gagan Cinema, Faridabad where the film celebrated Silver Jubilee. In Western U.P. the film even surpassed the success in Haryana when it celebrated its Golden Jubilee at Muzaffarnagar and Silver Jubilee at Meerut, Shamli and Saharanpur. Chandrawal has set a world record when the Producers honoured a dozen of cine goers of Haryana and Western U.P. who witnessed 'Chandrawal' more than 200 times.

The great and unprecedented success of Chandrawal created wide spread temptation amongst the investors for producing Haryanvi films and for making fast money. Just after Chandrawal a number of films were produced by so many producers with titles like Gulabo,Ke Sapne Ka Jikar, Chhora Haryana Ka, Bateu, Bhanwer Chameli, Chhori Supelle Ke, Panghat and others. The film produced under the banner of Parbhakar Films have maintained their face in the field. After Chandrawal came Laddo Basanti in 1985 and Phool Badan in 1986. Though, these films have not succeeded like Chandrawal for financial gains, yet both these films became popular with the people.

[संपादित करें] सरकार एवं राजनीति

Like all other states of India, the head of the state of Haryana is the Governor, appointed by the President of India. His or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of the state government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Haryana’s legislature is unicameral i.e. it has one house – the Haryana Legislative Assembly, consisting of 90 members. Haryana has 5 seats in the Rajya Sabha and 10 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament), India's national parliament. The key political players in Haryana are the Indian National Lok Dal, Bhartiya Janata Party and the ruling Indian National Congress. The present political scenario of the state is clear and has stable government. Bhupinder Singh Hooda from Rohtak city is presently the C.M.of haryana.

[संपादित करें] अर्थव्यवस्था

When it comes to financial health Haryana is the best performing state in the country.^[९]Haryana had the minimum fiscal deficit of 0.6 per cent in financial year 2006-07.^[१०]Haryana Tops The List In Terms Of Per Capita Investment in the fiscal year 2007 with an investment of Rs 1,86,045 crore.^[११]^[१२]Ninety-three of top Fortune -100 companies with their corporate offices and production bases already in Haryana.^[१३] Haryana, carved out of Punjab and known as its poor cousin, has edged past the state on most parameters of economic development^[१४]. Haryana has the largest number of rural crorepatis in india followed by Maharashtra as per survey conducted by India Today magazine.^[१५]In 2006-07 Haryana received a foreign direct investment projects of over Rs 11,000 crore in the state and corporate sector.Reliance Ventures, a group company of India’s largest private sector company Reliance Industries will set up a multi-product special economic zone in Haryana.^[१६] At an investment of Rs 40,000 crore, the project will be India’s largest SEZ spread over 25,000 acres.^[१७]^[१८]The state has a developed banking system with over 4500 bank branches.

[संपादित करें] निर्माण उद्योग

गुडगांव का एक आवासीय परिसर

More than a thousand medium and large industries with a capital investment of Rs. 2000 billion or $ 40.4 billion have been established in the state in mainly Gurgaon, Panchkula, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh. These include Hindustan National Glass, Maruti Udyog Limited, Escorts, Hero Honda, Alcatel, Sony, Whirlpool India, Bharti Telecom, Liberty Shoes and Hindustan Machine Tools. In addition there are more than 80,000 small-scale industrial units in the state which cumulatively bring in a substantial income for the state and its people. Yamunanagar district has a paper mill BILT, Haryana has a large production of cars, motorcycles, tractors, sanitary ware, glass container industry, gas stoves and scientific instruments.Faridabad is another big industrial part of Haryana.^[१९] It is home to hundreds of large scale companies like Orient fans(C.K.Birla Group), JCB India Limited, Nirigemes, Agri Machinery Group (Escorts Limited), Yamaha Motor India Pvt. Ltd., Whirlpool, ABB Ltd., Goodyear Tyres, Knorr Bremse India Pvt. Ltd. There are thousands of medium and small scale units as well, like Amrit Enterprises, McAma Industries. Panipat is a city of textiles and carpets. It is the biggest centre for cheap blankets and carpets in India and has a handloom weaving industry. The pickle "Pachranga International" is also well known. Panipat also has heavy industry, with a refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation, a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant and a National Fertilizers Limited plant.

[संपादित करें] सेवा उद्योग

Gurgaon is the best city for setting up a software or BPO centre in India^[२०]. This is according to a research on Offshore Competitiveness conducted by neoIT, an offshoring consultancy. Gurgaon, has seen emergence of an active information technology industry in the recent years. With organisations like IBM, Hewitt Associates, Dell, Convergys, United Healthcare and NIIT setting up back offices or contact centers in Gurgaon. Establishment of Nano City^[२१] a joint venture between the Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) and Nano Works Developers Private Ltd, a company promoted by Sabeer Bhatia, the much talked about creator of Hotmail will further boost the state position in this sector.

[संपादित करें] Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Haryana at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in Crore Rupees.^[२२]

वर्ष	सकल घरेलू उत्पाद
1999-2000	50,787
2000-2001	56,955
2001-2002	63,489
2002-2003	69,653
2003-2004	78,816
2004-2005	89,431
2005-2006	100,676
2007-2008	1,01,319.42 ^[२३]

The contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors for the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2007-08 is Rs. 21,265.92 crore, Rs. 30,919.95 crore and Rs.49,133.55 crore respectively Over 3% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Haryana.

[संपादित करें] कृषि

Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture.Haryana is at Second position in food grain production in the country.^[२४] Wheat and rice are the major crops. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The main crops of Haryana are Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Oilseeds, Gram, Barley, Corn, Millet etc. There are two main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major Kharif crops of Haryana are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. For these crops the ground is prepared in April and May and the seeds are sown at the commencement of rains in June. The crops are ready for harvesting by the beginning of November. The major Rabi crops are wheat, tobacco, gram, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. The ground is prepared by the end of October or the beginning of November and the crops are harvested by March.

About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated, through tubewells and an extensive system of canals. Haryana contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India in the 1970s that made the country self-sufficient in food production.The state has also significantly contributed to the field of agricultural education in the country. Asia's biggest agricultural University^[२५] - Chaudhry Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is located at Hisar, which has already made a significant contribution in ushering 'Green Revolution'.

Haryana has a tremendous irrigation infrastructure.Irrigation in Haryana uses water either from underground or from surface through canals. Numerous canals have been dug and pumps put up to make sure that the farmer doesn’t pack up and leave in times of drought. Currently in Hrayana, the most important technology for groundwater irrigation is the use of tubewells with pump.

[संपादित करें] डेयरी उद्योग

Dairy farming is also an essential part of the rural economy.Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh.^[२६] Milk and milk products form an essential part of the local diet. There is the saying Desaan main des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means "Among places is Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yoghurt". Haryana, with 660 grams of availibility of milk per capita per day, ranks at number two in the country as against the national average of 232 grams.^[२७]^[२८] There is a vast network of milk societies that support the dairy industry. The National Dairy Research Institute^[२९] at Karnal, and the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes at Hisar are instrumental in development of new breeds of cattle and propagation of these breeds through embryo transfer technology. The Murrah breed of water buffalo from Haryana is world-famous for its milk production.

[संपादित करें] परिवहन व्यवस्था एवं आधारभूत संरचना

Haryana is a trend setter in the field of passenger transport. It has total length of 23684 kilometers. The remotest parts of the state are linked with mettaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million Kilometers per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.^[३०] Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads it reaches Haryana, passing through the districts of Sonipat,Panipat,Karnal,Kurukshetra and Ambala. The state government proposes to construct Express highway and free ways for speedier vehicular traffic.The 135.6-km long Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Jhajjar, Gurgaon and Faridabad.The work on the project has already started and is scheduled to be completed by July. 2009.^[३१] Haryana is in close contact with the cosmopolitan world, being closer to Delhi. International and domestic airports, diplomatic and commercial complexes are located in close proximity with the state viz a viz other emerging industrial and residential estates in and around Delhi.

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of most important inputs for the development of the State. Haryana was the first State in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970,First in the country to link all villages with all weather roads and First in the country to provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state^[३२]

Haryana is well connected on the railway network as well.The main railway routes passing through Haryana are: Amritsar-Delhi, Rewari-Ahamdabad, Bhiwani-Rohtak-Delhi, Ambala-Ferozepur, Delhi-Ferozepur, Kalka-Jodhpur, Kalka-Hawrah, Amritsar-Hawrah and Delhi-Shimla

[संपादित करें] संचार एवं मीडिया

Haryana has a state- wide network of efficient telecommunication facilities. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea and Hutchison Essar) have operations in the state. Important areas around Delhi are already part of Local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh and Kundli. The major newspapers of haryana are punjab kesari,jag Bani,dainik Jagran, The Tribune, Amar Ujala,Punjabi Tribune,Hindustan Times,Dainik Bhaskar,The Times of India and HariBhumi.

[संपादित करें] प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था

The state is divided into four divisions for administrative purpose - Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon and Hisar Division. There are 20 districts, 47 sub-divisions, 67 tehsils, 45 sub-tehsils and 116 blocks. Haryana has a total of 81 cities and towns. It has 6,759 villages.

हरियाणा के जिले
अम्बाला जिला \| करनाल जिला \| कुरुक्षेत्र जिला \| कैथल जिला \| गुड़गांव जिला \| जींद जिला \| झज्जर जिला
पंचकुला जिला \| पानीपत जिला \| फतेहाबाद जिला \| फरीदाबाद जिला \| भिवानी जिला \| महेंद्रगढ़ जिला \|
यमुनानगर जिला \| रेवाड़ी जिला \| रोहतक जिला \| सिरसा जिला \| सोनीपत जिला \| हिसार जिला \|

[संपादित करें] शिक्षा

The state of Haryana has made tremendous expansion in the field of higher education since its inception. It has been the endeavor of the government to make educational facilities available within the reach of the children. 32 primary schools, 69 middle schools and 101 high schools were upgraded to middle, high and senior secondary respectively during the year 2004-05. Now accessibility to schooling is available within the radius of 1.10 km, 1.38 km, 1.66 km and 2.79 km at the primary, middle, high and senior secondary level respectively.^[३३]During 2001-02, there were 11,013 primary schools, 1,918 middle schools, 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state.^[३४] Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lakh candidates attend annual examinations in February and March, and 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.^[३५] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to graduation level.

There are five universities in the state. Technical education and management studies are provided by Maharishi Dayanand University at Rohtak, Kurukshetra University at Kurukshetra, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology at Hisar and Chaudhary Devi Lal University at Sirsa. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University at Hisar is one of the biggest agricultural universities in Asia. It is engaged in education, research and development related to agriculture. The National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal provides education in the field of dairy science. It has been upgraded to the level of a Deemed University. There are medical colleges in Rohtak,Mullana and Agroha.Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak is a premier post graduate medical institute in North India offering courses in major specialties and super specialties of medicine. Also, there is Management Development Institute at Gurgaon which is amongst the premier management insitutes of India.

[संपादित करें] खेलकूद एवं युवा विकास

Haryana is one of the leading state in sports as well.During the 33rd National games held in Assam in 2007 Haryana stood at no.4^[३६] with a medal tally of 80 incliding 30 gold 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.In the team games haryana is the national champion in men volleyball and women hockey.Haryana is the traditional powerhouse in games like kabbadi,kho-kho,judo,boxing and wrestling.Sports in the state are managed by the Department of Sports & Youth Affairs, Haryana. Nahar Singh international cricket stadium in Faridabad was built in 1981.The ground has a capacity of to hold around 25,000 people^[३७] The Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Panchkula is a multi-sport complex.^[३८] The ground came into prominence because of the Indian Cricket League's inaugural Twenty20 tournament.The DLF golf course in Gurgaon offers challenging play for golfers of all skill levels and a natural beauty that envelops your senses.^[३९]