Lizherenneg hebraek
Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor
Labour zo d'ober c'hoazh a-raok peurechuiñ ar pennad-mañ. Ma fell deoc'h reiñ un tamm skoazell, krogit e-barzh. Mar karfec'h reiñ hoc'h ali ha netra ken, grit 'ta e pajenn ar gaozeadenn.
| Istor al lizherenneg |
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Oadv. arem kreiz e-tro XIX-XVvet kt JK
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| Meroiteg e-tro IIIe kt JK |
| Genealogiezh klok |
Div lizherenn warn-ugent zo el lizherenneg hebraek. Implijet eo evit skrivañ meur a yezh komzet gant ar yuzevion, dreist-holl an hebraeg met ivez ar yidicheg, al ladinoeg hag ar yuzev-arabeg. Klasket ez eus bet, met en aner, skrivañ an hebraeg gant lizherennoù latinek e Stad Israel. Skrivet e vez a dehoù da gleiz.
Ne oa ket ul lizherenneg e gwirionez er penn kentañ, met kentoc'h un abjad, da lâret eo ne veze skrivet nemet ar c'hensonennoù. Tamm-ha-tamm avat e oa bet ijinet doareoù da diswel penaos distagañ ar vogalennoù, da gentañ o oc'h implijet lizherennoù kensonennel evel matres lectionis ha war-lerc'h dre krouiñ ur sistem pikoù ha skrapoù bihañ anvet niqqud.
Savet e oa al lizherenneg hebraek diwar patrom al lizherenneg fenikek war-du diwezh an eil milved a-raok Jezuz.
Diorroet e oa bet ar stil a vez implijet hiziv hag a reer 'skritur karezennek outañ en IIved kantved a-raok Jezuz diwar skwer al lizherenneg arameek a veze implijet gant ar yuzevion evit skrivañ en hebraeg abaoe ar VIvet kantved a-raok Jezuz.
Ne vez ket graet diforc'h ebet etre lizherennoù bras (pe bennlizherennoù) ha lizherennoù bihan, met lizherennoù zo o deus ur stumm ispisial pa vezont implijet e diwezh ur ger.
Peurliseañ ne vez implijet an niqqud nemet evit levrioù evit ar vugale pe c'hoazh evit levrioù sakr evit bezañ sur e vo distaget mat pep ger. Ouzhpenn ar sistem-se ez eus ur sistem skrapoù all a dalvez da diskwel penaos e rank bezañ kanet pep ger en Torah.
Pep lizherenn a dalvez ivez evel un niverenn (d.s. alef = 1) hag implijet e vez an talvoudoù niverennek-se er Qabbalah evit jediñ ster kuzh ar gerioù.
Pa weler en daoelenn daou stumm disheñvel evit an hevelep lizherenn ez eo an hini a-gleiz ar stumm a vez implijet pa degouez e diwezh ur ger.
| Lizherenn | Anv | Treuzlizherennadur | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic | Uni- code Stan- dard |
Hebreeg israelat | Ash- kenazi |
Academic | Israelat | |||||
| Unicode | Font-friendly | ISO-8859-1-friendly | Uni- code |
Font-friendly | ISO-8859-1-friendly | |||||
| א | ʾā́lep̄ | ’āleph | 'àleph | alef | alef | alef, olef | ʾ | ’ | ' | ' (1) |
| ב | bêṯ, ḇêṯ | bêth, bhêth | bêth, bhêth | bet | bet, vet | beis, veis | b, ḇ | b, bh | b, bh | b, v |
| ג | gímmel, ḡímel | gímel, ghímel | gímel, ghímel | gimel | gimel | gimmel | g, ḡ | g, gh | g, gh | g |
| ד | dā́leṯ, ḏā́leṯ | dāleth, dhāleth | dàleth, dhàleth | dalet | dalet | doles | d, ḏ | d, dh | d, dh | d |
| ה | ? | hê | hê | he | he, hei, e, ei | hei | h, Ḏ | ? | ? | h (2) |
| ו | wāw | wāw | wàw | vav | vav | vov, vof | ? | w | w | v |
| ז | ? | záyin | záyin | zayin | zayin | zayin | ? | z | z | ? |
| ח | ḥêṯ, (3) ḫêṯ | ħêth, (3) xêth | h`êth, (3) xêth | het | chet | ches | ḥ, (3) ḫ | ħ, (3) x | h`, (3) x | h, ch (4) |
| ט | ṭêṯ | ţêth | t`êth | tet | tet | tes | ṭ | ţ | t` | t |
| י | yôḏ | yôdh | yôdh | yod | yod, yud | yud | ? | y | y | y, i (8) |
| ך כ | kāp̄, ḵāp̄ | kāph, khāph | kàph, khàph | kaf | kaf, chaf | kof, chof | k, ḵ | k, kh | k, kh | k, ch |
| ל | lā́meḏ | lāmedh | làmedh | lamed | lamed | lomed | ? | l | l | l |
| ם מ | mēm | mēm | mèm | mem | mem | mem | ? | m | m | m |
| ן נ | ? | nûn | nûn | nun | nun | nun | ? | n | n | n |
| ס | sā́mekh | sāmekh | sàmekh | samekh | samech | somech | ? | s | s | s |
| ע | ʿáyin, (3) ġáyin | ‘áyin, (3) ġáyin | `áyin, (3) 3áyin | ayin | ayin | ayin, oyin | ʿ, (3) ġ | ‘, (3) ġ | `, (3) 3 | ' (9) |
| ף פ | pê, p̄ê | pê, phê | pê, phê | pe | pe, pei, fe/fei | pei, fei | p, p̄ | p, ph | p, ph | p, f |
| ץ צ | ṣāḏê | şādhê | s`àdhê | tsadi | tzadi, tzadik | tsodi, tsodik | ṣ | ş | s` | tz, ts, z |
| ק | ? | qôph | qôph | qof | kof, kuf | kuf | ? | q | q | k |
| ר | rêš | rêš | rêsh | resh | resh, reish | reish | ? | r | r | r |
| ש | šîn, śîn | šîn, śîn | shîn, lhîn | shin | shin, sin | shin, sin | š, ś | š, ś | sh, lh | sh, s |
| ת | tāw, ṯāw | tāw, thāw | tàw, thàw | tav | tav | tov, tof, sov, sof | t, ṯ | t, th | t, th | t |
- Historically, the consonants ב bet, ג gimel, ד dalet, כ kaf, פ pe, and ת tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive consonant), and one soft (fricative consonant), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In masoretic manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter; this diacritical mark is called raphe (רפה), but its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.
- א alef, ה he, ו vav and י yod are consonants that can sometimes fill the position of a vowel. vav and yod in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.
- ש shin and sin are two separate phonemes written with the same letter. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
- In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
- א alef with ayin and (varyingly) ה he
- ב bet (without dagesh) with ו vav
- ח het with כ kaf (without dagesh)
- ט tet with ת tav (both with and without dagesh)
- כ kaf (with dagesh) with ק qof
- ס samekh with שׂ sin (but not with שׁ shin)
- צ tsadi with the consonant cluster תס tav-samekh
Taolenn |
[kemmañ] Vowel formation
Some of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as matres lectionis to represent vowels, as follows:
| Symbol | Name | Vowel formation |
|---|---|---|
| א | alef | ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô |
| ה | he | ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô |
| ו | vav | ô, û |
| י | yod | î, ê, ệ |
[kemmañ] Ancient Hebrew
Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /p t k b d g/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHaT letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [p t k b d g] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — [f θ x v ð ɣ]}} when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g], and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three letters show variation.
ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).
ח het and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qof was /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.
שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely /ɬ/ pe /tɬ/.
[kemmañ] Gwelet ivez:
[kemmañ] Liammoù diavaez:
- [Omniglot. Lec'hienn dispar diwar-benn ar doareoù-skrivañ] (e saozneg).
